This document provides an overview of the key areas and major changes covered in the American Psychological Association's (APA) 6th edition style manual. It notes that this tutorial only briefly summarizes APA style and recommends purchasing the actual manual for comprehensive guidelines. The tutorial covers topics such as what constitutes plagiarism and self-plagiarism, how to distinguish between direct quotations and paraphrasing, how to recognize empirical research, and the basic formatting requirements for papers, headings, lists, citations, and references in APA style.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style, including how to cite sources both in-text and in a references list. It explains that APA style uses the author-date method of citation. In-text citations include the author's last name and date, and matching references list entries are alphabetized by author with publication date. The references list must include sources like books, journal articles, newspapers, and webpages, with all elements like author, date, title, publisher formatted consistently in APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA citation format. It discusses the general format for citing sources in both the text of the paper and in the references list at the end. Key points include that APA uses parenthetical citations in the text that are brief and include the author's name and date, as well as guidelines for citing various sources like journal articles, books, and online materials. The references are always listed alphabetically at the end of the paper.
The document provides an overview of key elements of APA style papers including sections, reference lists, internal documentation, and formatting guidelines. It discusses topics such as outlining papers, selecting verb tense, pronoun usage, and punctuation conventions. Guidelines are provided for reference list entries for different publication types as well as constructing in-text citations and handling personal communications.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers and citations. It discusses guidelines for formatting elements like paper layout, headings, numbers, tables, figures, in-text citations, and reference lists. The document uses examples to demonstrate how to format various citation elements, like quotations, references with multiple authors, and references from different source types.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style guidelines. It discusses font, spacing, running heads, numbers, headings, in-text citations, publisher location, references with many authors, long quotes, digital object identifiers, retrieval dates, citation generators, and contact information for citation help. Key points include using Times New Roman font, including the year in parenthetical citations in the same paragraph, listing the first 6 authors followed by ellipses if there are more than 7, and providing DOIs instead of URLs when available.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers in APA style, including how to cite sources in-text and create a reference list according to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. It explains that in-text citations usually include the author's name and date, and the reference list provides full details of each cited source in alphabetical order. Examples are given for citing different source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more within papers and reference lists.
American psychological association (apa)Firdaus Adib
The document discusses the American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references and formatting papers. APA style provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing references in-text, and constructing reference lists. It describes an author-date citation system where references are listed alphabetically by author's last name and date. Examples are provided for citing different source types, such as books, journal articles, and websites, both in-text and in the reference list. Key components of reference list entries are identified for different source formats.
This document provides an overview of the key areas and major changes covered in the American Psychological Association's (APA) 6th edition style manual. It notes that this tutorial only briefly summarizes APA style and recommends purchasing the actual manual for comprehensive guidelines. The tutorial covers topics such as what constitutes plagiarism and self-plagiarism, how to distinguish between direct quotations and paraphrasing, how to recognize empirical research, and the basic formatting requirements for papers, headings, lists, citations, and references in APA style.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style, including how to cite sources both in-text and in a references list. It explains that APA style uses the author-date method of citation. In-text citations include the author's last name and date, and matching references list entries are alphabetized by author with publication date. The references list must include sources like books, journal articles, newspapers, and webpages, with all elements like author, date, title, publisher formatted consistently in APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA citation format. It discusses the general format for citing sources in both the text of the paper and in the references list at the end. Key points include that APA uses parenthetical citations in the text that are brief and include the author's name and date, as well as guidelines for citing various sources like journal articles, books, and online materials. The references are always listed alphabetically at the end of the paper.
The document provides an overview of key elements of APA style papers including sections, reference lists, internal documentation, and formatting guidelines. It discusses topics such as outlining papers, selecting verb tense, pronoun usage, and punctuation conventions. Guidelines are provided for reference list entries for different publication types as well as constructing in-text citations and handling personal communications.
The document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting research papers and citations. It discusses guidelines for formatting elements like paper layout, headings, numbers, tables, figures, in-text citations, and reference lists. The document uses examples to demonstrate how to format various citation elements, like quotations, references with multiple authors, and references from different source types.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style guidelines. It discusses font, spacing, running heads, numbers, headings, in-text citations, publisher location, references with many authors, long quotes, digital object identifiers, retrieval dates, citation generators, and contact information for citation help. Key points include using Times New Roman font, including the year in parenthetical citations in the same paragraph, listing the first 6 authors followed by ellipses if there are more than 7, and providing DOIs instead of URLs when available.
This document provides guidelines for formatting papers in APA style, including how to cite sources in-text and create a reference list according to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. It explains that in-text citations usually include the author's name and date, and the reference list provides full details of each cited source in alphabetical order. Examples are given for citing different source types like books, journal articles, websites, and more within papers and reference lists.
American psychological association (apa)Firdaus Adib
The document discusses the American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references and formatting papers. APA style provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing references in-text, and constructing reference lists. It describes an author-date citation system where references are listed alphabetically by author's last name and date. Examples are provided for citing different source types, such as books, journal articles, and websites, both in-text and in the reference list. Key components of reference list entries are identified for different source formats.
