The document discusses changes and exchanges in Africa between 1750-1870, including the establishment of new states in Africa, Muslim reform movements in West Africa that led to new states like the Sokoto Caliphate, modernization efforts in Egypt under Muhammad Ali, European exploration of Africa's rivers, abolition of the slave trade, growth of legitimate trade, expansion of palm oil exports, development of secondary empires based on the ivory and slave trades, and British rule over India through the East India Company.
The document provides an overview of political, economic, and social developments in Africa and India between 1750 and 1870. In Africa, new states like the Zulu Kingdom and Sokoto Caliphate emerged, while Egypt and Ethiopia modernized under Muhammad Ali and local kings. European powers colonized parts of Africa, and the slave trade declined as legitimate commerce in goods like palm oil expanded. In India, the British East India Company gained control of territories and the British Raj was established after the Sepoy Rebellion. The Raj aimed to introduce reforms while respecting traditions, leading to inconsistencies in policy. Indian nationalism emerged in response to British rule.
Colonial rule in Africa from 1900-1945 brought economic and social changes that primarily benefited Europeans. A small European presence dominated African economies by developing exports of raw materials. Africans were forced to work under harsh conditions for little pay in European-owned mines and plantations. Colonial policies undermined public health and the African family while cities saw racial discrimination. Many Africans converted to Christianity or Islam introduced by missionaries as a reaction to colonial domination.
Between 1550-1800, European powers established sugar plantations in the West Indies using African slave labor. The sugar industry was highly profitable and drove the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. Plantations were harsh environments that severely exploited slaves and caused ecological damage to the islands. Meanwhile in Africa, European traders partnered with coastal kings to acquire slaves through warfare or kidnapping to meet demand from the plantation colonies. This Atlantic system created vast wealth for European nations and plantation owners while severely damaging millions of African lives.
The document provides an overview of three major empires in Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean region between 1500-1750 CE:
1) The Ottoman Empire expanded its control over the Mediterranean and Balkans under Suleiman the Magnificent, but faced economic and military decline in the 17th-18th centuries.
2) The Safavid Empire converted Iran to Shi'ite Islam and distinguished its culture from Sunni neighbors, but declined due to economic problems and was conquered by Afghan invaders in 1722.
3) The Mughal Empire was established in India and prospered under Akbar's administration, but faced challenges expanding its control and relied on Europeans for foreign trade.
The document summarizes revolutionary changes in the Atlantic world between 1750-1850. It discusses how rivalry among European powers intensified in the early 1600s as the Dutch attacked Spanish and Portuguese possessions, and then the British checked Dutch ambitions in the 1600s-1700s. The British then defeated France in the Seven Years War from 1756-1763, taking over French colonial possessions in the Americas and India. It also discusses how the costs of 17th-18th century wars in Europe drove governments to seek new revenue sources, which people then protested and questioned.
This document provides an overview of the three Islamic "Gunpowder Empires" between 1450-1750: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire. It describes the origins, expansion, characteristics, and trade of each empire. It also identifies several topics of focus for each empire, such as the Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims under the millet system, innovation in Safavid visual arts like miniature paintings, and the intensification of peasant labor and existing elites in Mughal India. The document contains maps and images related to the empires as well.
Land-based empires like Russia, the Ottomans, and China began to decline between 1750-1900 as industrial European nations became more powerful. They faced internal issues such as population pressures, famine, corruption, and rebellions. The Crimean War showed the weakness of Russia and the Ottomans. It led both empires to attempt reforms to modernize their militaries and economies, but the Ottoman Empire continued to contract as regions broke away. In China, the Opium Wars forced unequal treaties on China and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. Rebellion and foreign domination weakened China further. Japan avoided this fate through reforms after the Meiji Restoration, adopting a constitutional government and rapidly industrializing to
1) Between 1850-1900, new technologies like railroads, steamships, and electricity connected the global economy and drove industrialization.
2) Major industrial powers in Europe and North America grew in economic and political influence during this period.
3) Countries like Germany and Italy unified politically, and new national identities emerged across Europe driven partly by nationalism.
4) International relations revolved around competition between the major powers, including new industrial powers like Germany and Japan, which was undergoing rapid modernization and military buildup after opening to the West.
The document provides an overview of political, economic, and social developments in Africa and India between 1750 and 1870. In Africa, new states like the Zulu Kingdom and Sokoto Caliphate emerged, while Egypt and Ethiopia modernized under Muhammad Ali and local kings. European powers colonized parts of Africa, and the slave trade declined as legitimate commerce in goods like palm oil expanded. In India, the British East India Company gained control of territories and the British Raj was established after the Sepoy Rebellion. The Raj aimed to introduce reforms while respecting traditions, leading to inconsistencies in policy. Indian nationalism emerged in response to British rule.
Colonial rule in Africa from 1900-1945 brought economic and social changes that primarily benefited Europeans. A small European presence dominated African economies by developing exports of raw materials. Africans were forced to work under harsh conditions for little pay in European-owned mines and plantations. Colonial policies undermined public health and the African family while cities saw racial discrimination. Many Africans converted to Christianity or Islam introduced by missionaries as a reaction to colonial domination.
Between 1550-1800, European powers established sugar plantations in the West Indies using African slave labor. The sugar industry was highly profitable and drove the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. Plantations were harsh environments that severely exploited slaves and caused ecological damage to the islands. Meanwhile in Africa, European traders partnered with coastal kings to acquire slaves through warfare or kidnapping to meet demand from the plantation colonies. This Atlantic system created vast wealth for European nations and plantation owners while severely damaging millions of African lives.
The document provides an overview of three major empires in Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean region between 1500-1750 CE:
1) The Ottoman Empire expanded its control over the Mediterranean and Balkans under Suleiman the Magnificent, but faced economic and military decline in the 17th-18th centuries.
2) The Safavid Empire converted Iran to Shi'ite Islam and distinguished its culture from Sunni neighbors, but declined due to economic problems and was conquered by Afghan invaders in 1722.
3) The Mughal Empire was established in India and prospered under Akbar's administration, but faced challenges expanding its control and relied on Europeans for foreign trade.
The document summarizes revolutionary changes in the Atlantic world between 1750-1850. It discusses how rivalry among European powers intensified in the early 1600s as the Dutch attacked Spanish and Portuguese possessions, and then the British checked Dutch ambitions in the 1600s-1700s. The British then defeated France in the Seven Years War from 1756-1763, taking over French colonial possessions in the Americas and India. It also discusses how the costs of 17th-18th century wars in Europe drove governments to seek new revenue sources, which people then protested and questioned.
