ANTI-TUMOUR
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Anti-Tumor Definition ● Also called as Anti cancer or Antineoplatic agent. ● These are the drugs used to treatment of tumour. Examples: ● Vinca ● Podophyllum
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Pharmacognosy- Anti-tussive
This document discusses two anti-tussive drugs - Vasaka and Tolu Balsam. Vasaka is derived from the leaves of the Adhatoda vasica plant and contains quinazoline alkaloids that act as an expectorant, bronchodilator, oxytocic and abortifacient. Tolu Balsam is obtained from the trunk of Myroxylon balsamum trees, contains cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and volatile oils, and is used as an expectorant, flavoring agent, and antiseptic in cough mixtures.
Pharmacognosy - Astringents
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Carminatives and GI regulators part I
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy- CARDIOTONIC
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V ENZYMES
ENZYMES:
Definition:
● Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile character,
and specific in their action.
Examples:
1. Papaya
2. Diastase
3. Pancreatin
4. Yeast
Synopsis:
Drug Name
Synonyms
Biological source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy - Antimalarial
This document discusses antimalarial drugs, including cinchona and artemisia. Cinchona, also known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark, comes from the cinchona tree and contains quinine and other quinoline alkaloids. It is used as an antimalarial, antipyretic, analgesic, antiseptic, and to treat arrhythmias. Artemisia, also called wormseed or santonia, comes from the flower heads of Artemisia brevifolia and contains artemisinin and santonin. It is used as both an anthelmintic and antimalarial.
Pharmacognosy - Antihypertensive
Antihypertensive
Definition:
Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.
Examples:
1. Rauwolfia
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Pharmacognosy- Anti-tussive
This document discusses two anti-tussive drugs - Vasaka and Tolu Balsam. Vasaka is derived from the leaves of the Adhatoda vasica plant and contains quinazoline alkaloids that act as an expectorant, bronchodilator, oxytocic and abortifacient. Tolu Balsam is obtained from the trunk of Myroxylon balsamum trees, contains cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and volatile oils, and is used as an expectorant, flavoring agent, and antiseptic in cough mixtures.
Pharmacognosy - Astringents
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Carminatives and GI regulators part I
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy- CARDIOTONIC
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V ENZYMES
ENZYMES:
Definition:
● Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile character,
and specific in their action.
Examples:
1. Papaya
2. Diastase
3. Pancreatin
4. Yeast
Synopsis:
Drug Name
Synonyms
Biological source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy - Antimalarial
This document discusses antimalarial drugs, including cinchona and artemisia. Cinchona, also known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark, comes from the cinchona tree and contains quinine and other quinoline alkaloids. It is used as an antimalarial, antipyretic, analgesic, antiseptic, and to treat arrhythmias. Artemisia, also called wormseed or santonia, comes from the flower heads of Artemisia brevifolia and contains artemisinin and santonin. It is used as both an anthelmintic and antimalarial.
Pharmacognosy - Antihypertensive
Antihypertensive
Definition:
Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.
Examples:
1. Rauwolfia
Glycosides- I D.Pharm ER-20:13T
This document discusses glycosides, including their definition, classification, occurrence, isolation, identification, therapeutic activity, and pharmaceutical applications. Glycosides are organic compounds that contain a sugar and non-sugar moiety. They are widely classified based on their chemical nature and linkage between the sugar and non-sugar portions. Glycosides commonly occur in plant roots, barks, fruits, and some leaves. Isolation methods involve extraction and purification using processes like fractional solubility. Identification tests are specific for each glycoside type, such as the Borntrager's test for anthraquinone glycosides. Major glycosides and their therapeutic uses include digitalis as a cardiac tonic, aloe and senna as
Plant product fibre, Hallucinogens, Teratogen, Natural allergens
It is all about for the plant product like fibre fibre, Hallucinogens, Teratogen, Natural allergens in simple language for more understanding adding images. iIts very useful for all b.pharm student in semester-IV
ANTI-DIABETICS
This document discusses two anti-diabetic plants - Pterocarpus and Gymnema. Pterocarpus, also known as Bijasal, comes from the Indian kino tree and contains constituents like kinotannic acid, kino-red, and gallic acid. It is used to treat diabetes, as an astringent, and for diarrhea and dysentery. Gymnema, also known as Gudmar or Madhunashini, comes from the leaves of the Gymnema sylvestre vine. It contains compounds like gymnemic acid, pentriacontane, and hentriacontane. Gymnema is used to treat diabetes, as a l
Cardiotonics
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Digitalis and Arjuna.