APA Reference List with Example - 7th Edition APA StyleThiyagu K
The reference list at the end of a paper provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. APA Style generally requires reference lists, not bibliographies. A reference list cites works that especially support the ideas, claims, and concept in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography cites works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes. This presentation provides guidelines for creating reference list entries with specific sections focusing on each reference element. This presentation provides examples of references in APA style and their corresponding in-text citations.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources within the text (in-text citations) using APA style. It explains that in-text citations require the author's name, date of publication, and page number if quoting directly. It also provides examples of citing one author, two authors, three or more authors, and electronic sources. The document stresses the importance of properly citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources using APA style, including in-text citations and reference list entries. It explains that APA style uses a name-year system of referencing, requiring an in-text citation and a full reference list entry. Examples are given for various types of in-text citations (one author, two authors, group authors, no author, etc.) and reference list entries (books, articles, websites, unpublished sources, etc.).
This document provides an overview of APA style formatting. It discusses the purpose of citations and references, including allowing readers to locate sources and establishing credibility. It covers constructing in-text citations, including providing author names, years of publication, and page numbers when needed. The document also reviews formatting reference list entries for different source types like books, articles, and websites. Finally, it introduces RefWorks as a tool for managing and citing sources.
This document provides guidance on creating reference lists according to APA (6th ed) style. It explains that a reference list only includes sources that are cited within the text. All citations must have a corresponding reference. References are listed alphabetically and include author name, date of publication, title, and publication details. Electronic sources should provide a URL or DOI. Examples are provided for different source types like books, articles, videos and conference papers. Additional online help through the APA website and reference books are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) What APA style regulates such as in-text citations, references list, and stylistics regarding point of view, language, and formatting.
2) The two most common types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports - and the general sections they contain.
3) Guidelines for APA paper formatting, such as font, margins, page headers, title page, abstract, references list, in-text citations, and formatting of tables and figures.
This document provides information about using APA and MLA citation styles when integrating sources into academic writing. It discusses the purposes of APA documentation, such as ensuring accurate and ethical scholarly work. The document also defines plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and outlines the key elements of in-text citations and reference lists in APA style, including author names, publication dates, titles, and page numbers. Finally, it provides examples to test the reader's knowledge of proper APA citation format.
The document provides an overview of APA style and resources for learning and applying APA style. It discusses why APA style is commonly used, describes the key components of the APA Publication Manual, lists APA style books available in the library, and provides guidance on citing sources in-text and formatting the reference list according to APA style. Key resources mentioned include the APA Publication Manual, the APA style website, and library holdings of APA style guides and manuals.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style and guidelines for citing sources both in-text and in reference lists. It discusses why citations are important for scholarly writing, covers the basic components of in-text citations and reference list entries, and provides examples for different source types like journal articles, books, and presentations. The document also introduces some library tools that can help with citations and encourages readers to contact a librarian for additional help.
The document provides information about APA citation style, including its guidelines for formatting papers and citing both in-text and in a references list. It discusses APA's two-part citation system using in-text citations that match full citations on a references page. The document also gives examples of APA in-text citations and references list entries for different source types and offers tips for practicing citations and avoiding plagiarism.
APA style is a widely used format for documenting sources, especially in the social sciences. It provides a consistent style that allows readers to easily cross-reference sources. Following APA style gives credibility as a writer and protects against plagiarism. The main components of APA style are in-text citations that refer to a reference page listing all sources cited. The reference page provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any cited sources. Additional help with APA style is available through the Purdue OWL website or by emailing the provided address.
This document provides guidance on formatting in-text citations in APA style. It discusses citing sources with quotations and paraphrases, including providing the author's name, year of publication, and page number when needed. It also describes how to format citations for sources with two or more authors, sources without authors, and personal communications. Citations should be included in parenthesis in the text and correspond to full references in the reference list.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
This document provides information on citations and references. It explains that citations are passages or phrases quoted from sources that are supported by references. References provide detailed descriptions of sources, including author, title, publisher, and date. The document outlines why sources should be cited, such as to avoid plagiarism and properly attribute ideas. It discusses the differences between a references page and bibliography. Examples are given for citing various sources like books, websites, images, and more in both in-text citations and reference lists using the Harvard referencing style.
Alphabetize references by the last name of the first author of each work. If no author is listed, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial articles (A, An, The).
Arrange multiple works by the same author(s) by year of publication, with the earliest first.
Use lowercase letters (a, b, c) with the year to order entries if more than one work appeared in a given year.
Arrange works by one author followed by works with coauthors alphabetically by the second author's last name, or by the first coauthor if the author and coauthor are listed in that order.