This document provides an overview of the three Islamic "Gunpowder Empires" between 1450-1750: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire. It describes the origins, expansion, characteristics, and trade of each empire. It also identifies several topics of focus for each empire, such as the Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims under the millet system, innovation in Safavid visual arts like miniature paintings, and the intensification of peasant labor and existing elites in Mughal India. The document contains maps and images related to the empires as well.
Land-based empires like Russia, the Ottomans, and China began to decline between 1750-1900 as industrial European nations became more powerful. They faced internal issues such as population pressures, famine, corruption, and rebellions. The Crimean War showed the weakness of Russia and the Ottomans. It led both empires to attempt reforms to modernize their militaries and economies, but the Ottoman Empire continued to contract as regions broke away. In China, the Opium Wars forced unequal treaties on China and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. Rebellion and foreign domination weakened China further. Japan avoided this fate through reforms after the Meiji Restoration, adopting a constitutional government and rapidly industrializing to
1) Between 1850-1900, new technologies like railroads, steamships, and electricity connected the global economy and drove industrialization.
2) Major industrial powers in Europe and North America grew in economic and political influence during this period.
3) Countries like Germany and Italy unified politically, and new national identities emerged across Europe driven partly by nationalism.
4) International relations revolved around competition between the major powers, including new industrial powers like Germany and Japan, which was undergoing rapid modernization and military buildup after opening to the West.
1. In the early 19th century, conflicts over resources in Southern Africa led to the rise of powerful kingdoms like the Zulu under Shaka Zulu and military states.
2. In West Africa, Islamic reform movements led to the establishment of states like the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 1800s.
3. In the mid-1800s, Ethiopian kings reconquered lost lands and modernized their military with European weapons to resist British occupation.
During the European Middle Ages from 500-1500 CE:
- Feudalism emerged as centralized governments broke down and lords provided protection in exchange for labor and taxes. This dominated the political and economic system.
- The Catholic Church grew to be the most stable institution, standardizing Christianity, while tensions arose between kings and popes over political power.
- By the High Middle Ages 1000-1300 CE, stronger economies and increased agricultural production supported a revival of towns and rise of strong monarchies like France and England with the beginnings of parliamentary systems. Intellectual and cultural developments accelerated.
The document summarizes the history of tourism from ancient times through the present. It discusses how early tourism consisted of travel for business and religious purposes. During the Middle Ages, travel declined due to unsafe conditions, but resumed during the Renaissance for education. The Industrial Revolution increased leisure time and the middle class' ability to travel. Modern tourism was shaped by developments in transportation like railroads, cars, planes. Governments now promote tourism as an economic driver. The Philippines' tourism industry began with informal travel and has grown through developments in transportation and infrastructure.
The document discusses the decline of the Ottoman and Qing Empires from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It analyzes the internal problems like rebellions and external threats from European imperialism that contributed to their decline. The empires attempted reforms like self-strengthening in China and the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, but they struggled to modernize effectively in the face of growing foreign domination and domestic opposition.
The document summarizes the key causes and impacts of the early Industrial Revolution from 1760-1851. Population growth, agricultural advances, and trade/innovation led to mechanization in industries like cotton and iron. Inventions like the steam engine powered factories. This caused rapid urbanization, poor working conditions, and inequality, though it also spurred new economic and social ideas. The Industrial Revolution had mixed impacts in other regions like China, Egypt and India.
Industrialization in European nations drove new imperialism in the late 19th century as they sought new markets and resources. European powers colonized Africa and Asia through different models of imperial rule: settler colonies like Australia focused on controlling land and displacing indigenous peoples; economic imperialism exploited resources and trade in places like China and Africa; and colonial rule in India and parts of Africa involved administering colonies through local elites. All forms of imperialism profoundly impacted local populations through policies, trade, and culture.
The document summarizes the expansion of trade and influence between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas from the 15th to 18th centuries. It describes how Portugal established the first global trade networks by pioneering oceanic routes around Africa and to India. It also discusses the Spanish conquests in the Americas under figures like Cortes and Pizarro, as well as the growth of the transatlantic slave trade that transported millions of Africans to labor in the Americas. The document outlines the establishment of European colonial empires and trading posts in various regions and the impacts this had on existing societies and political structures.
1. The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North and South America between 1530 and 1770, including differences in their economies, systems of government, and treatment of indigenous populations.
2. Major economies included silver mining in Spanish colonies, sugar plantations in Brazil, and tobacco farming in the Chesapeake region.
3. While Spain and Portugal established hierarchical societies and systems of forced labor, English colonies embraced representative assemblies and relied increasingly on slavery as indentured servancy declined.
The document provides an overview of global commerce between 1450-1750, focusing on European and Asian trade, the silver trade, the Atlantic slave trade, and their impacts. It describes how Europeans initially sought to gain access to Asian spices and goods, leading Portugal to establish coastal fortresses and control half the spice trade. The Dutch and British later set up trading companies and monopolized cloves, nutmeg, and the Indian cotton and spice trades. The discovery of silver in the Americas linked Asia, Europe, and the Americas in a global trade network centered on China. Between 12-14 million Africans were captured and sold into the Atlantic slave trade to work plantations in the Americas, profoundly impacting societies on both sides of the Atlantic
Western colonialism in south and west asiaCRYSLER TUMALE
European colonialism in South and West Asia began with Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries, and expanded through naval expeditions by explorers like Diaz, de Gama, and Magellan. They established trade networks importing spices from Asia. Colonialism systematically imposed political rule over colonies to establish economic and political control. Major European trading companies like the Dutch and British East India Companies dominated Asian trade. Growing European imperialism in the 18th-19th centuries led to colonization and transformation of states across South and West Asia, establishing colonies, protectorates and indirect rule to exploit resources and open new markets.
AP WORLD HISTORY - Chapter 18 colonial encounters in asia and africa 1750 1950S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY: Book: Ways of the World by R. Strayer.
Summary of Chapter 18: Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa 1750-1950. The European moment in world history 1750-1914.
- The document summarizes European arrival and trade in Asia between 1498-1700, including the establishment of Portuguese, Dutch, and English trading empires in India and Southeast Asia.
- It also discusses developments in China under the Ming Dynasty between 1368-1644, including a period of prosperity, commercial growth, and naval expeditions before the dynasty declined.
- In Japan, powerful warlords fought for control until three military leaders unified the country in the late 1500s. The Tokugawa Shogunate then consolidated power and instituted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s.