Pharmacognosy- ANTI-DYSENTERIC
ANTI-DYSENTERIC
Definition
● Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus.
● Antidysenterics are the drugs used for treatment of dysentery.
Examples:
● Ipecacuanha
Pharmacognosy: Enzymes (papaya, diastase, yeast)
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Acacia
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General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
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Coriandrum sativum new
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Gymnema
Gymnema is a plant found throughout Asia whose leaves contain various compounds and have traditionally been used to treat diabetes and stimulate digestion. Research also suggests that supplements combining gymnema extract with other ingredients may help with weight loss. The leaves are opposite and elliptical or oval in shape, bearing small yellow flowers and follicle fruits up to 8 cm long.
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Pharmacognosy laxatives -aloes,rhubarb ,castor oil ispaghula senna
This document discusses several natural laxatives, including aloe, rhubarb, senna, ispaghula, and castor oil. It provides details on the biological source, geographical source, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents and tests, and uses for each laxative. The document is presented by Dr. Gyaneshwar Singh as part of a course on pharmacognosy at Mangalayatan University in Aligarh, India.
Pharmacognosy II as per PCI syllabus
This presentation covers unit II of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry II subject as per PCI syllabus
Jute
Jute is collected from the stem bark of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius plants. The stems are cut before flowering and undergo a retting process where they are soaked in water. This softens the fibers and allows them to be separated from the inner woody core. Jute fibers are long, golden yellow in color, and contain high amounts of cellulose. They are used to make cloth, sacks, twine and rope. Hibiscus cannabinus fibers can substitute for jute.
Carditonics
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs and provides details about the pharmacognostic study of Digitalis leaves and Arjuna bark. It defines cardiotonics as drugs that increase the force of contraction of the heart and stimulate heart activity. Digitalis leaves come from Digitalis purpurea and contain cardiac glycosides. Arjuna bark comes from Terminalia arjuna and contains tannins and triterpenoid saponins. Both Digitalis and Arjuna are used as cardiotonic drugs.
Nux vomica and khurchi
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the nux vomica and khurchi bark. This presentation is useful for the individuals who are looking for information on this topic especially for those students who are studying Pharmacognosy.
Chaulmoogra oil
Chaulmoogra oil is a fixed oil obtained from seeds of various Hydnocarpus species found in Myanmar. It contains chaulmoogric acid and hydnoctic acid as major constituents. Chaulmoogra oil has bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium leprae and M. tuberculosis, making it useful in the treatment of leprosy, tuberculosis, psoriasis, and rheumatism. It is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
Pharmacognosy - DIURETICS
Definition
● Diuretics are the drugs used to increase the urine output.
Examples:
● Gokhru
● Punarnava
Synopsis
Drug name
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Aswagandha
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CINCHONA BARK
Cinchona bark comes from several species of Cinchona trees native to South America. It contains alkaloids such as quinine and quinidine that have antimalarial properties. The document describes the biological source, geographical source, cultivation methods, morphology, microscopic characteristics, chemical tests, chemical constituents, uses and allied drugs of Cinchona bark.
Vinca : Chemical constituents, commercial products and uses
This document discusses the chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products of Vinca. It details that Vinca contains various alkaloids, with the most important being vinblastine and vincristine which have anticancer activity. Therapeutically, vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease and vincristine is used to treat leukemia in children. Commercially, vinca alkaloids are an ingredient in the preparation Cytocristin. The objective of the class is to cover the chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and commercial products of Vinca.
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This document discusses four major classes of plant-derived anticancer drugs: 1) epipodophyllotoxin lignans such as podophyllotoxin from mayapple, 2) taxane diterpenoids such as paclitaxel from Pacific yew, 3) vinca alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine from periwinkle, and 4) camptothecin from Camptotheca. Each class is described in terms of its natural source, chemical structure, and medicinal uses in treating various cancers. Extraction processes are also outlined for vincristine from periwinkle and paclitaxel from Pacific yew.
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This document discusses glycosides, including their definition, classification, occurrence, isolation, identification, therapeutic activity, and pharmaceutical applications. Glycosides are organic compounds that contain a sugar and non-sugar moiety. They are widely classified based on their chemical nature and linkage between the sugar and non-sugar portions. Glycosides commonly occur in plant roots, barks, fruits, and some leaves. Isolation methods involve extraction and purification using processes like fractional solubility. Identification tests are specific for each glycoside type, such as the Borntrager's test for anthraquinone glycosides. Major glycosides and their therapeutic uses include digitalis as a cardiac tonic, aloe and senna as
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Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
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Pharmacognosy- ANTI-DYSENTERIC
ANTI-DYSENTERIC
Definition
● Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus.