Arrange works by the same author and same year alphabetically by title,
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and guidelines for writing research papers according to APA style. It discusses the general paper format, in-text citations, references page, APA headings, tables and figures. Key aspects include double-spacing, 1-inch margins, title page with running head, abstract page, references page in alphabetical order, in-text citations with author and date, and formatting for quotations, summaries and paraphrases. Additional resources for APA style are also listed.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style, both in-text citations and references. It discusses citing direct quotations, paraphrased ideas, and works by multiple authors. It also covers citing electronic sources, sources without authors or page numbers, and legal materials. Specific examples are given to illustrate citation formats for different source types such as books, articles, reports, and websites.
This document discusses referencing and citing sources in academic writing. It covers creating bibliographies and references, defining plagiarism, and the APA documentation style. The key points are:
- Bibliographies and references list sources used and include author, date, title, publisher details.
- Plagiarism involves using others' words or ideas without proper citation. Sources must be acknowledged using quotation marks or paraphrasing with citation.
- The APA style numbers references in text and provides guidelines for citing different source types and multiple sources.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style according to the 6th edition of the publication manual. It discusses how to cite different types of sources like books with one, two, or three to five authors, edited books, ebooks, journal articles, and more. For each source type, it provides examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list entries. The document aims to help avoid plagiarism by properly citing ideas and quotations from other works.
This document provides an overview of APA referencing style, which consists of in-text citations and a reference list. It discusses the purpose and components of in-text citations, including variations for different numbers of authors and direct quotations. Examples are provided of both correct and incorrect in-text citations. Additional resources for APA style guidelines are referenced.
APA Reference List with Example - 7th Edition APA StyleThiyagu K
The reference list at the end of a paper provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. APA Style generally requires reference lists, not bibliographies. A reference list cites works that especially support the ideas, claims, and concept in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography cites works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes. This presentation provides guidelines for creating reference list entries with specific sections focusing on each reference element. This presentation provides examples of references in APA style and their corresponding in-text citations.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources within the text (in-text citations) using APA style. It explains that in-text citations require the author's name, date of publication, and page number if quoting directly. It also provides examples of citing one author, two authors, three or more authors, and electronic sources. The document stresses the importance of properly citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources using APA style, including in-text citations and reference list entries. It explains that APA style uses a name-year system of referencing, requiring an in-text citation and a full reference list entry. Examples are given for various types of in-text citations (one author, two authors, group authors, no author, etc.) and reference list entries (books, articles, websites, unpublished sources, etc.).
This document provides an overview of APA style formatting. It discusses the purpose of citations and references, including allowing readers to locate sources and establishing credibility. It covers constructing in-text citations, including providing author names, years of publication, and page numbers when needed. The document also reviews formatting reference list entries for different source types like books, articles, and websites. Finally, it introduces RefWorks as a tool for managing and citing sources.
This document provides guidance on creating reference lists according to APA (6th ed) style. It explains that a reference list only includes sources that are cited within the text. All citations must have a corresponding reference. References are listed alphabetically and include author name, date of publication, title, and publication details. Electronic sources should provide a URL or DOI. Examples are provided for different source types like books, articles, videos and conference papers. Additional online help through the APA website and reference books are also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines, including:
1) What APA style regulates such as in-text citations, references list, and stylistics regarding point of view, language, and formatting.
2) The two most common types of APA papers - literature reviews and experimental reports - and the general sections they contain.
3) Guidelines for APA paper formatting, such as font, margins, page headers, title page, abstract, references list, in-text citations, and formatting of tables and figures.
This document provides information about using APA and MLA citation styles when integrating sources into academic writing. It discusses the purposes of APA documentation, such as ensuring accurate and ethical scholarly work. The document also defines plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and outlines the key elements of in-text citations and reference lists in APA style, including author names, publication dates, titles, and page numbers. Finally, it provides examples to test the reader's knowledge of proper APA citation format.
The document provides an overview of APA style and resources for learning and applying APA style. It discusses why APA style is commonly used, describes the key components of the APA Publication Manual, lists APA style books available in the library, and provides guidance on citing sources in-text and formatting the reference list according to APA style. Key resources mentioned include the APA Publication Manual, the APA style website, and library holdings of APA style guides and manuals.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style and guidelines for citing sources both in-text and in reference lists. It discusses why citations are important for scholarly writing, covers the basic components of in-text citations and reference list entries, and provides examples for different source types like journal articles, books, and presentations. The document also introduces some library tools that can help with citations and encourages readers to contact a librarian for additional help.
The document provides information about APA citation style, including its guidelines for formatting papers and citing both in-text and in a references list. It discusses APA's two-part citation system using in-text citations that match full citations on a references page. The document also gives examples of APA in-text citations and references list entries for different source types and offers tips for practicing citations and avoiding plagiarism.
APA style is a widely used format for documenting sources, especially in the social sciences. It provides a consistent style that allows readers to easily cross-reference sources. Following APA style gives credibility as a writer and protects against plagiarism. The main components of APA style are in-text citations that refer to a reference page listing all sources cited. The reference page provides the necessary information for readers to locate and retrieve any cited sources. Additional help with APA style is available through the Purdue OWL website or by emailing the provided address.