The document discusses the rise of absolutism in France under King Louis XIV and his efforts to centralize power. It describes how Louis XIV and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu reduced the power of the nobility and strengthened the monarchy. Louis went on to declare absolute rule and built the grand Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his supreme authority. He revoked protections for Huguenots and imposed religious unity, pursuing increasingly absolutist policies. Overall, the document examines how Louis XIV centralized power in the monarchy at the expense of other groups to establish absolute rule in France.
This document provides a summary of Chapter 12 from a study guide about the worlds of the 15th century. It covers several key topics:
1. The different types of human communities that existed in the 15th century, including hunter-gatherer societies in Australia and North America, agricultural village societies like the Igbo and Iroquois, and pastoral peoples in Central Asia and West Africa.
2. A comparison of the major civilizations of China under the Ming Dynasty and the states emerging in Europe during the Renaissance period.
3. The Islamic world, covering the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, and the Mughal and Songhai empires.
4. The Aztec and In
The British East India Company ruled India through a system of colonial exploitation from the 17th century until the mid-19th century. It established trading posts and gradually expanded its territorial control as the Mughal Empire declined. Figures like Robert Clive and policies of mercantilism allowed the Company to dominate Indian politics and loot the subcontinent's resources to fuel Britain's industrialization. Growing unrest among Indian soldiers, or sepoys, over cultural insensitivities like greased cartridges led to the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, which ended Company rule and established direct control by the British Crown as the Raj.
European nations extended their power into Muslim regions in several ways:
1) They exploited internal weaknesses in Muslim empires like the Ottomans and external challenges like nationalist revolts.
2) European powers sought to capitalize on the declining power of these empires and gain influence through advisors, education programs, and economic ties.
3) Eventually European nations were able to gain control over key regions and protect strategic interests by taking on debts and securing concessions then sending troops when their interests were threatened.
Western powers gained power in Qing China through war and diplomacy:
1) Britain defeated China in the Opium Wars, forcing concessions including payment of an indemnity and granting extraterritorial rights.
2) Following additional conflicts, European powers carved spheres of influence in China and demanded more concessions.
3) China's loss to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War revealed its weaknesses, allowing further imperialist incursions.
4) Reform efforts faced opposition from conservatives and Empress Cixi, halting China's modernization and weakening its position versus the West.
Between 1200-1500 CE, tropical Africa and Asia experienced significant social, economic, and political changes. The spread of Islam and increased Indian Ocean trade connected diverse regions and introduced new ideas, technologies, and crops. Major Islamic empires like Mali and the Delhi Sultanate rose as traders established port cities along the East African coast and Southeast Asia. However, these societies also saw rising inequality and slavery as elite urban classes benefited more from trade than ordinary people.
The Visigothic Kingdom had a system of elected monarchy where the king was chosen from among the nobles, however this led to frequent conflicts between nobles vying for the crown. The king administered the government and laws, led the military, and was advised by the Aula Regia council of nobles. Visigothic society was stratified with the king and nobility having privileges over the majority of free men who paid taxes and worked lands. The main economic activities were agriculture, herding, and some crafts and trade.
The document discusses the causes and expansion of European imperialism from 1870-1914, known as the New Imperialism period. The key causes were economic needs for raw materials and new markets, political competition between European powers to gain status and prestige through colonial empires, and the influence of social ideologies like Social Darwinism. During this time, there was an unprecedented rush by European nations to colonize Africa and Asia, with around 90% of Africa being conquered by European powers in just 20 years. Britain and France competed heavily for control in Africa and Asia, while Germany and other latecomers also sought to build colonial empires.
The document summarizes the political, economic, and cultural motivations and methods of the New Imperialism between 1869-1914. European powers and the United States used military and economic dominance to bring Africa, Asia, and Latin America under their control as colonies and spheres of influence. They exploited these regions for their natural resources and markets while imposing Western colonial administrations. Indigenous populations resisted colonization in various ways but ultimately saw their societies transformed by European domination of the global economy and environment.
1. In the early 19th century, conflicts over resources in Southern Africa led to the rise of powerful kingdoms like the Zulu under Shaka Zulu and military states.
2. In West Africa, Islamic reform movements led to the establishment of states like the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 1800s.
3. In the mid-1800s, Ethiopian kings reconquered lost lands and modernized their military with European weapons to resist British occupation.
During the European Middle Ages from 500-1500 CE:
- Feudalism emerged as centralized governments broke down and lords provided protection in exchange for labor and taxes. This dominated the political and economic system.
- The Catholic Church grew to be the most stable institution, standardizing Christianity, while tensions arose between kings and popes over political power.
- By the High Middle Ages 1000-1300 CE, stronger economies and increased agricultural production supported a revival of towns and rise of strong monarchies like France and England with the beginnings of parliamentary systems. Intellectual and cultural developments accelerated.
The document summarizes the history of tourism from ancient times through the present. It discusses how early tourism consisted of travel for business and religious purposes. During the Middle Ages, travel declined due to unsafe conditions, but resumed during the Renaissance for education. The Industrial Revolution increased leisure time and the middle class' ability to travel. Modern tourism was shaped by developments in transportation like railroads, cars, planes. Governments now promote tourism as an economic driver. The Philippines' tourism industry began with informal travel and has grown through developments in transportation and infrastructure.
The document discusses the decline of the Ottoman and Qing Empires from the late 18th century through the early 20th century. It analyzes the internal problems like rebellions and external threats from European imperialism that contributed to their decline. The empires attempted reforms like self-strengthening in China and the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, but they struggled to modernize effectively in the face of growing foreign domination and domestic opposition.
The document summarizes the key causes and impacts of the early Industrial Revolution from 1760-1851. Population growth, agricultural advances, and trade/innovation led to mechanization in industries like cotton and iron. Inventions like the steam engine powered factories. This caused rapid urbanization, poor working conditions, and inequality, though it also spurred new economic and social ideas. The Industrial Revolution had mixed impacts in other regions like China, Egypt and India.
Industrialization in European nations drove new imperialism in the late 19th century as they sought new markets and resources. European powers colonized Africa and Asia through different models of imperial rule: settler colonies like Australia focused on controlling land and displacing indigenous peoples; economic imperialism exploited resources and trade in places like China and Africa; and colonial rule in India and parts of Africa involved administering colonies through local elites. All forms of imperialism profoundly impacted local populations through policies, trade, and culture.
The document summarizes the expansion of trade and influence between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas from the 15th to 18th centuries. It describes how Portugal established the first global trade networks by pioneering oceanic routes around Africa and to India. It also discusses the Spanish conquests in the Americas under figures like Cortes and Pizarro, as well as the growth of the transatlantic slave trade that transported millions of Africans to labor in the Americas. The document outlines the establishment of European colonial empires and trading posts in various regions and the impacts this had on existing societies and political structures.
