Next generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized cancer treatment by enabling high throughput DNA sequencing. This document discusses several applications of NGS in cancer treatment including whole exome sequencing of tumors from 25 patients to identify genetic mutations, using avatar mouse models to test proposed treatment strategies, detecting mutations in liquid biopsies, and identifying somatic mutations in leukemia patients. Challenges of NGS include analyzing large amounts of data, accurately interpreting variants, and addressing ethical issues.