This document provides guidance on formatting in-text citations in APA style. It discusses citing sources with quotations and paraphrases, including providing the author's name, year of publication, and page number when needed. It also describes how to format citations for sources with two or more authors, sources without authors, and personal communications. Citations should be included in parenthesis in the text and correspond to full references in the reference list.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and more. It discusses APA's regulations on stylistics, citations, and references. Key aspects covered include using active voice and personal pronouns where appropriate, providing clear and concise language, and following specific formatting guidelines for title pages, headings, tables, figures, and references. Examples are given for citing different source types in both the text and references.
This document provides information on citations and references. It explains that citations are passages or phrases quoted from sources that are supported by references. References provide detailed descriptions of sources, including author, title, publisher, and date. The document outlines why sources should be cited, such as to avoid plagiarism and properly attribute ideas. It discusses the differences between a references page and bibliography. Examples are given for citing various sources like books, websites, images, and more in both in-text citations and reference lists using the Harvard referencing style.
Alphabetize references by the last name of the first author of each work. If no author is listed, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial articles (A, An, The).
Arrange multiple works by the same author(s) by year of publication, with the earliest first.
Use lowercase letters (a, b, c) with the year to order entries if more than one work appeared in a given year.
Arrange works by one author followed by works with coauthors alphabetically by the second author's last name, or by the first coauthor if the author and coauthor are listed in that order.
Arrange works by the same author and same year alphabetically by title,
The document provides an overview of APA style formatting and guidelines for writing research papers according to APA style. It discusses the general paper format, in-text citations, references page, APA headings, tables and figures. Key aspects include double-spacing, 1-inch margins, title page with running head, abstract page, references page in alphabetical order, in-text citations with author and date, and formatting for quotations, summaries and paraphrases. Additional resources for APA style are also listed.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style, both in-text citations and references. It discusses citing direct quotations, paraphrased ideas, and works by multiple authors. It also covers citing electronic sources, sources without authors or page numbers, and legal materials. Specific examples are given to illustrate citation formats for different source types such as books, articles, reports, and websites.
This document discusses referencing and citing sources in academic writing. It covers creating bibliographies and references, defining plagiarism, and the APA documentation style. The key points are:
- Bibliographies and references list sources used and include author, date, title, publisher details.
- Plagiarism involves using others' words or ideas without proper citation. Sources must be acknowledged using quotation marks or paraphrasing with citation.
- The APA style numbers references in text and provides guidelines for citing different source types and multiple sources.
This document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style according to the 6th edition of the publication manual. It discusses how to cite different types of sources like books with one, two, or three to five authors, edited books, ebooks, journal articles, and more. For each source type, it provides examples of how to format in-text citations and reference list entries. The document aims to help avoid plagiarism by properly citing ideas and quotations from other works.
This document provides an overview of APA referencing style, which consists of in-text citations and a reference list. It discusses the purpose and components of in-text citations, including variations for different numbers of authors and direct quotations. Examples are provided of both correct and incorrect in-text citations. Additional resources for APA style guidelines are referenced.
APA powerpoint presentation - 2009 updates
Slideshow was prepared by Stephanie Finley and used with permission by Gisele McDaniel
Tulsa Community College, Tulsa, OK
Jan 2010
The document provides guidance on APA referencing style, including avoiding plagiarism, in-text citations, and end of text referencing. It discusses what constitutes plagiarism and provides examples. Guidelines are given for paraphrasing and quoting sources as well as taking notes. The different formats for citing sources in the text with one, two, or more authors are also outlined.
This document provides examples of different types of references in APA style, including journal articles, books, newspaper articles, book reviews, conference presentations, and more. It demonstrates how to cite these various source types in the body of the text and in the reference list. The examples cover author names, dates, titles, publishers, and retrieval information to illustrate APA style formatting.
This chapter discusses styles for APA journals, including rules for punctuation, spelling, capitalization, italics, abbreviations, numbers, metrication, statistical and mathematical copy, and equations. It covers topics such as punctuation rules and usage, capitalization guidelines, when to use italics, rules for abbreviations, number style conventions, the metric system, presenting statistical information, and formatting equations. The document provides detailed guidance on punctuation, formatting, and other stylistic elements for writing for APA journals.
Are you frustrated or overwhelmed when trying to incorporate APA style into your curriculum? Do you want to learn how to make the most of digital and analog tools, resources, and lessons to teach your students to write according to the style guides provided in the APA Publication Manual? These and many other questions are addressed in this presentation covering the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (This presentation contains many embedded hyperlinks in all differently colored text.)
This document provides a beginner's guide to APA referencing style (6th edition). It explains what APA referencing is, why it is important to reference sources, and how to reference both in-text citations and reference list entries for a variety of source types, including books, journal articles, websites, and more. Examples are provided for how to reference different sources like books, articles, websites, and other media like movies, music, and more. The guide aims to help beginners properly cite sources and create a reference list using APA style.
The document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for writing papers, including formatting, in-text citations, references, and headings. It discusses the general paper layout, such as using double-spaced text with 1-inch margins. Key guidelines covered include using the author-date citation style in parentheses, ordering reference entries alphabetically, and using a level system for headings. The document is intended as a guide for students on the basics of APA formatting and citations.
