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Mitral stenosis
The document discusses mitral stenosis (MS), a narrowing of the mitral valve that restricts blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of MS, resulting in chronic inflammation and scarring of the mitral valve leaflets over time. Symptoms of MS range from being asymptomatic to dyspnea, orthopnea, palpitations, and hemoptysis in severe cases. Diagnosis involves auscultation of a mid-diastolic murmur, ECG showing left atrial enlargement, chest X-ray with double cardiac shadows and Kerley lines, and echocardiogram demonstrating thickened immobile valve leaflets.
