2. What is Biotechnology?What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology applies the knowledge ofBiotechnology applies the knowledge of
biology tobiology to enhance and improve theenhance and improve the
environment, health, and food supply.environment, health, and food supply.
Using biotechnology, scientists work toUsing biotechnology, scientists work to
develop environment-friendly alternatives todevelop environment-friendly alternatives to
fossil fuels and plastics; new medicines,fossil fuels and plastics; new medicines,
vaccines and disease diagnostic tools; andvaccines and disease diagnostic tools; and
higher yielding and more nutrient-rich crophigher yielding and more nutrient-rich crop
plants.plants.
3. Definition:Definition:
““The use of livingThe use of living
organisms, cellsorganisms, cells
andand biologicalbiological
moleculesmolecules, to, to
solve problems orsolve problems or
make usefulmake useful
products”products”
4. Biological molecules?Biological molecules?
Are large macromoleculesAre large macromolecules
The macromolecules mostThe macromolecules most
often utilized in Biotech are:often utilized in Biotech are:
DNA and RNADNA and RNA
ProteinsProteins
6. 1. Bioprocessing1. Bioprocessing
The use of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cellsThe use of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells
and/or enzymes to manufacture productsand/or enzymes to manufacture products
Large scale fermentation and cell cultures,Large scale fermentation and cell cultures,
carried out in huge bioreactors, manufacturecarried out in huge bioreactors, manufacture
useful productsuseful products
Products: Insulin, vaccines, vitamins,Products: Insulin, vaccines, vitamins,
antibiotics, amino acids, etc.antibiotics, amino acids, etc.
7. 2. Monoclonal2. Monoclonal
antibodies ( MCAb)antibodies ( MCAb)
Your immune system makes proteins calledYour immune system makes proteins called
ANTIBODIESANTIBODIES
Antibodies are produced by cells called B-Antibodies are produced by cells called B-
lymphocyteslymphocytes
B lymphocytesB lymphocytes are produced when yourare produced when your
immune system detects a foreign substanceimmune system detects a foreign substance
that has invaded your bodythat has invaded your body
10. Therapeutic Uses ofTherapeutic Uses of
MCAbMCAb
MCAb are used for Home Pregnancy testsMCAb are used for Home Pregnancy tests
Used to diagnose infectious disease suchUsed to diagnose infectious disease such
as strep throat and gonorrheaas strep throat and gonorrhea
Used to detect cancer (they bind to tumorUsed to detect cancer (they bind to tumor
cells)cells)
Used to detect diseases in plants andUsed to detect diseases in plants and
animals, food contaminants andanimals, food contaminants and
environmental pollutantsenvironmental pollutants
11. 3. CELL CULTURE3. CELL CULTURE
TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES
Growing cells in containers or largeGrowing cells in containers or large
bioreactorsbioreactors
Plant cell cultures are used toPlant cell cultures are used to
grow genetically engineeredgrow genetically engineered
plants that contain useful traits,plants that contain useful traits,
such as resistance to insect pestssuch as resistance to insect pests
12. Animal cell cultureAnimal cell culture
Used for breedingUsed for breeding
livestock:livestock:
Bovine zygotes fromBovine zygotes from
genetically superiorgenetically superior
bull and cows can bebull and cows can be
produced in largeproduced in large
numbers to benumbers to be
implanted intoimplanted into
surrogate cowssurrogate cows
13. Human EmbryonicHuman Embryonic
Stem Cell (ESC)Stem Cell (ESC)
ESC are undifferentiated cells thatESC are undifferentiated cells that
have the potential to develop intohave the potential to develop into
any cell in the human bodyany cell in the human body
One source of ESC is the humanOne source of ESC is the human
blastocyst – inner mass of cell givesblastocyst – inner mass of cell gives
rise to the ESC linesrise to the ESC lines
Other sources of ESC are beingOther sources of ESC are being
discovered and developeddiscovered and developed
14.
15. 4. Tissue engineering4. Tissue engineering
technologytechnology
A combination of cell biology and materials scienceA combination of cell biology and materials science
Creates semi synthetic tissues in the laboratoryCreates semi synthetic tissues in the laboratory
Uses natural collagen and synthetic polymers toUses natural collagen and synthetic polymers to
produce artificial skinproduce artificial skin
The goal is to be able to create complex organs asThe goal is to be able to create complex organs as
replacement for diseased or injured organsreplacement for diseased or injured organs
16. 5. Genetic engineering5. Genetic engineering
technologytechnology
Makes use of Recombinant DNAMakes use of Recombinant DNA
technologytechnology
““The recombining of genetic material fromThe recombining of genetic material from
two different sources”two different sources”
It is the next step, after selective breeding,It is the next step, after selective breeding,
in changing the genetic makeup ofin changing the genetic makeup of
organismsorganisms
17. Products of geneticProducts of genetic
engineeringengineering
Transgenic bacteria – BacteriaTransgenic bacteria – Bacteria
that produces human insulinthat produces human insulin
Transgenic plants – Plants thatTransgenic plants – Plants that
glow in the dark (firefly gene)glow in the dark (firefly gene)
Plants that are resistant toPlants that are resistant to
disease, to frost – (GM)disease, to frost – (GM)
18. Transgenic animalsTransgenic animals
Mice with human genesMice with human genes
Animal with extra copies ofAnimal with extra copies of
growth hormone genes, thatgrowth hormone genes, that
grow faster and produce leanergrow faster and produce leaner
meatmeat
Chicken resistant to bacteriaChicken resistant to bacteria
that causes food poisoningthat causes food poisoning
19. CloningCloning
““The use of a single cell from an adultThe use of a single cell from an adult
to grow an entirely new individual thatto grow an entirely new individual that
is genetically identical to the organismis genetically identical to the organism
from which the cell was taken”from which the cell was taken”
20. Why clone?Why clone?
Scientist hope that cloning will helpScientist hope that cloning will help
them save endangered speciesthem save endangered species
The technology is controversial forThe technology is controversial for
many reasons – including the fact thatmany reasons – including the fact that
cloned animals may suffer fromcloned animals may suffer from
genetic defects and health problemsgenetic defects and health problems
21. What about HumanWhat about Human
Cloning?Cloning?