How to insert references and bibliography into your Word documentSylvia Matovu
This is a feature that many people ignore while working in MS Word even though it is available. Hopefully this presentation makes referencing and compiling a bibliography easier for the user.
This presentation discusses citing and referencing sources in APA (American Psychological Association) style. It covers how to format in-text citations for different numbers and types of authors, how to include page numbers and publication dates, and how to distinguish between citations with identical authors and years. The presentation also reviews how to format reference list entries for different source types like books, book chapters, journal articles, and web pages. Proper APA citation and referencing helps give credit to authors and allows readers to find the cited sources.
The document provides guidance on APA referencing style, including how to format in-text citations and references. It explains that in-text citations generally include the author's last name and year of publication, and reference lists are arranged alphabetically by author's last name. Guidance is provided on citing direct quotations, paraphrasing ideas, and dealing with missing author or date information.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style guidelines. It discusses the key elements of APA style including in-text citations, reference lists, author names, publication dates, titles, and sources without page numbers. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate different citation formats for various source types, such as books, journal articles, newspaper articles, interviews and more. The purpose of APA style is to standardize scientific writing and citations in order to give credit to authors and allow readers to find the sources easily.
This document discusses different styles of referencing used in academic writing. It outlines six common styles - Harvard, APA, Vancouver, MLA, Chicago and Royal Society of Chemistry. Each style has different conventions for formatting in-text citations and reference lists, such as whether to include the author's initials, use of quotation marks and italics. The purpose of referencing is to give credit to other authors, prove research was conducted, and avoid plagiarism. The conclusion reiterates that authors should select a standard style to present references.
This document discusses referencing styles and provides guidance on citing sources. It defines referencing and citing, and distinguishes between references and bibliographies. Reasons for referencing include acknowledging others' work, allowing readers to find sources, avoiding plagiarism, and adding credibility. The document reviews several referencing styles including APA, Chicago, and MLA styles. It provides examples of how to reference different source types such as books, journal articles, and websites. Referencing tools that can help manage citations are also introduced.
The document provides information about APA style formatting. It discusses the general format for APA papers including 1-inch margins, Times New Roman 12pt font, and double-spaced lines. It also describes the main sections of an APA paper including the title page, abstract, main body, and references. Specific guidelines are given for formatting the title page, headings, paragraphs, citations, and references in APA style.
American Psychological Association (APA) FORMATRenee Lewis
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) documentation style. It describes how to document sources in the body of the text using parenthetical citations, and how to format a reference list at the end. The reference list examples illustrate how to reference different source types, such as books, book chapters, journal articles, reports and more. Key aspects of APA style include using the author-date citation system in parentheses and ordering the reference list alphabetically by author's last name.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) documentation style. It begins by outlining what types of information need to be documented in a research paper. It then presents a brief overview of the APA parenthetical citation system. The document proceeds to describe how to format the reference list, including examples of different types of references such as books, journal articles, and websites. It concludes by explaining how to cite sources within the text of a paper using parenthetical citations.
This document provides an overview of APA style guidelines for citing sources, including how to cite within texts and create reference lists. It covers citing print, electronic, and media sources, and addresses citing uncommon sources. Key topics include when and how to cite, how to distinguish between summaries, paraphrases and quotes, and the components of in-text citations and reference list entries for a variety of source types. The document aims to help students avoid plagiarism by properly attributing ideas and words from other authors.
The document provides an overview of resources and services available through the FKCC library for a psychology course. It discusses locating peer-reviewed articles through databases, guidelines for writing papers in APA format including citations and references, and evaluating online sources. Students are encouraged to ask librarians for help with research and APA style questions.
This document provides information about citation styles and APA formatting for hospitality and culinary arts students. It outlines the typical sections of an APA paper including the title page, abstract, literature review, in-text citations, and reference list. It also discusses formatting for long quotes, electronic sources, and sample reference list entries. Experimental report sections are defined, including the title page, abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion sections. Academic dishonesty policies are also briefly outlined.
The document provides an overview and guidelines for the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. It discusses referencing sources within text, compiling a reference list, and includes examples of common reference types such as books, journal articles, and websites. Key information covered includes in-text citations, reference list formatting, capitalization rules, and ordering references alphabetically by author surname.
This document provides examples of how to format citations and references in APA style. It includes examples of how to cite various sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, webpages, and more. Key elements are provided for each type of source as well as example citations. Sources can be print or electronic. The guidelines are based on the 6th edition of the APA Publication Manual.
Lesson 12 citing related literature using standard stylesmjlobetos
This document provides guidance on citing sources in academic writing using standard citation styles. It discusses the importance of citing sources to avoid plagiarism and assign authority. Examples are given for citing different source types such as books, websites, journal articles, and more. Standard citation styles help readers find sources quickly and demonstrate reading of relevant literature.