1. The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North and South America between 1530 and 1770, including differences in their economies, systems of government, and treatment of indigenous populations.
2. Major economies included silver mining in Spanish colonies, sugar plantations in Brazil, and tobacco farming in the Chesapeake region.
3. While Spain and Portugal established hierarchical societies and systems of forced labor, English colonies embraced representative assemblies and relied increasingly on slavery as indentured servancy declined.
The document provides an overview of global commerce between 1450-1750, focusing on European and Asian trade, the silver trade, the Atlantic slave trade, and their impacts. It describes how Europeans initially sought to gain access to Asian spices and goods, leading Portugal to establish coastal fortresses and control half the spice trade. The Dutch and British later set up trading companies and monopolized cloves, nutmeg, and the Indian cotton and spice trades. The discovery of silver in the Americas linked Asia, Europe, and the Americas in a global trade network centered on China. Between 12-14 million Africans were captured and sold into the Atlantic slave trade to work plantations in the Americas, profoundly impacting societies on both sides of the Atlantic
Western colonialism in south and west asiaCRYSLER TUMALE
European colonialism in South and West Asia began with Crusades from the 11th-13th centuries, and expanded through naval expeditions by explorers like Diaz, de Gama, and Magellan. They established trade networks importing spices from Asia. Colonialism systematically imposed political rule over colonies to establish economic and political control. Major European trading companies like the Dutch and British East India Companies dominated Asian trade. Growing European imperialism in the 18th-19th centuries led to colonization and transformation of states across South and West Asia, establishing colonies, protectorates and indirect rule to exploit resources and open new markets.
AP WORLD HISTORY - Chapter 18 colonial encounters in asia and africa 1750 1950S Sandoval
AP WORLD HISTORY: Book: Ways of the World by R. Strayer.
Summary of Chapter 18: Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa 1750-1950. The European moment in world history 1750-1914.
- The document summarizes European arrival and trade in Asia between 1498-1700, including the establishment of Portuguese, Dutch, and English trading empires in India and Southeast Asia.
- It also discusses developments in China under the Ming Dynasty between 1368-1644, including a period of prosperity, commercial growth, and naval expeditions before the dynasty declined.
- In Japan, powerful warlords fought for control until three military leaders unified the country in the late 1500s. The Tokugawa Shogunate then consolidated power and instituted a policy of isolationism in the 1600s.
The document discusses the rise of absolutism in France under King Louis XIV and his efforts to centralize power. It describes how Louis XIV and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu reduced the power of the nobility and strengthened the monarchy. Louis went on to declare absolute rule and built the grand Palace of Versailles to demonstrate his supreme authority. He revoked protections for Huguenots and imposed religious unity, pursuing increasingly absolutist policies. Overall, the document examines how Louis XIV centralized power in the monarchy at the expense of other groups to establish absolute rule in France.
This document provides a summary of Chapter 12 from a study guide about the worlds of the 15th century. It covers several key topics:
1. The different types of human communities that existed in the 15th century, including hunter-gatherer societies in Australia and North America, agricultural village societies like the Igbo and Iroquois, and pastoral peoples in Central Asia and West Africa.
2. A comparison of the major civilizations of China under the Ming Dynasty and the states emerging in Europe during the Renaissance period.
3. The Islamic world, covering the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, and the Mughal and Songhai empires.
4. The Aztec and In
The British East India Company ruled India through a system of colonial exploitation from the 17th century until the mid-19th century. It established trading posts and gradually expanded its territorial control as the Mughal Empire declined. Figures like Robert Clive and policies of mercantilism allowed the Company to dominate Indian politics and loot the subcontinent's resources to fuel Britain's industrialization. Growing unrest among Indian soldiers, or sepoys, over cultural insensitivities like greased cartridges led to the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, which ended Company rule and established direct control by the British Crown as the Raj.
European nations extended their power into Muslim regions in several ways:
1) They exploited internal weaknesses in Muslim empires like the Ottomans and external challenges like nationalist revolts.
2) European powers sought to capitalize on the declining power of these empires and gain influence through advisors, education programs, and economic ties.
3) Eventually European nations were able to gain control over key regions and protect strategic interests by taking on debts and securing concessions then sending troops when their interests were threatened.
Western powers gained power in Qing China through war and diplomacy:
1) Britain defeated China in the Opium Wars, forcing concessions including payment of an indemnity and granting extraterritorial rights.
2) Following additional conflicts, European powers carved spheres of influence in China and demanded more concessions.
3) China's loss to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War revealed its weaknesses, allowing further imperialist incursions.
4) Reform efforts faced opposition from conservatives and Empress Cixi, halting China's modernization and weakening its position versus the West.
Between 1200-1500 CE, tropical Africa and Asia experienced significant social, economic, and political changes. The spread of Islam and increased Indian Ocean trade connected diverse regions and introduced new ideas, technologies, and crops. Major Islamic empires like Mali and the Delhi Sultanate rose as traders established port cities along the East African coast and Southeast Asia. However, these societies also saw rising inequality and slavery as elite urban classes benefited more from trade than ordinary people.
The Visigothic Kingdom had a system of elected monarchy where the king was chosen from among the nobles, however this led to frequent conflicts between nobles vying for the crown. The king administered the government and laws, led the military, and was advised by the Aula Regia council of nobles. Visigothic society was stratified with the king and nobility having privileges over the majority of free men who paid taxes and worked lands. The main economic activities were agriculture, herding, and some crafts and trade.
The document discusses the causes and expansion of European imperialism from 1870-1914, known as the New Imperialism period. The key causes were economic needs for raw materials and new markets, political competition between European powers to gain status and prestige through colonial empires, and the influence of social ideologies like Social Darwinism. During this time, there was an unprecedented rush by European nations to colonize Africa and Asia, with around 90% of Africa being conquered by European powers in just 20 years. Britain and France competed heavily for control in Africa and Asia, while Germany and other latecomers also sought to build colonial empires.
The document summarizes the political, economic, and cultural motivations and methods of the New Imperialism between 1869-1914. European powers and the United States used military and economic dominance to bring Africa, Asia, and Latin America under their control as colonies and spheres of influence. They exploited these regions for their natural resources and markets while imposing Western colonial administrations. Indigenous populations resisted colonization in various ways but ultimately saw their societies transformed by European domination of the global economy and environment.
