This document provides information about using APA and MLA citation styles when integrating sources into academic writing. It discusses the purposes of APA documentation, such as ensuring accurate and ethical scholarly work. The document also defines plagiarism and self-plagiarism, and outlines the key elements of in-text citations and reference lists in APA style, including author names, publication dates, titles, and page numbers. Finally, it provides examples to test the reader's knowledge of proper APA citation format.

1. USING APA
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Integrating Sources Using APA or
MLA Standards

2. APA, MLA, or CMS
• MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION):
English, Literature, and Humanities courses often
follow MLA, and is most often used in K-12
coursework.
• APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION): Used in science and research, such
as is the medical or education fields, and fields of
psychology.
• CMS (CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE): Used in
humanities field of religion, history, and philosophy.
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3. Integrating Sources
• Not all writing requires the use of APA,
MLA, or CMS
• APA, MLA, or CMS is used to integrate
sources into a thesis when the sources are
being used to support facts or make a claim
• To avoid plagiarism, APA, MLA, and CMS
provide guidelines and procedures that allow
verification of integrated sources
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4. Source Functions
• Support your thesis
• Support a premise
• Oppose your claim
• Juxtapose your claim by providing
similar claims from others
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5. Everest University - Composition 5
Purposes of APA Documentation
• Authoritative source for scholarly writing
• Creates ethical and legal standards in
publishing
• Ensures the accuracy of scientific knowledge
• Protects the rights and welfare of research
participants
• Protects intellectual property rights

6. Plagiarism
• Plagiarism: to claim the words and ideas
of another as one’s own – this does not
mean you may not have the same idea,
but if the idea is suggested in a
previously written article, credit must be
given to authors when those sources are
known
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7. Self-Plagiarism
• If you cite your own previously published work,
you must also provide citations and reference
• Self-plagiarism is the use of your prior work as if
it was new research
• Duplication may be permissible in some
circumstances, providing is not duplicate the core
of the prior work.
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8. Major Sources
• NON-PERIODICALS
• Journals (published quarterly or biannually)
• Newsletters (published daily)
• Magazines (published weekly or monthly)
• PERIODICALS: books, reports
• Electronic Sources
• Blogs
• Databases
• Online journals
• E-books
• Audiovisual material (television programs, films, recordings, advertisements)
• Personal communication (emails, letters, memos)
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9. APA DOCUMENTATION
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American Psychological Association
6th Edition