This document provides an overview of how to cite sources using APA style. It discusses citing sources in text using parenthetical citations, including citations for one, two, or more than six authors. It also covers creating a references list, with examples of citing print sources like books and periodicals. Key aspects covered include using author-date citations, listing publication information for sources, and ordering references alphabetically by author's last name.
This document summarizes the key changes between the 5th and 6th editions of the APA style manual. It discusses updates to headings, reducing bias in language, formatting of references, displaying results, and mechanics of style. Major changes include adding a 5th level heading, referring to participants respectfully, including effect sizes and confidence intervals, and using brackets to group confidence interval limits.
A bibliography is a list of all sources used in research, including authors, titles, publishers and dates. It acknowledges ownership of others' works. A bibliography is used in research papers, textbooks, presentations and teaching. Sources can include books, electronic materials, journals, published and unpublished works, and theses. There are three main bibliographic styles: MLA for literature/arts, Chicago for humanities/social sciences, and APA for social/behavioral sciences. Each has specific formats for citing different types of sources like books, periodicals, and electronic sources like webpages or online content.
This document contains examples of references in APA style, organized into different categories such as periodicals, books, book chapters, dissertations, and more. It provides reference examples for a variety of source types, including journal articles, newspaper articles, book chapters, reports, and more. The examples demonstrate the general format for different source types as well as some specific examples of references formatted according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style guide. It discusses intellectual honesty and plagiarism, in-text citations, reference lists, and how to reference different sources like books, journal articles, websites and more. Examples are given for how to reference sources with 1-6 authors in both in-text citations and reference lists. The guide emphasizes providing authors, years of publication and page or paragraph numbers for in-text citations, and listing full references alphabetically at the end.
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It discusses that the purpose of a literature review is to establish the context and terms, survey previous work on the topic, explore how others have addressed similar questions, and identify gaps. The document emphasizes critical analysis of existing research to understand strengths and weaknesses. It provides tips for planning, reading, analyzing, drafting and revising a literature review. It also covers proper citation formats and avoiding plagiarism when incorporating outside information.
This document provides information and guidance for conducting empirical research studies. It defines the typical components of an empirical research article, including the abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, and references sections. It also distinguishes between primary and secondary sources, scholarly and popular resources, and different types of databases for locating empirical research. Tips are provided for effective searching of databases to find relevant empirical studies.
The document discusses plagiarism in academic writing. It defines plagiarism and describes various forms such as copying, paraphrasing without citation, and summarizing without citation. It notes that plagiarism can be deliberate or accidental and that ignorance is not an excuse. The document provides guidelines for properly citing sources using the APA style and references several helpful websites for learning more about plagiarism.
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review, including defining what a literature review is, the purpose and importance of reviewing literature, key steps in the literature review process such as selecting topics, searching literature sources, analyzing and synthesizing information, using proper citation and referencing styles, and structuring the literature review. It discusses evaluating the quality, objectivity, and authenticity of sources, as well as addressing issues of plagiarism. Guidelines are provided for writing the literature review, including highlighting emerging issues, citing a variety of relevant sources, and using an active voice.
This document outlines 10 steps for writing a research paper: 1) Select a subject, 2) Narrow the topic, 3) State the thesis, 4) Create a preliminary bibliography, 5) Prepare an outline, 6) Take notes, 7) Create a final outline, 8) Write a rough draft, 9) Edit the draft, 10) Write the final draft including citations and bibliography. Key steps include narrowing the topic, forming a thesis, taking notes to support the thesis, outlining to organize notes, and revising through multiple drafts.
Paraphrasing, quotes and reference handout 11.7.2015(1)Natalia Bortell
This document provides examples of how to properly summarize, paraphrase, and directly quote sources using American Psychological Association (APA) style. It defines paraphrasing as rewording another author's text while maintaining the same meaning and length. Direct quotes take the exact words from a source and place them in quotation marks with an in-text citation. Summarizing takes the main ideas from a source and condenses them in the writer's own words. The document also includes examples of proper in-text and parenthetical citations for paraphrases and direct quotes.
The document discusses the roles and realities of librarianship. It explores how librarians promote literacy through information, digital, media, financial, and health literacy. They also help patrons access, evaluate, apply, and use information ethically. The document notes challenges like how questioning media could be weaponized, and suggests seeking multiple viewpoints and cognitive glitches. It also examines how librarians integrate and are impacted by technology, and the importance of advocacy, public relations, marketing, and leadership in their work. Librarians are positioned as experts who deliver information to students and the community.
This document provides an agenda for a pre-conference session discussing and exploring the best websites for various categories like media sharing, digital storytelling, managing and organizing, social networking and communication, content resources, and curriculum collaboration. Attendees will have a chance to try out sites, decide how they could use them in their schools, and share their ideas on Flipgrid. The presenter will also share resources on other platforms.
This document discusses makerspaces in libraries and how they can promote information literacy and accessibility. It provides examples of different types of makerspaces, including stationary, mobile, and those focused on specific projects. The document emphasizes that makerspaces should be universally designed to be inclusive for people of all abilities. It also stresses the importance of training for educators on how making can be integrated into classroom learning and promoting reflection, critique, and ethical use of technology among young makers.