The document discusses European imperialism between 1850-1914. It describes the four main forms of colonial control that emerged - colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism. It then discusses the scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, where European powers divided up the continent at the Berlin Conference without consideration for African peoples. Finally, it examines the different patterns of imperialism in Asia, including Britain's rule over India, the Opium Wars between Britain and China, and Japan's modernization in response to Western imperialism.
The two documents summarize the political, economic, and social impacts of the slave trade on three West African kingdoms - Benin, Kongo, and Asante - from the 15th to 19th centuries. Initially, the slave trade increased the power of rulers by providing guns and wealth, but over time it led to civil wars, corruption, and the decline and fall of the kingdoms as European influence grew and the slave trade disrupted traditional power structures.
The document summarizes information about four African countries - Egypt, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. It provides details on their capitals, official languages, currencies, whether they drive on the left or right side of the road, and calling codes. It then gives brief overviews of the history and some popular tourist attractions in each country, including the pyramids in Egypt, Mount Kenya National Park, Masai Mara in Kenya, and Zanzibar in Tanzania.
The British Empire expanded dramatically between the 16th and 20th centuries through exploration, trade, and conquest. At its peak in the early 20th century, it was the largest empire in world history, controlling nearly a quarter of the world's land and population. However, nationalist independence movements grew across its colonies in the aftermath of World War 2. Many former colonies, such as India and African nations, achieved independence in the mid-20th century, marking the decline of the British Empire. By 1997, only a few small overseas territories remained under British control.
This document summarizes European imperialism between 1871-1914. It discusses the main motivations and impacts of imperialism in Africa, Asia, and India. In Africa, Europeans scrambled to partition the continent beginning in the 1880s. In Asia, Japan modernized to avoid colonization and eventually became an imperial power itself by defeating Russia. In India, the British East India Company was replaced by direct British rule after the 1857 rebellion.
The document discusses the European colonization of Africa in the late 19th century. It describes how European powers divided Africa at the 1884 Berlin Conference without any African representatives present. Within 20 years, Europeans had partitioned almost the entire continent among themselves. France, Britain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany established colonies in different regions of Africa. Some Africans resisted European rule, such as the Ethiopians who repelled Italian forces, but most of the continent came under imperial control.
The document discusses the establishment of colonialism in Africa, including the methods used by colonial powers to impose colonial rule and African reactions to colonialism. Some key points:
1. Colonial powers used various tactics to establish colonial rule, including signing treaties with African leaders, military conquest, forming alliances, and introducing Western education and infrastructure.
2. Africans resisted colonial rule in various ways as they were not willing to be colonized and lose their independence and sovereignty. Some collaborated while others openly resisted through uprisings and rebellions.
3. Colonialism ultimately led to European domination over Africa politically, economically, and culturally and the loss of autonomy for African societies. Resistance was unable to prevent
Colonialism in Africa occurred when European powers subjugated African nations between 1870 and 1914. Motives for colonialism included economic factors like accessing raw materials and markets, political prestige, and ideological beliefs in European superiority. Colonialism had both negative and positive impacts. Positively, it increased Africa's participation in global trade and led to infrastructure development. However, it also involved exploitation of resources and peoples. The document examines colonialism in different African nations like South Africa, where the British seized control and implemented apartheid policies that discriminated against the black majority.
Understanding the Transatlantic Slave Tradebowatkin
The transatlantic slave trade had complex origins from both Europe and Africa's role in the demand and supply of slaves. Portugal first imported African slaves in the 15th century for labor needs. This grew into a triangular trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Enslaved Africans endured horrific conditions during the Middle Passage voyage where overcrowding and disease were rampant. The slave trade was eventually abolished in the early 19th century due to growing abolition movements, slave rebellions like Haiti, and laws banning the slave trade. However, the legacy of the slave trade continues to impact societies through issues like racism and unequal development.
France was very active in West Africa in the late 19th century, with some politicians wanting to expand French control over the interior of Africa for commercial gain. During the Scramble for Africa from 1881-1914, France gained control over Algeria and other parts of West Africa, with imperialists hoping to boost the French economy following its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and depression in the 1870s. However, the Scramble disrupted African cultures and societies as European influence brought changes to technologies, religions, and forms of government.
Economics Vestiges of Enslavement darc 2018Rasta101
This document discusses how African people and their intellectual and economic contributions developed Europe and the Americas over hundreds of years. It describes how the transatlantic slave trade removed an estimated 40 million Africans from their homeland and transported them to the Americas, where they were forced into unpaid labor that generated massive profits and drove the economic growth and industrialization of many nations. Key industries like banking, insurance, railroads, newspapers, universities, and cities like New York directly benefited from the slave trade and subsequent slave labor. The document also discusses how European colonial powers destabilized African societies through unequal trade, introducing guns, and how racism was constructed to justify the exploitation of Africans.
The document summarizes the key motives and methods of the New Imperialism between 1869-1914. It discusses how European powers used economic and technological dominance to establish colonies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as suppliers of raw materials and markets for goods. They exploited existing political divisions and military superiority to rapidly expand their colonial empires. This transformed environments globally and integrated local economies into the growing world market system.
The document provides information about the political, economic, and social systems of three West African kingdoms - Asante, Benin, and Congo - prior to and during the slave trade. It notes that Asante had an absolute monarch called the Asantehene and centralized power. Benin also had an absolute monarch called the Uzama and independent city-states. Congo was led by an absolute monarch called the ManiKongo who claimed divine right. All three kingdoms engaged in the slave trade to varying degrees in exchange for guns and other goods, which increased their power but ultimately contributed to their decline as the slave trade ended in the 1800s.
25. imperialism in southeast asia and the pacificMrAguiar
Western powers colonized most of Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands by the late 1800s. The Dutch took control of Indonesia, the British expanded into Burma and Malaysia, and the French seized areas that became French Indochina. Spain originally held the Philippines but lost it to the United States after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Many colonized peoples resisted European rule but were unable to overcome the industrialized military powers. The colonizers restructured local economies and societies to their benefit, weakening traditional cultures, imposing arbitrary borders, and causing dependence on imported goods.