● Antidysenterics are the drugs used for treatment of dysentery.
Examples:
● Ipecacuanha
Pharmacognosy: Enzymes (papaya, diastase, yeast)
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Acacia
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
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Coriandrum sativum new
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Gymnema is a plant found throughout Asia whose leaves contain various compounds and have traditionally been used to treat diabetes and stimulate digestion. Research also suggests that supplements combining gymnema extract with other ingredients may help with weight loss. The leaves are opposite and elliptical or oval in shape, bearing small yellow flowers and follicle fruits up to 8 cm long.
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Carditonics
This document discusses cardiotonic drugs and provides details about the pharmacognostic study of Digitalis leaves and Arjuna bark. It defines cardiotonics as drugs that increase the force of contraction of the heart and stimulate heart activity. Digitalis leaves come from Digitalis purpurea and contain cardiac glycosides. Arjuna bark comes from Terminalia arjuna and contains tannins and triterpenoid saponins. Both Digitalis and Arjuna are used as cardiotonic drugs.
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In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the nux vomica and khurchi bark. This presentation is useful for the individuals who are looking for information on this topic especially for those students who are studying Pharmacognosy.
Chaulmoogra oil
Chaulmoogra oil is a fixed oil obtained from seeds of various Hydnocarpus species found in Myanmar. It contains chaulmoogric acid and hydnoctic acid as major constituents. Chaulmoogra oil has bactericidal effects against Mycobacterium leprae and M. tuberculosis, making it useful in the treatment of leprosy, tuberculosis, psoriasis, and rheumatism. It is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
Pharmacognosy - DIURETICS
Definition
● Diuretics are the drugs used to increase the urine output.
Examples:
● Gokhru
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Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
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Chemical Constituents
Uses
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CINCHONA BARK
Cinchona bark comes from several species of Cinchona trees native to South America. It contains alkaloids such as quinine and quinidine that have antimalarial properties. The document describes the biological source, geographical source, cultivation methods, morphology, microscopic characteristics, chemical tests, chemical constituents, uses and allied drugs of Cinchona bark.
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Phytotherapy (Respiratory tract disorders)
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Screening of antimicrobial activity.
Screening of antimicrobial activity of indian plants such as Andrographis echoids , Mirabilis jalapa & Canna indica.
A polyherbal extract was made using 4 different solvents i.e. Pet Ether, Chloroform, Ethanol & Aqueous and the method of extraction was soxhlation.
Further Preliminary Phytochemical screening was done and found that presence of Flavonoids were more in Ethanolic extract which was responsible for our activity.
Acute oral toxicity studies were done.
Evaluation was done.
For Final conclusion you can check the ppt.
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The “medicinal plant†involve various types of plants used in herbal medicine. This plant used for medicinal purpose. It is tropical plant. The plant vinca is called as catharanthus, Sadafuli, periwinkle. The indole alkaloid is present in vinca and drug such as Vincristine, Vinblastin. which is belongs to the family of apocynacae. Vinca or Catharanthus roseus is used for the treatment of diabetes, fever, malaria, throat infections, and chest complaints. It is also used in regulation of menstrual cycle. Poonam Ingalwad | Vikram Veer | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Overview on a Vinca Alkaloid & Its Medicinal, Therapeutic Properties" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30720.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30720/overview-on-a-vinca-alkaloid-and-its-medicinal-therapeutic-properties/poonam-ingalwad
Module I-1.pptx
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and natural products. It originated in the 19th century focusing on the physical description and identification of plant drugs, and has expanded to include the discovery of therapeutic agents from nature, quality control, and intellectual property rights. Key areas of pharmacognosy application now include cancer therapy, nutraceuticals, herbal medicine quality standards, appropriate plant identification, and ensuring safety and efficacy of traditional medicines through principles of good practices.
introduction to pharmacology in nursing
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY DEFINITION: Pharmacology is the science that deals with the study of drugs and their interaction with the living systems. The word Pharmacology is derived from Greek – pharmacon means drug and logos means study. DRUG: Drug is a substance used in the diagnosis ,prevention or treatment of disease. PHARMACOKINECTICS: Pharmacokinectics is the study of the absorption distribution ,metabolism and excretion of drugs,i.e what the body does the drug (in greek kinesis = movement).
3. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY DEFINITION: PHARMACODYNAMICS : Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effect of the drugs on the body and their mechanism of action ,i.e what the drug does the body. THERAPEUTICS: Therapeutics deals with the use of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. TOXICOLOGY : Toxicology deals with the adverse effect of the drug and also the study of poisons,i.e detection ,prevention and treatment of poisoning.(Toxicon =poison in greek.
4. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY CHEMOTHERAPHY : Chemotheraphy is the use of chemicals for the treatment of infections.the term now also includes the use of chemical to treate malignancies. PHARMACY : Pharmacy is the science of identification , compounding and dispensing of drugs .It also includes collection , isolation, purification , synthesis and Standardization of medical substances.
5. SOURCES OF DRUGS The sources of drugs could be natural or synthetic , NATURAL SOURCES: 1.PLANTS,e.g Atropine ,Morphine ,Quinine ,digoxine,pilocarpine,physostigmine. 2.ANIMALS e.g . Insulin ,heparin ,gonadotrophins and antitoxic sera. 3.MINERALS,Magnesium sulphate , Aluminium hydroxide ,iron ,sulphur and radio active isotopes. 4.MICROORGANISMS ,Antibacterial agents are obtained from some bacteria and fungi.we thus have pencillins,cephalosporins,tetracycline and other antibiotics.
6. SOURCES OF DRUGS 5.HUMAN: some drugs are obtained from man ,e.g Immunoglobulin from blood,growth hormone from anterior pituitary and chorionic gonadotrophins from the urine of pregnant woman. SYNTHETIC : Most drugs are now synthesized .e.g quinolones,omeprazole,sulfonamides,pancuronium,neostigmi ne. Many drugs are obtained from cell culture ,e.g urokinase from cultured kidney cells. some are now produced by recombinant DNA technology ,e.g human insulin, tissue plasmogen activator and some drugs by Hybridoma technique, e.g monoclonal antibodies.
7. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Drugs may be administered by various routes .the choice of the route in a given patient depends on the properties of the drug and the patients requirements.A knowledge of advantage and disadvantage of the routes of drug administration is essential. The route can be broadly divided into: Enteral Parenteral Local
8. ENTERAL ROUTE (ORAL INGESTION ) This is the most common ,oldest and safest routes of drug administration. the large surface area of the GI ,the mixing of its content
Introduction to Pharmacology, Source, Nomenclature& use of Herbal Drugs prect...
This document provides definitions and key concepts related to pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It discusses the history and important figures in pharmacology. Key terms like pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, and indications are defined. The document also covers the sources of drugs including plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms and synthesis. It discusses nomenclature systems for drugs including chemical, generic and brand names. Common herbal medicines used in India are also highlighted.
Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry-I Unit-IPart-1Introduction of Pharmacognosy..pptx
Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry-I Unit-IPart-1Introduction of Pharmacognosy.
History of Pharmacognosy
Primitive era-
Pre-Christian era- Modern Pharmacognosy- SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Various sources of drugs
Plants Animals Plant Tissue Culture Marine Sources
Organized drugs, Unorganized drug Crude drugs- Dried latex e.g. Opium
Dried juice e.g. Aloes
Extracts e.g Catechu (Black and pale catechu)
Gums e.g Acacia, trgacanth
Resins:
Gum resins e.g Myrrh
Oleo resin e.g Capsicum
6. Waxes e.g Beeswax
7. Oil e.g Castor oil, Wool fat.
Drugs & Medicine In Pharmacology
This document discusses drugs and medicine in pharmacology. It defines drugs and medicines, and explains their differences. Drugs are chemical substances intended to treat or prevent disease, while medicines have a definite form and dose. The document also outlines various sources of drugs, including plants, animals, minerals, microbes, synthesis and biotechnology. Finally, it provides examples of drug nomenclature and classifications of medicines based on their active ingredients and excipients.
Intoduction to Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of drug action and pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources. The major divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which studies how drugs affect the body, and pharmacokinetics, which studies how the body affects drugs. Drugs can come from plant, animal, microbial, or synthetic sources. Common routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. The ideal properties of a drug include effectiveness, safety, minimal side effects, and ease of administration.
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ADDITIVES or EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORM.pdf
Pharmaceutical excipients are the substances other than active
pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulation.
Additives donot have any therapeutic activity.
The following additives are commonly used
Vehicles
Preservative
Antioxidant
Organoleptic additives
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Surfactants
Hydrocolloids
Stabilizers
VEHICLES:
Vehicles are the solvents needed for dispensing the following
preparations,
Monophasic liquid dosage forms
Biphasic liquid dosage forms
Sterile dosage forms
Ophthalmic products.