Explore five case studies of librarians and library professionals who have created online programs specifically geared to the field using technologies such as podcasting, YouTube channels, Twitter Chats, and Google Hangouts.
This document discusses makerspaces and how they differ from traditional library learning commons. Makerspaces focus on tools, inventive spirit, problem solving, experimentation, and creativity. They allow learning in a hands-on way and taking it further than traditional libraries. Various types of makerspaces are shown including those in libraries, schools, mobile makerspaces, and more. Makerspaces provide opportunities for arts, robotics, 3D printing, and other projects. Quotes from librarians and students show how makerspaces change the mentality of learning and allow exposure to new technologies in a less restrictive environment than traditional libraries.
This document provides a list of the best websites for teaching and learning as recommended by the American Association of School Librarians (AASL). It groups the websites into categories such as media sharing, digital storytelling, social networking, and content resources. Specific websites highlighted include Popplet, Wordle/Tagxedo, Storybird, Inanimate Alice, ICDL, Padlet, LiveBinders, Socrative, Poll Everywhere, Answer Garden, Edueto, Quizizz, and History Pin. The document encourages educators to try these tools and resources with their students. It ends by providing contact information for further questions.
This document discusses makerspaces in libraries. Makerspaces allow patrons to create and share projects, encouraging hands-on learning. They provide tools for activities like crafting, coding, and electronics. While makerspaces create engaging learning environments, they also present challenges in terms of resources, staffing, and safety. Overall, makerspaces are new and exciting services offered in many school, public, and academic libraries.
This document discusses several digital tools that can be used for teaching and practice in library and information science, including Popplet for mind mapping, Inklewriter for digital storytelling, FlipSnack for digital magazines, LiveBinders for organizing web content, and Socrative for classroom response systems. It also provides contact information for the author to ask additional questions.
Presentation for the Virginia Association of School Librarians Regional Spring Conference on the transition from highs school senior to college freshman and how school and academic libraries can serve students.
This document provides a summary of various digital tools that can be used for media sharing, digital storytelling, content organization, social networking, and curriculum collaboration. It includes photos and descriptions of tools like Flickr, Haiku Deck, Popplet, Wordle/Tagxedo, Storybird, Inanimate Alice, Inkletwriter, ICDL, Padlet, LiveBinders, Socrative, Poll Everywhere, Answer Garden, and History Pin. The document aims to showcase different online platforms teachers and educators can use for creating, organizing, and sharing educational content and resources.
This document summarizes a presentation about makerspaces and 3D printers in libraries. It discusses how libraries are implementing these new technologies to remain relevant and provide novel services to patrons. Librarians receive training through online courses, conferences, and self-learning as formal training programs are still emerging. The presentation highlights various projects libraries have undertaken with 3D printers and makerspaces, from printing body parts to parts for assistive devices. It emphasizes that libraries must continue innovating and embracing new technologies like VR and drones to engage patrons.
This document provides information on the AASL Best Websites 2013 and includes images and sections about media sharing, managing and organizing, social networking and communication, curriculum collaboration, content resources, and contact information for Heather Moorefield-Lang. It encourages readers to bookmark the page and contact the author with any additional questions.
Presentation for the American Association of School Librarians national conference, 2013. Case studies of tablet computers in your libraries and classrooms.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
6. CHAPTER 1: WRITING FOR THE BEHAVIORAL
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
Ethics discussion
Data retention and sharing
Self-plagiarism
Determining authorship, focusing on student
contributions
“Protecting Rights of Research Participants”
Conflict of interest
New “planning for compliance” checklist
Types of articles
Standards in publishing
Plagiarism
Confidentiality
Ethics
7. CHAPTER 2: MANUSCRIPT STRUCTURE AND
CONTENT
Uniform standards for reporting research.
Journal article reporting standards
Parts of a paper or manuscript
Flow chart to describe how subjects move through
study.
Meta-analyses.
New section on supplemental material.
New sample papers
8. CHAPTER 3: WRITING CLEARLY AND
CONCISELY
New heading structures
Reducing bias in language.
Historical and interpretive inaccuracies in language.
Length: Less is More. Length of a paper is determined by
how long it takes to successfully present your study or
paper.
Organization
Writing Styles
Grammar
Usage
9. LETS TALK ABOUT BIAS
WHEN IN DOUBT BE MORE SPECIFIC THAN LESS
Don’t use man to describe all humans use women and
men.
Use age ranges (65-85) instead of saying over 65 years
of age.
Gay men and Lesbians are currently preferred instead of
the general term of gay.
Terms like borderline and at-risk are too vague. Need to
fill in (ex: borderline personality disorder, children at-risk
for failing school this year)
There are many more. Read about them all in your APA
Publication Manual.
10. USE OF WORDS
The data indicate that the researcher was correct
(Correct)
The data indicates that the researcher was correct
(incorrect)
11. CHAPTER 4: THE MECHANICS OF STYLE
Punctuation—return to two spaces after the period
or any punctuation at the end of the sentence
recommended for ease of reading comprehension.