Africa in the Age of Imperialism ppt (2).pptxDarkMagil1
European powers divided Africa among themselves in the late 19th century. They established systems of direct rule over their colonies, replacing African leaders with European officials and institutions. Colonial policies varied between powers but generally undermined African societies and cultures. Some African groups resisted European takeover, like the Ashanti in western Africa and Ethiopia in the east, but most of the continent was colonized by the early 20th century.
ppt_-_british_occupation_of_egypt and the politics of Egypt.pptxNaveedKhaskheli1
The document discusses the history of British occupation in Egypt from the late 19th century. It describes how Egypt was previously under Ottoman rule but gained independence under Mehmed Ali in the early 1800s. However, by the 1870s Egypt had taken on significant foreign debt and faced international financial control. In 1882 Britain invaded Egypt to restore order and remained in occupation. Lord Cromer served as the British consul-general from 1883-1906, focusing on fiscal reform and infrastructure development to benefit the Egyptian economy and foreign capital interests over local autonomy.
Lecture on the British empire in Africa before and after the Scramble for Africa, obstacles ot African colonization, and British motivations and strategy. It also covers the expriences of Livingstone, and Stanley.
Trans atlantic slave trade + blackbirdingdaviddunlop1
The document summarizes the history of slavery in Africa and the Atlantic slave trade. It discusses how slavery existed in Africa prior to European contact and involved war captives who had no rights. The slave trade expanded dramatically when Europeans arrived and demanded slaves for plantations in the Americas. Millions of Africans were captured and shipped across the Atlantic in horrific conditions, with about half going to the Caribbean and one third to Brazil. Though met with resistance, slavery became entrenched and profitable until the late 18th century, when abolitionists like Equiano, Wilberforce, and Wesley pushed for its end.
The document outlines content to be covered for an upcoming exam, including short answer questions on Chapter 1, a reading quiz on Hammurabi, and a Middle East map quiz. It also provides an overview of the key sections and topics to be covered in Chapter 2, including the early civilizations that developed in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE. The chapter sections will cover the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China, the Kush and Meroe Kingdoms in Nubia, and the Olmec and Chavin civilizations in Mesoamerica. Philosophies like Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, and theories of yin and yang
The Indus River Valley civilization arose around 2600 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had advanced urban planning with gridded streets and drainage systems. Though the writing is undeciphered, the culture was advanced with standardized construction. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE due to ecological changes like rivers drying up, causing the urban centers to collapse and transforming the region.
The story is about how owls gained their wisdom from the Everything-Maker. Owl kept pestering the Everything-Maker to give him special features like other animals, but the maker warned him to wait his turn. When Rabbit asked for claws and fangs, Owl rudely told him to ask for wisdom instead. Angry at Owl's interruptions, the maker gave Owl large eyes and ears and a short neck to contain his newfound wisdom. Owl flew away, and Rabbit fled too, afraid of the maker's wrath. Now owls only come out at night so as not to disturb the sleeping maker.
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566, during which time the empire reached its maximum territorial extent. He conquered Hungary, defeated the Habsburg Emperor Charles V, took Baghdad, and promoted a legal system and culture. However, he had his closest friend and advisor Ibrahim executed, and ensured his legacy by having all his sons other than the successor killed.
1. The document provides information about the Byzantine Empire, including its origins as the Eastern Roman Empire established by Constantine in Constantinople in 330 CE.
2. It discusses important figures like Constantine, Justinian, and Theodora and events like the Great Schism of 1054 that divided the Catholic Western Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
3. The document also covers aspects of Byzantine culture like the Greek language, architecture styles like domes and arches, and religious art like mosaics, as well as the reasons for the eventual fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 CE.
Constantinople served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire from 330 CE until the city's fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 CE. Under Emperor Constantine, the city replaced Rome as the capital of the Roman Empire and thrived as a center of political, economic, and cultural power under later emperors like Justinian. Justinian reconquered much of the former Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent during his rule. However, the Byzantine Empire eventually declined due to internal struggles between social classes and external threats from the Ottoman Turks, culminating in the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 CE.
The document discusses the rise of new technologies and their impact on the global economy between 1850-1900. Key developments included the expansion of railroads and steamships improving global trade and connectivity. New industrial technologies like steel, chemicals, and electricity transformed economies. Germany emerged as a leader in chemical industries. Japan underwent rapid modernization after 1868, becoming an imperial power that defeated China and Russia.
This chapter discusses the Mediterranean and Middle East from 2000-500 BCE. Key events include the rise and fall of civilizations like the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Assyrians. The Assyrians built a large empire through conquest but eventually overextended themselves, leading to their downfall. Israel was divided into northern and southern kingdoms and both were later invaded by foreign powers. Phoenicia expanded trade throughout the Mediterranean and established colonies like Carthage. The chapter covers politics, culture, trade, and the interactions between these societies in the ancient Middle East and Aegean regions.
The document outlines key topics and sections to be covered for a history chapter exam, including:
- A short answer assignment on Chapter 1 and a reading quiz on Hammurabi
- A map quiz on the Middle East
- A vocabulary quiz on Chapter 2
It then provides details on early civilizations in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE, covering the Shang dynasty, Zhou dynasty, philosophies of Confucianism and Daoism in China, the Kush and Meroe kingdoms in Nubia, and the Olmec and Chavin civilizations in Mesoamerica.
Unit 1 covers the origins of civilization from 8000-1500 BCE. It discusses the Stone Age and Agricultural Revolution that led to more settled communities. Mesopotamia was an early civilization that grew along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, developing cities, kings, trade networks, and advanced technologies like writing. Egyptian civilization also arose along the Nile River, with powerful pharaohs regarded as divine kings. Egyptians developed monumental architecture like pyramids, a bureaucracy to manage resources and taxes, and advanced knowledge in many fields like mathematics and astronomy.
This document provides an overview of transformations in Europe between 1500-1750 CE. It discusses the Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther challenging the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. It also describes the Scientific Revolution led by figures like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton that undermined traditional earth-centered models of the universe. Finally, it summarizes the growth of new social and economic trends like the rise of the bourgeoisie and use of coal instead of wood due to shortages.
Mongol conquest of Asia and Eastern Europe by Genghis and Khan Kublai Khan. Also additional information on Mongolia, Russia, the Yuan & Ming Empire, Vietnam, Korea and Japan.
- Teotihuacán was a large Mesoamerican city that dominated the region from around 450-600 CE with a population of over 125,000 people. It was ruled by alliances of wealthy families rather than kings and had a stratified social structure.
- The Maya civilization occupied southern Mexico and Central America but never formed a unified political state. Individual Maya kingdoms competed for dominance while developing advanced agricultural, astronomical, and mathematical knowledge. Most Maya cities were abandoned between 800-900 CE possibly due to environmental or disease factors.
