The document provides guidelines for citing sources in APA style, including formatting references in reference lists and in-text citations. Key points covered include how to format citations for different source types such as books, articles, websites; how to handle citations with multiple authors; and other stylistic guidelines for APA citations.
Chart-form document presenting general guidelines for APA and MLA, along with examples of bot parenthetical, in-text, and Reference or Work Cited list. Excellent resources for college and university students. Canadian content.
This guide will provide information about:
• Understanding the fundamentals of APA citations, including:
o Capitalization rules
o Author formatting
o Organizing a reference list
• APA citation examples of source types, including:
o Popular and scholarly sources
o Audiovisual media
• Tips and examples for citing online sources
• Creating parenthetical, in-text citations, including:
o Formatting parenthetical citations and block quotes
o Citing sources with multiple authors and corporate authors
Chart-form document presenting general guidelines for APA and MLA, along with examples of bot parenthetical, in-text, and Reference or Work Cited list. Excellent resources for college and university students. Canadian content.
This guide will provide information about:
• Understanding the fundamentals of APA citations, including:
o Capitalization rules
o Author formatting
o Organizing a reference list
• APA citation examples of source types, including:
o Popular and scholarly sources
o Audiovisual media
• Tips and examples for citing online sources
• Creating parenthetical, in-text citations, including:
o Formatting parenthetical citations and block quotes
o Citing sources with multiple authors and corporate authors
1 CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMER.docxoswald1horne84988
1
CITING SOURCES FROM THE PUBLICATION MANUAL OF THE AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE (6th Edition)
The REFERENCES page is alphabetized according to the author’s last name. Each reference usually has the
following: author, year of publication, title of book or article (Capitalize only the first word of the title, subtitle,
or proper nouns), and publication data. If the work has a digital object identifier (doi), use it. You must have a
reference for every source used in your paper. In the examples below, the references are single spaced. For your
references, be sure they are double spaced and if the citation is more than one line indent the remaining lines
by ½ an inch. If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include p. or pp. before the page numbers. This is so the
reader will understand that the numbers refer to pages. Also, don’t use a period at the end of a web address.
SOURCES REFERENCE
BOOKS
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. City, State of
Publication: Publisher.
One author
Goldsworthy, A. (2010). How Rome fell: Death or a superpower. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press.
Two to seven authors Fairholme, E. & Pain, W. (1924) A century of work for animals. London, England: J. Murray.
Eight or more
authors
Thatcher, J., Waddell, C., Henry, S., Swierenga, S., Urban, M., Burks... Bohman, P. (2002).
Constructing accessible web sites. Berkeley, CA: Peer Information Inc.
Editor
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority
youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
No Author Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.
E-BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. Retrieved from and use
the homepage Web Address
Cohen, D.H., Stern, V. & Balaban, N. (1997). Observing and recording the behavior of young children.
Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/
ESSAY OR
CHAPTER IN AN
EDITED BOOK
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial. (Year of publication). Title of essay. In Editor’s First
Name Initial Last Name (Ed.), Title of book (pages). City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music
and gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp.67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
PRINT
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochure]. City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing
about people with disabilities [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Research and Training Center on
Independent Living.
ONLINE
BROCHURE
Author’s Last Name, First Name initial or Name of Organization. (Year). Brochure title
[Brochur.
APA Style Citation Guide This handout is based on the 6th .docxfestockton
APA Style Citation Guide
This handout is based on the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA), but is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations,
please consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
APA requires that information be cited in 2 different ways—within the text and in a reference list at the
end of the paper. The reference list should be on a new page, double spaced, and use the hanging
indent method (all lines after the first one are indented). See also:
‐ Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association, 2010.
‐ Concise Rules of APA Style, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010.
CITATIONS IN THE TEXT:
APA uses the author‐date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of publication
are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year. When quoting or summarizing
a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.
When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text and use
quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free‐standing indented
block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.
One work by one author:
• In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned...
OR
• In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children...
OR
• In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…
Works by multiple authors:
When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text. When a work
has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference occurs and then
subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of
the first author followed by et al. and the year. For example:
• First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that...
• Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...
Works by no identified author:
When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title).
Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a
periodical, book, brochure, or report. For example:
• The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
• The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).
• Treat reference to legal materials such as court cases, statutes, and legislation like works
with no author.
Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:
Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they appear in the
reference list ( ...
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Apa pdf
1. RBC Library
APA Style Guide
Revised May 2010
The following guide was developed to assist students with the APA style guide. The
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) is available on
Reserve. Please consult the handbook for more information and examples.
Additional resources are also available online from the APA website:
FAQ: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx
Sample papers: http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/data/resources/sample-papers.pdf
Tutorial: http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
Upper portion of the title page of a sample one-experiment paper. [Figure 2.1]
CREATING A REFERENCE LIST
The reference list appears at the end of a research paper and includes full bibliographic entries for
sources referred to within the paper. The reference list should appear in alphabetical order and be
double-spaced with the heading References centered at the top of the page.
1
2. MULTIPLE AUTHORS: [6.27]
In the reference list, you are required to provide names for up to and including seven
authors. Names are arranged in the order in which they appear in the original publication.
Author, A. A., Author B. B., Author C. C., Author D. D., Author E. E., Author F. F., & Author G. G.
When you have eight or more authors, include the names of the first six authors, add an
ellipsis [ . . . ], and list the name of the last author.
Author, A. A., Author B. B., Author C. C., Author D. D., Author E. E., Author F. F., . . . Author, J. J.
PUBLICATION DATES: [6.28]
If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses:
Smith, J. (n.d.).
With non-journal periodicals such as newspapers, newsletters and magazines, include the
year and the exact date of publication as in these examples:
(2009) for 2009
(2009, March) for March 2009
(2008, January/February) for January-February 2008
(2007, November 12) for November 12, 2007
(2006, Fall) for Fall 2006
PUBLICATION INFORMATION FOR PRINT BOOKS AND REPORTS: [6.30]
When providing the publishing location, include both city and state unless the state appears
in the name of a university press. Abbreviate the names of states using the official two-
letter US Postal code. If a work is published outside the United States, give the city and
country. (If two or more locations are provided, use the location listed first, or, if specified,
use the location of the publisher’s home office.)
You may shorten the names of publishers so long as the shortened form is intelligible.
Write out the names of associations, corporations and university presses. Keep the words
Books and Press, but omit superfluous terms like Publishers, Co., and Inc.
List John Wiley & Sons (New York) as New York, NY: Wiley.
List Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (Mahwah, New Jersey) as Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
List Salem Press (Pasadena, California) as Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.
List Taylor & Francis Group (London) as London, England: Taylor & Francis.
List University of Minnesota Press (Minneapolis) as Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
SAMPLE CITATIONS:
BOOKS — Basic Formats: [7.02]
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of book. Location: Publisher.
Author, B. B. (Date). Title of chapter or entry. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx).
Location: Publisher.
2
MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE LIST GUIDELINES:
3. BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR:
Barkley, R. A. (2000). Taking charge of ADHD: The complete authoritative guide for parents (Rev.
ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
BOOK WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR:
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BOOK WITH AN EDITOR:
Stainback, S. (Ed.). (1992). Curriculum consideration in inclusive classrooms: Facilitating learning for
all students. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks.
Use (Eds.) for two or more editors.
BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR:
A natural history of sex: The ecology and evolution of sexual behavior. (1993). New York, NY:
Scribner's.
CHAPTER OR ENTRY FROM A REFERENCE BOOK:
Gender identity disorder. (2001). In B. Strickland (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (2nd
ed., pp. 275-276). Detroit, MI: Gale.
Hypnosis. (2001). In N. Izenberg & S. A. Dowshen (Eds.), Human diseases and conditions (Suppl.
1, pp. 200-202). New York, NY: Scribner’s.
Shuman, R. B. (2003). Aggression. In N. A. Piotrowski (Ed.), Magill’s encylcopedia of social science:
Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 71-75). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.
If work is not part of a multi-volume set, place only the page numbers in parentheses. For
major reference works with a large editorial board, it is acceptable to list the name of the
lead editor followed by et al. as in In J. Smith et al. (Eds.).