(This is more a suggestion than a rule)
Other Punctuation rules
Spelling
Hyphenation
Capitalization
Abbreviations
Numbers
Statistics
Equations
12. A BRIEF WORD ABOUT NUMBERS
Use numbers for 10 and up
Use words for 9 and below
First two items (right)
1st two items (wrong)
13. CHAPTER 5: DISPLAYING RESULTS
All new tables, focused on kinds of data being
displayed.
New table examples added (hierarchical multiple
regression, multilevel model); ANOVA table
removed.
Ethical ramifications of manipulating data in
photographic images.
Formatting
Detailed information about contents for figures and
tables
14. CHAPTER 6: CREDITING SOURCES
When to cite
Details on plagiarism
Quoting
Paraphrasing
Gaining permissions
In-text reference tips and examples
16. CHAPTER 7: REFERENCE EXAMPLES
All new reference examples—electronic formats
incorporated with print formats for each form.
Examples drawn from wider range of journals in
social and behavioral sciences.
New examples for new media, including data sets
and software, internet message boards, archival
documents and collections, wikis, and podcasts.
18. REFERENCES (PIECE BY PIECE)
Example: Print Book
Date Title (In Italics)
Author
Friere, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed.
New York, NY: The Continuum International.
Publisher
location Publisher (Without the
Publisher, Group, or Inc part
of the name)
19. Remember only first
Example Online Book word is capitalized.
Friere, P. (2005). Pedagogy of the oppressed.
Retrieved from http://www.libbooks.com
No period
for
electronic
Online information(You will notice that references
they are no longer asking for retrieved
from dates)
20. NEW INFORMATION ABOUT
JOURNALS/PERIODICALS
If you have found the article in print you will reference
it as a print item.
But if it is found in an electronic format then you will
give as much online information that you can.
(URL, DOI).
Database information is not needed.
21. Title of article
EXAMPLES
Print Journal
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative
and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Journal title (In italics)
Page
Numbers
22. ELECTRONIC JOURNALS: URL
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to
the nature of human rights. Journal of
Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
No
Period
Website
23. ELECTRONIC JOURNALS: DOI
Brownlie, D. (2001). Toward effective poster
presentations: An annotated bibliography.
European Journal of Marketing, 41(11/12),
1245-1283.
doi:10.1108/03090560710821163
doi: Digital Object
Identifier. A 12-18 digit #
assigned to an Adobe
Acrobat PDF.
24. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook
linked to drug industry. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
25. UNIVERSITY WEBSITE
Virginia Tech. (2010, September, 29).
Undergraduate admissions: Is Virginia Tech
right for me? Retrieved from
http://www.admiss.vt.edu/
26. OTHER REFERENCES AVAILABLE IN 6TH
EDITION
Technical Papers
Research Papers
Government Reports
Meetings, Symposiums, Proceedings
Dissertations
Reviews
Data sets
Software
Court cases
Patents
27. AS WELL AS SOME NEWER THINGS
Movies
Music recordings
Podcasts
Photographs
Blog Posts
Video Blogs
Electronic mailing lists
Online newsgroups
28. CHAPTER 8: THE PUBLICATION PROCESS
Discussion of peer review.
Discussion of editorial decision-making process
Author responsibilities
Guidance on complying with ethical, legal, and
policy requirements
Publisher policy requirements.
29. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What if I’m thinking about submitting a new
manuscript to an APA journal?
APA journal editors expect that new manuscripts
submitted after January 1, 2010, will conform to the
sixth edition.
30. HOW DO YOU CITE A SOURCE THAT YOU FOUND IN
ANOTHER SOURCE?
Use secondary sources sparingly, for
instance, when the original work is out of
print, unavailable through usual sources, or not
available in English. Give the secondary source in
the reference list; in text, name the original work
and give a citation for the secondary source.
For example, if Allport's work is cited in Nicholson
and you did not read Allport's work, list the
Nicholson reference in the reference list. In the
text, use the following citation:
Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).
31. HOW DO I CITE A PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Letters, e-mail, memos, discussion
groups, personal interviews, telephone
conversations.
Personal Communication is only included in the
text. It is not listed in the reference list.
H.M. Moore (personal communication, April 10, 2009)
Or
(H.M. Moore, personal communication, April
10, 2009)
33. Hill, J., Song, L., & West, R. (2009). Social
Learning Theory and Web-Based Learning
Environments: A Review of Research and
Discussion of Implications. American Journal
of Distance Education, 23(2), 88-103.
Retrieved from
http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu.
34. Brooks, L. (2009). Social learning by design: The
role of social media. Knowledge Quest, 37(5),
58-60. Retrieved from ERIC database.
35. Ogden, T., Sorlie, M., & Hagen, K. (2007).
Building Strength through Enhancing Social
Competence in Immigrant Students in
Primary School: A Pilot Study. Emotional &
Behavioral Difficulties, 12(2), 105-117.
Retrieved from
doi:10.1080/13632750701315