10. Two Essential Elements
• CITATION: The in-text citation includes at minimum
the following
• Last name of author or authors
• First word of title if no author is identified
• The year of publication or online posting
• Page number for quotation, summary, or paraphrase
• REFERENCES (APA) or WORKS CITED (MLA)
• Separate pages at the end of the paper
• Double spaced
• Arranged alphabetically
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11. Important Guidelines for References
• List ONLY the works cited
• Format: Center the heading “References”, without
quotation marks, not bold, underlined or italicized,
and with no period following
• Double spaced with no additional space between
entries
• Tables and charts follow the reference list
• List works alphabetically
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12. Important Guidelines for References
• Author(s) last name, followed by initials
• Date – put the year in parenthesis. For journals, magazines,
and newspapers, also include the month and day. Do not
abbreviate months.
• Use hanging indents (Word shortcut key is CTRL+T)
• Titles and capitals: In titles of books, reports, articles and web
documents, capitalize only the first word of the title, proper
nouns, or adjectives
• Titles of magazines and journals: Give the periodical names in
full, using uppercase and lower case letters
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13. Important Guidelines for References
• Titles and Italics: Italicize the title of books
• Italicize the titles of newspapers, reports, and web pages
• Italicize the title of magazines and journals, the comma
following the title, and the volume number
• Do not italicize issue numbers of magazines and journals or
page numbers
• Page numbers: For books and magazines give the inclusive
page number (251-259) without using the p or pp abbreviation
• Page numbers: For newspapers and sections of books, use the
p or pp abbreviation with page numbers
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14. Format of APA Papers
The APA Paper
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15. The Title Page
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16. Header Setup
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17. Abstract Page
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18. Headings and Subheadings
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19. Reference Page
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20. Catch the APA Errors
APA QUIZ
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21. Catch the Error #1
• Hollingshead measured aggressiveness
in children before and after exposure
to violent videogames (2002, p. 15).
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22. Revised Answer
• Hollingshead (2000) measured aggressiveness
in children before and after exposure to
violent videogames.
• Explanation: The year comes after the
researcher’s name. No page number is needed
if there is no direct quote.
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23. Catch the Error #2
• Neither group showed any
significant growth (Wong and
Tuttle 2005).
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24. Revised Answer
• Neither group showed any significant
growth (Wong & Tuttle, 2005).
• Explanation: Use an ampersand (&)
when citing parenthetically and put a
comma between author(s) and year of
publication.
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25. Catch the Error #3
• Duffy & Petronius (2002,
p. 23) found that none of
the subjects showed
improvement.
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26. Revised Answer
• Duffy and Petronius (2002) found that
none of the subjects showed
improvement.
• Explanation: Use “and” -- not ampersand
-- when citing authors outside of
parentheses. No page number needed
since there was no direct quote.
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27. Catch the Error #4
• Boyle (1998, 1998, 1998) found in three
separate studies that the rats had higher stress
hormone levels after exposure.
[Assume the three studies were done in 1998 and
each was published separately that year.]
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28. Revised Answer
• Boyle (1998a, 1998b, 1998c) found in three
separate studies that the rats had higher stress
hormone levels after exposure.
• Explanation: To avoid confusion, each study
will be designated by a different letter – a, b,
c, etc. Items are listed in the reference section
alphabetically by title.
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29. Catch the Error #5
• Parker (2003) found that there
was “no significant difference
between the treatment group and
the control group.”
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30. Revised Answer
• Parker (2003) found that there was “no
significant difference between the
treatment group and the control group”
(p. 12).
• Explanation: Since a direct quote was
used, a page number must be provided
after the quote.
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31. Catch the Error #6
• When contacted, Habbib had
no useful explanation except
that “mistakes were made”
(phone call, 2005).
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32. Revised Answer
• When contacted, C. S. Habbib had no useful
explanation except that “mistakes were made”
(personal communication, December 1, 2005).
• Explanation: Use “personal communication”
and exact date when citing telephone calls,
letters, memos, personal interviews, etc. You
do not need to put this in the References
section since the data is non-recoverable
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33. Catch the Error #7
• Bretschneider, John Garrett and
McCoy, Nancy Lewis, 1968. Sexual
Interest and Behavior in Healthy 80-
102-Year-Olds. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, Vol. 14, pp. 343-350.
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34. Revised Answer
• Bretschneider, J. G., & McCoy, N. L. (1968).
Sexual interest and behavior in healthy
80- 102-year-olds. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 14, 343-350.
• Explanation: 1) only initials for first names; 2)
year in parentheses followed by period; 3)
lower case in article title; 4) italicize journal
name and capitalize first letters; 5) no “Vol.,”
just italicize; 6) no “pp.”; 7) hanging indent.
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35. Catch the Error #8
• Hashimoto, Thomas. (March
13, 2000, p. 23). Seeing Red in
November. Newsweek, vol.
199.
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36. Revised Answer
• Hashimoto, T. (2000, March 13). Seeing red
in November. Newsweek, 199, 23.
• Explanation: Only initial for first name. Year
comes first, then comma, then month and
day, all in parentheses. Title of magazine is
italicized, followed by comma, volume
number italicized, then page number(s).
Hanging indent,
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37. Catch the Error #9
• Pinkerton (originally published in
1844, reprinted in 2001) believed
that democracy was a two-edged
sword. Socrates (400 B.C.) felt the
same way.
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38. Revised Answer
• Pinkerton (1844/2001) believed that
democracy was a two-edged sword.
Socrates (trans. 1988) felt the same way.
• Explanation: If original year of publication
is known, list that first, followed by slash
and year of publication you used. For
classical works, cite the translation year.
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39. Catch the Error #10
• Most experts believed the effects would be
disastrous (NIMH 2000). For example, 8 of those
surveyed believed supplies would run out within 24
hours. Not surprisingly, only 2 out of 15 thought
survival was possible after thirty-six hours.
(Assume NIMH is introduced here for the first time.)
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40. Revised Answer
• Most experts believed the effects will be
disastrous (National Institutes of Mental
Health [NIMH], 2000). For example, eight of
those surveyed believed supplies would run out
within 24 hours. Not surprisingly, only 2 out of
15 thought survival was possible after 36 hours.
• Explanation: Number and abbreviation rules.
(Usually 10 and above uses the number, or
time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale)
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41. Citation Generator
There are citation generators online that you can use to format your APA paper
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42. APA Citation Machine
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43. APA Producer Citation Generator
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