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The document summarizes the development of early civilizations in China, Nubia, and the Americas between 2200-250 BCE. In China, the Shang Dynasty ruled from 1750-1027 BCE in the Yellow River Valley and established oracle bone writing. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang and split into the Western and Eastern Zhou periods. Philosophies like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism emerged. In Nubia, the Kingdom of Kush developed south of Egypt and the Kingdom of Meroë later ruled as far north as Egypt. The Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica built cities along the Gulf coast and established complex architecture, calendars, and sculpture. In
Germany and Japan sought to restore national pride and expand territory after World War 1, leading Germany to invade Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1939 and Japan to invade China in 1937, starting World War 2. Key events included Germany taking the Sudetenland in March 1939, invading Poland on September 1, 1939 causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and Japan invading China in July 1937. After many losses, Italy surrendered in 1943, Germany surrendered in May 1945 after Hitler's suicide, and Japan surrendered in September 1945, dividing post-war Europe and Germany between Western allies and the Soviet Union.
The document lists the countries and leaders of the Axis powers during World War 2, including Germany led by Hitler, Italy led by Mussolini, and Japan led by Tojo, and notes the countries they captured. It also lists the countries and leaders of the Allied powers, including Britain led by Churchill, the Soviet Union led by Stalin, the United States led by Roosevelt, and notes some of the colonies they controlled.
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and showed early interest in becoming a priest but was rejected from art school. After his parents died, he lived homeless in Vienna where he was influenced by anti-Semitism. During World War I he served in the German army and was decorated for bravery. After the war, he joined the Nazi party and rose to leadership with emotional speeches attacking Jews. In 1923 he attempted to overthrow the German government but was imprisoned for five years where he wrote his book Mein Kampf outlining his plans. He became Chancellor in 1933 and built Germany's industry and military, gaining control of Europe by 1941.
The document summarizes key tanks and airplanes used during World War II by the United States, Germany, France, and Soviet Union. The M4 Sherman was the main U.S. tank, with over 49,000 produced. The Soviet T-34 was considered the best overall tank, with its effective armament, armor protection, and balance of firepower and mobility. Key U.S. planes mentioned include the P-38 Lightning, P-40 Warhawk, P-47 Thunderbolt, P-51 Mustang, B-17 Flying Fortress, B-24 Liberator, and B-29 Superfortress, including the Enola Gay which dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima
1. Africa, India, and the Changes and Exchanges
New British Empire in Africa
1750–1870
1750–
New Africa States Muslim States in Africa
► Serious drought hit the coastlands of southeastern Africa in ► In West Africa movements to purify Islam led to the
the early nineteenth century construction of new states through the classic Muslim
This led to conflicts over grazing and farming lands. pattern of jihad.
During these conflicts Shaka used strict military drill and close-
close- ► The largest of these reform movements occurred in the
combat warfare in order to build the Zulu kingdom. Hausa states and led to the establishment of the Sokoto
► Some neighboring Africans created their own states (such Caliphate (1809–1906).
(1809–
as Swaziland and Lesotho) in order to protect themselves ► The new Muslim states became centers of Islamic learning
against the expansionist Zulu kingdom. and reform.
► Shaka ruled the Zulu kingdom for little more than a ► Sokoto and other Muslim states both sold slaves and used
decade, but he succeeded in creating a new national slaves in order to raise food, thus making it possible for
identity as well as a new kingdom. them to seclude free Muslim women in their homes in
accordance with reformed Muslim practice.
Modernization in Egypt Muhammad Ali
► In Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r. 1805–1848) carried out a
1805–
series of modernizing reforms that were intended to
build up Egypt’s military strength.
Egypt’
► In order to pay for his reform program, Muhammad Ali
required Egyptian peasants to cultivate cotton and other
crops for export.
► Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail placed even more
Ali’
emphasis on westernizing Egypt.
► Ismail’s ambitious construction programs (railroads, the
Ismail’
new capital city of Cairo) were funded by borrowing
from French and British banks, which led Britain and
France to occupy the country when the market for
cotton collapsed after the American Civil War.
1
2. Modernization in Ethiopia France and Algeria
► In the mid- to late nineteenth century
mid- ► In 1830 France invaded Algeria.
Ethiopian kings: ► It took the French eighteen years to defeat
Reconquered territory that had been lost
since the sixteenth century
Algerian resistance organized by the Muslim
Purchased modern European weapons holy man Abd al-Qadir.
al-
Began to manufacture weapons locally It took another thirty years to put down
resistance forces in the mountains.
► An attempt to hold British officials captive
led to a temporary British occupation in ► By 1871 130,000 European settlers had
the 1860s, but the British withdrew and taken possession of rich Algerian farmland.
the modernization program continued.
European Penetration Abolition and Legitimate Trade
► European explorers carried out peaceful ► In 1808 news of slave revolts like that on Saint
expeditions in order to: Domingue and the activities of abolitionists
combined to lead Britain and the United States to
Trace the course of Africa’s rivers
Africa’ prohibit their citizens from participating in the
Assess the mineral wealth of the continent slave trade.
Convert Africans to Christianity. ► The British used their navy in order to stop the
► David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, slave trade, but the continued demand for slaves
and other explorers traced the courses of in Cuba and Brazil meant that the trade did not
the Nile, the Niger, the Zambezi, and the end until 1867.
Congo rivers. ► As the slave trade declined, Africans expanded
their “legitimate trade” in gold and other goods.
trade”
Palm Oil Making Palm Oil
► The most successful new export was palm oil that
was exported to British manufacturers of soap,
candles, and lubricants.
► The increased export of palm oil altered the social
structure of coastal trading communities of the
Niger Delta, as is demonstrated in the career of
the canoe slave Jaja who became a wealthy palm
oil trader in the 1870s.
2
3. Slave and Ivory Trade Secondary Empires
► When British patrols ended the slave trade ► The demand for ivory along the East African
on the Atlantic coast, slave traders in the coast allowed African and Arab merchants
Atlantic trade began to purchase their hundreds of miles inland to build large personal
trading empires.
slaves from East African markets.
► Historians refer to these empires as “secondary
► Zanzibar Island and neighboring territories empires” because they depended on Western
empires”
ruled by the Sultan of Oman were important demand for ivory and other goods and on
in the slave trade, the ivory trade, and in Western manufacturers for weapons.
the cultivation of cloves on plantations using ► Egypt’s expansion southward in the nineteenth
Egypt’
slave labor. century may also be considered a secondary
empire. Muhammad Ali invaded the Egyptian
Sudan in order to secure slaves for his armies.
Ivory Pieces
India Under British Rule
Company Men The British East India Company
► In the eighteenth century the Mughal Empire was ► By
the early 1800s the British East India
defeated and its capital sacked by marauding
Iranian armies.