At this point, it is not known whetherAt this point, it is not known whether
human cloning from specialized cells withhuman cloning from specialized cells with
adult genetic material is even possibleadult genetic material is even possible
The only potentially acceptable use ofThe only potentially acceptable use of
human cloning deals with simply cloninghuman cloning deals with simply cloning
human cells for cell therapy or tissuehuman cells for cell therapy or tissue
engineeringengineering
22. 6. Bioinformatics6. Bioinformatics
technologytechnology
Use and organization of information aboutUse and organization of information about
biologybiology
Interface of computer science, mathematicsInterface of computer science, mathematics
and molecular biologyand molecular biology
Objective is to use database managementObjective is to use database management
to map and compare genomes, determineto map and compare genomes, determine
protein structure, design drugs, identifyprotein structure, design drugs, identify
genes, etc.genes, etc.
23. 7. DNA Chip7. DNA Chip
TechnologyTechnology A combination of the semiconductor industryA combination of the semiconductor industry
and molecular biologyand molecular biology
Consists Tagged DNA on a Microchip that canConsists Tagged DNA on a Microchip that can
be read using lasers, computers andbe read using lasers, computers and
microscopesmicroscopes
Allows tens of thousands of gene to beAllows tens of thousands of gene to be
analyzed on a single microchip. Used to detectanalyzed on a single microchip. Used to detect
mutations and diagnose genetic diseases.mutations and diagnose genetic diseases.
24. APPLICATIONS OFAPPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGYBIOTECHNOLOGY
Most of the commercial application ofMost of the commercial application of
biotechnology is in three markets:biotechnology is in three markets:
MEDICALMEDICAL
AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL
ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL
25. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGYMEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
*To detect and diagnose many diseases*To detect and diagnose many diseases
and medical conditions more quicklyand medical conditions more quickly
and with greater accuracyand with greater accuracy
*Designer drugs*Designer drugs
*Gene therapy to correct genetic disease*Gene therapy to correct genetic disease
*Cell therapy to produce replacement*Cell therapy to produce replacement
tissues and organstissues and organs
26. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGYMEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Cancer Therapy to suppressCancer Therapy to suppress
tumor genes and prevent ortumor genes and prevent or
cure cancercure cancer
Design and production ofDesign and production of
vaccinesvaccines
Vaccine delivery systemsVaccine delivery systems
(goats that produce milk(goats that produce milk
with a malaria antigen in it)with a malaria antigen in it)
27. MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGYMEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
FORENSICSFORENSICS
DNA fingerprintingDNA fingerprinting
allows for theallows for the
identification ofidentification of
individuals byindividuals by
analyzing section ofanalyzing section of
DNA that vary widelyDNA that vary widely
from one individual tofrom one individual to
anotheranother
28. AgriculturalAgricultural
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
Designer Plants – Genetically modifiedDesigner Plants – Genetically modified
organisms (GMO) with inserted genes.organisms (GMO) with inserted genes.
Genetically Modified plants can beGenetically Modified plants can be
resistant to disease, frost, insectsresistant to disease, frost, insects
GM can be a factory forGM can be a factory for
pharmaceuticals: tobaccopharmaceuticals: tobacco
plant that produces Hemoglobinplant that produces Hemoglobin
Plants that yield a healthierPlants that yield a healthier
and higher than normal cropand higher than normal crop
to improve our food supplyto improve our food supply
29. Animal AgricultureAnimal Agriculture
Livestock that isLivestock that is
engineered to resistengineered to resist
disease – No more Maddisease – No more Mad
Cow Disease!Cow Disease!
Cattle that producesCattle that produces
human pharmaceuticalhuman pharmaceutical
productsproducts
Cattle with increasedCattle with increased
muscle mass and less fatmuscle mass and less fat
for healthier food supplyfor healthier food supply
30. EnvironmentalEnvironmental
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
Cleaning up pollutionCleaning up pollution
throughthrough Bioremediation:Bioremediation:
““The use of microbes toThe use of microbes to
digest and convertdigest and convert
unwanted wasteunwanted waste
material into harmlessmaterial into harmless
substances”substances”
Cleaning oil spills usingCleaning oil spills using
living organismliving organism
31. BIOETHICSBIOETHICS
Advances in biotechnology willAdvances in biotechnology will
give rise to problems, issues and concernsgive rise to problems, issues and concerns
humans have never before faced:humans have never before faced:
**Safety of Genetically Engineered FoodSafety of Genetically Engineered Food
**Genetic testing and screening vs. privacyGenetic testing and screening vs. privacy
issuesissues
**Ethical questions concerning cloning andEthical questions concerning cloning and
stem cellsstem cells
**Role of the Government in regulatingRole of the Government in regulating
researchresearch
32. ““Each individual has aEach individual has a
responsibility to see thatresponsibility to see that
biotechnology is developedbiotechnology is developed
and used wisely.and used wisely.
We must do whatever we canWe must do whatever we can
to avoid mistakes and ensureto avoid mistakes and ensure
that biotechnology benefitsthat biotechnology benefits
not only us but also thenot only us but also the
other organisms that shareother organisms that share
this planet with us”this planet with us”