ENTRY IN AN ONLINE REFERENCE WORK:
Road Rage. (2009). In A. M. Coleman (Ed.), A dictionary of psychology (2nd ed.) Retrieved from
http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t87.e7254
DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS:
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th
ed., text rev.). Arlington, VA: Author.
When the author and publisher are the same organization, simply list the publisher as
Author.
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF A PRINT BOOK: [7.02.19]
Lucas, S. G., & Bernstein, D. A. (2005). Teaching psychology: A step by step guide. Mahwah, NJ:
3
4. Erlbaum. Retrieved from http/www.netlibrary.com
ELECTRONIC-ONLY BOOK: [7.02.20]
Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. (2007). GLAAD media reference guide (7th ed.). Retrieved
from http://www.glaad.org/Document.Doc?id=25
ARTICLES — Basic Format: [7.01]
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of the article. Name of the periodical, volume, pp. xxx-xxx.
doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Date). Title of the article. Name of the periodical, volume, p. x.
Retrieved from http:www.xxxxxxx.com
Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) are unique alphanumeric sequences used to identify both
print and online journal articles and other documents by scholarly publishers. Use a DOI if
one is provided to you. For online periodicals without a DOI, provide the URL of the
publisher’s home page such as (http://www.interscience.wiley.com for Journal of Marriage and
Family). In general, it is not necessary to provide specific database information as in the
case with EBSCO databases.
ARTICLE FROM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL WITH A DOI: [7.01.1]
Provide an issue number if journal is paginated by issue. Place the issue number in
parentheses—without italics—immediately after the volume number.
Kaye, H. L. (2009). Death and us. Society, 46, 237-239. doi:10.1007/x12115-009-9205x
ARTICLE FROM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL WITHOUT A DOI: [7.01.3]
Print version and/or online database version:
Weld, C., & Eriksen, K. (2007). Christian clients’ preferences regarding prayer as a counseling
intervention. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 35, 328-341.
Print version:
White, R. M. B., Roosa, M. W., Weaver, S. R., & Nair, R. L. (2009). Cultural and contextual influences
on parenting in Mexican American families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 61-79.
Online publisher version:
White, R. M. B., Roosa, M. W., Weaver, S. R., & Nair, R. L. (2009). Cultural and contextual influences
on parenting in Mexican American families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 61-79.
Retrieved from http://www.interscience.wiley.com
ARTICLE FROM A MAGAZINE: [7.01.7-8]
Print version and/or online database version:
Grierson, B. (2009, May/June). Weathering the storm. Psychology Today, 42(3), 64-70.
Online website version:
4
5. Grierson, B. (2009, May/June). Weathering the storm. Psychology Today, 42(3). Retrieved from
http://www.psychologytoday.com
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE: [7.01.10-11]
Precede page number(s) of newspaper articles with p. (single page) or pp. (multiple pages).
Print version and/or online database version:
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp.
A1, A4.
Online website version:
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post.
Retrieved from http:www.washingtonpost.com
ERIC DOCUMENT: [7.09.62]
Quintero, M., Striefel, S., Killoran, J., & Ahooraiyan, A. A critical review of parent involvement in
mainstreaming. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED290294)
ONLINE TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH REPORTS — Basic Format: [7.03]
Author, A. A. (Date). Document title. Retrieved from Agency website: http:www.xxxxxxx.com
Group Author. (Date). Document title. Retrieved from http:www.xxxxxxx.com
If you are citing a book or article on the web, refer to the sections above.
If the publisher is not identified in the author section of the citation, include the publisher
as part of the retrieval statement: Retrieved from Agency website: http:www.xxxxxxx.com.
Aidman, A. (2003, January 22). Television violence: Content, context and consequences. Retrieved
from Mental Health Net website: http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=
doc&id=1952&cn=28
American Psychological Association. (2009). Frequently asked questions about APA style. Retrieved
from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx
Kaiser Permanente. (n.d.) Childhood obesity: What families can do together. Retrieved from: http://
members.kaiserpermanente.org/redirects/childhoodobesity
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of
Mental Health. (2007). Post traumatic stress disorder research fact sheet. Retrieved from
http://nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-research-fact-
sheet/index.shtml
5
6. CITING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT
SAMPLE IN-TEXT REFERENCES
With direct quotes, always provide the author, year and page number(s). In the case of
non-paginated online material, provide a paragraph number such as (para. 4). For more on
online references without pagination, consult section 6.05.