Company had:
► Internally, the Mughal’s deputies (nawabs) had
Mughal’ pushed the French out of south India
become de facto independent rulers of their forced the Mughal Empire to recognize
states. Company rule over Bengal
► British, French, and Dutch companies staffed by taken control of large territories that became
ambitious young “Company Men” established
Men” the core of the “Bombay Presidency.”
Presidency.”
trading posts and strategic places and hired Indian
troops (sepoys) to defend them.
3
4. The Raj Indian Government
► The British raj (reign) over India aimed both ► Before 1850 the British created a government that
relied on:
to:
sepoy military power
Introduce administrative and social reform disarmed the warriors of the Indian states
To hold the support of Indian allies by gave free reign to Christian missionaries
respecting Indian social and religious customs. established a private land ownership system in order to
ease tax collection.
► These contradictory goals led to many ► At the same time, the British bolstered the
inconsistencies in British policies toward “traditional” power of princes and holy men and
traditional”
India. invented “traditional” rituals to celebrate their own
traditional”
rule.
The Sepoy Rebellion Political Reform & Industrial Impact
► British political and economic influence benefited ► After the rebellion of 1857–1858 the British
1857–
Indian elites and created jobs in some sectors. eliminated the last traces of Mughal and
► It did bring new oppression to the poor and Company rule and installed a new
caused the collapse of the traditional textile government, administered from London.
industry. ► The new government continued to:
► Discontent among the needy and particularly emphasize both tradition and reform
among the Indian soldiers led to the Sepoy maintain Indian princes in luxury
Rebellion of 1857. Stage elaborate ceremonial pageants known as
The rebellion was suppressed in 1858, but it gave the durbars
British a severe shock.
Indian Civil Service The British in India
► An efficient bureaucracy, the Indian Civil ► After1857 the British government and British
Service, now controlled the Indian masses. enterprises:
expanded the production and export of agricultural
► Recruitment into the ICS was by commodities
examinations that were theoretically open to built irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraph lines
all, but in practice, racist attitudes ► Freer movement of people into the cities caused
prevented Indians from gaining access to the spread of cholera, which was brought under
the upper levels of administration. control when new sewage and filtered water
systems were installed in the major cities in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
4
5. Rising Indian Nationalism Brahmo Samaj Movement
► The failure of the rebellion of 1857 ► Inthe early nineteenth century Ram Mouhan Roy
prompted some Indians to argue that the and his Brahmo Samaj movement tried to:
only way for Indians to regain control of Reconcile Indian religious traditions with Western values
Reform traditional abuses of women.
their destiny was to reduce their country’s
country’
► After 1857, Indian intellectuals tended to turn
social and ethnic divisions and to promote a
toward Western secular values and western
Pan-Indian nationalism.
Pan- nationalism as a way of developing a Pan-Indian
Pan-
nationalism that would transcend regional and
religious differences.
Ram Mouhan Roy Indian National Congress
► Indian middle class nationalists convened
the first Indian National Congress in 1885.
► The Congress promoted national unity and
argued for greater inclusion of Indians in
the Civil Service, but it was an elite
organization with little support from the
masses.
Colonies and Commerce
► British defeat of French and Dutch forces in the
Napoleonic Wars allowed Britain to expand its
control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the
southern Caribbean.
Britain’s Eastern Empire ► The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because
of its strategic importance as a supply station on
the route to India.
► In response to British pressure the descendants of
earlier French and Dutch settlers (the Afrikaners)
embarked on a “Great Trek” to found new colonies
Trek”
on the fertile high field that had been depopulated
by the Zulu wars.
5
6. Britain’s Southeast Asian Posts Thomas Raffles
► The British also established a series of
strategic outposts in Southeast Asia.
Thomas Raffles established the free port of
Singapore in 1824
Assam was annexed to India in 1826
Burma was annexed in 1852
Imperial Policies and Shipping Exportation of Goods
► Historians usually depict Britain in this ► Whether colonized or not, African, Asian,
period as a reluctant empire builder, more and Pacific lands were being drawn into the
interested in trade than in acquiring commercial networks created by British
territory. expansion and industrialization.
► Most of the new colonies were intended to
► These areas became exporters of raw
serve as ports in a global shipping network
that the British envisioned in terms of free materials and agricultural goods and
trade, as opposed to the previous importers of affordable manufactured
mercantilist trade policy. products.
Colonization of
Shipbuilding
Australia and New Zealand
►A second impetus to global commercial ► The development of new ships and shipping
expansion was the technological revolution contributed to the colonization of Australia and
in the construction of oceangoing ships in New Zealand by British settlers that displaced
the indigenous populations.
the nineteenth century.
► Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the
► Use of iron to fasten timbers together and early seventeenth century, and Captain James
the use of huge canvas sails allowed Cook surveyed New Zealand and the eastern
shipbuilders to make larger, faster vessels Australian coast between 1769 and 1778.
that lowered the cost of shipping and thus ► Unfamiliar diseases brought by new overseas
stimulated maritime trade. contacts substantially reduced the populations of
the hunter-gatherer Aborigines of Australia and
hunter-
the Maori of New Zealand.
6
7. Captain James Cook Immigration
► Australia received British convicts and, after
the discovery of gold in 1851, a flood of free
European (and some Chinese) settlers.
► British settlers came more slowly to New
Zealand until defeat of the Maori, faster
ships, and a short gold rush brought more
British immigrants after 1860.
Governing Themselves New Labor Migrations
► The British crown gradually turned governing ► Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of
power over to the British settlers of Australia and Indians, Chinese, and Africans went
New Zealand, but Aborigines and the Maori overseas as laborers.
experienced discrimination.
► British India was the greatest source of
► Australia did develop powerful trade unions.
migrant laborers, and British colonies
► New Zealand promoted the availability of land for
the common person. (particularly sugar plantations) were the
► Both Australia and New Zealand granted women
principal destinations of the migrants.
the right to vote in 1894.
Indentured Servitude Returns Changes in Indentured Servitude
► With the end of slavery, the demand for cheap ► These new indentured migrants were similar to
labor in the British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii was the European emigrants of the time in that they
filled by Indians, free Africans, Chinese, and left their homelands voluntarily in order to make
Japanese workers. money that they could send or take back home or
to finance a new life in their new country.
► These workers served under contracts of
► However, people recruited as indentured laborers
indenture which bound them to work for a were:
specified number of years in return for free much poorer than European emigrants
passage to their overseas destination, a small took lower-paying jobs
lower-
salary, and free housing, clothing and medical unable to afford the passage to the most desirable
care. areas
7