Direct quote—author's name in reference:
"They [feminists] had to prove that woman was not a passive empty mirror, not a frilly useless
decoration, not a mindless animal, not a thing to be disposed of by others" (Friedan, 1963, p. 81).
Direct quote—author's name in the narrative:
Friedan (1963) writes that "they [feminists] had to prove that woman was not a passive empty
mirror, not a frilly useless decoration, not a mindless animal, not a thing to be disposed of by others"
(p. 81).
When paraphrasing, you are encouraged but not required to include page numbers.
Paraphrasing—author's name in reference:
Feminists had the overwhelming task of restructuring women's identity so that women would no
longer be considered vacuous and negligible (Friedan, 1963).
Paraphrasing—author's name in the narrative:
Friedan (1963) states that feminists had the overwhelming task of restructuring women's identity so
that women would no longer be considered vacuous and negligible.
Corresponding entry from the list of references:
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York, NY: Norton.
MISCELLANEOUS GUIDELINES
1. When citing a work with 2 authors, always include both last names in all references.
[6.12]
• Parenthetical format: (Johnson & Waterman, 2002)
• Within the narrative: Johnson and Waterman (2002)
2. When citing a work with 3-5 authors, include all names in the first reference. Afterwards,
use only the first author's last name followed by et al. [6.12]
• Parenthetical format: (Smith, Jones, Davis & Nelson, 1992) then (Smith et al., 1992)
• Within the narrative: Smith, Jones, Davis and Nelson (1992) then Smith et al. (1992)
6
7. 3. When citing a work with 6 or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by
et al. in all references. [6.12]
• Parenthetical format: (Williams et al., 2005)
• Within the narrative: Williams et al. (2005)
4. When citing a work with a group author, you may abbreviate only if the group or agency
is identified by an abbreviation. [6.13]
• Parenthetical format: (American Psychological Association [APA], 1992) then (APA, 1992)
• Within the narrative: American Psychological Association (APA, 1992) then APA (1992)
5. When citing a work with no author, cite the first few words of the reference list entry
(usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around titles of articles, chapters
and web pages. Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, brochures, and reports. [6.15]
• Parenthetical format: ("New Drug," 1993)
• Corresponding reference list entry: New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from
heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
6. When referring to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, cite the
name of the association and the manual in full at the first mention in the text of your paper;
from then on, you may use an abbreviation such as DSM–IV–TR. For more examples, consult
the APA’s supplemental online page on reference materials: http://supp.apa.org/style
/pubman-ch07.02.pdf.
Sample first reference in text: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (4th ed., text rev; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000)....
Subsequent parenthetical format: (DSM–IV–TR, 2000)
Subsequent reference within the narrative: DSM–IV–TR (2000)
7. When a quotation is 40 words or longer, do not use quotation marks. Begin the block
quotation on a new line indenting the block about a half inch from the left margin—in the
same position as a new paragraph. Include a parenthetical reference after the final mark of
punctuation. Continue to double space. [6.03]
8. When referring to electronic sources, use page numbers with PDF documents. If no page
numbers are available, refer to paragraph numbers or document headings and paragraph
numbers. [6.05]
• Parenthetical format: (Myers, 2000, para. 5)
• Parenthetical format: (Butler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
9. What happens when the work you are citing references another work? If you are
quoting or paraphrasing from a secondhand (or indirect) source, mention the original work in
the text of your paper and place the phrase as cited in before the secondhand source you cite
in your reference citation. The corresponding reference list entry is for the actual source you
used. [6.17]
• Example: Dr. Spock found Russian mothers to be more confident in their ability to parent
than American mothers (as cited in Friedan, 1963).
• Corresponding reference list entry: Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York,
NY: Norton.
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