PRESERVATIVE
Many pharmaceutical preparations are liable to undergo deterioration
on storage due to microbial growth.
In order to avoid microbial growth, it is desirable to use a suitable
preservative.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Benzoic acid
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Sodium metabisulphite
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
Phenol
ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation.
Both inorganic and organic compounds are used as antioxidants in food,
drugs and cosmetics.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be colourless, odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Tocopherol
Ethyl gallate
Propyl gallate
Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)
Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
Ascorbic acid
Citric acid
ORGANOLEPTIC ADDITIVES
Organoleptic agents are one of the important members of
pharmaceutical aids.
Organoleptic additives promote appearance and palatability of
pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Colouring agent
The pharmaceutical preparations are coloured due to following reasons,
For identification of preparations
To increase acceptability to patients
To give warning
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be readily soluble in water.
It should have good colouring power.
It should have no physiological activity.
It should be economical
Types of colouring agent
1. Mineral colours – Iron oxide, Carbon black, Titanium dioxide
2. Natural colours from plants and animals – Cochineal, Caramine
3. Coal tar colours – Amaranth, Erythrosine, Brilliant blue.
Flavouring agent
Flavours are used to make the preparation more palatable.
Flavouring agents are used to mask the unpleasant taste and odour of
the preparation.
Examples
Flavoured syrup – Cherry, Black current, Citrus fruits (Orange, Lemon)
Aromatic oils – Volatile oils such as Anise, Careway, Chinnamon, Clove
Synthetic flavours – Chloroform water, Benzaldehyde, Vanillin.
Structure and Functions of Cell.pdf
DEFINITION:
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:
PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure of Plasma Membrane
The Cell membrane also known as the Plasma membrane.
It is a Biological Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The Lipid layer made up of three types of lipid molecules such as Phospholipids,
Cholesterols and Glycolipids.
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipid are amphipathic molecule
(Both Polar and Nonpolar parts)
Phospholipids – Phosphate (Polar) – Head – Hydrophilic
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail – Hydrophobic
Cholesterols – Slightly Amphipathic
Glycolipids – Carbohydrate (Polar) – Head
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
Participates in intercellular signalling.
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus and has two components.
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
a) Cytosol: (pH - 7)
The Cytosol (Intracellular fluid) is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
surrounds organelles.
Cytosol is 75 – 90% of water plus various dissolved and suspended components.
Among these are different types of ions, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, protein,
lipid, ATP and waste products.
The cytosol is the site of many Chemical reactions for a cell existence.
b) Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
CYTOSKELETON:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments.
It Consists of three types of filament proteins
1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules
1. Microfilament
Microfilaments are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Diameter – 6nm
They are composed of protein Actin and Myosin.
Most Prevalent at the edge of a cell.
Functions of Microfilament:
They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Microfilaments are involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell
locomotion.
The Mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of
cells.
2. Intermediate filaments
Several different proteins such as keratin, collagen can compose intermediate
filament.
Diameter – 10 nm
Functions of Intermediate filaments:
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
3. Microtubules
Largest cytoskeletal components.
Diameter – 25 nm
Unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Functions of Microtubules
Microtubules help determine Cell shape.
INTRODUCTION TO DOSAGE FORMS
INTRODUCTION TO DOSAGE FORMS
DRUG (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients)
It is the single active chemical molecule present in a medicine that is used
for diagnosis, prevention, treatment and cure of disease in human or
animals.
EXCIPIENTS OR ADDITIVIES:
Pharmaceutical excipients are substances other than the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (API).
DOSE:
A quantity of a medicine.
DOSAGE FORM:
DRUG (API) + EXCIPIENTS DOSAGE FORM
Drugs are converted into suitable formulation is called dosage form.
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Unit solid dosage form:
Tablets
Capsules
Pills
Pastilles
Lozenges
Cachets
Powders
Bulk powder
Bulk powder meant for internal use
Granules
Fine powder
Bulk powder meant for external use
Dusting powder
Insufflations
Snuff
Toothpowder
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
Monophasic liquid dosage form
Biphasic liquid dosage form.
Monophasic liquid dosage form
Internal:
Mixture
Syrup
Elixir
Linctus
External:
Application on the skin
Lotion
Liniment
Used in the mouth
Mouthwash,
Gargles,
Throat paint
Instilled into body cavities
Douches
Ear drop
Nasal drop
Nasal spray
Biphasic liquid dosage form
Emulsion
Suspension
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORM
External:
Ointments
Creams
Pastes
Jellies
Internal
Suppositories
Pessaries
STERILE DOSAGE FORM
Injections
Infusions
Ophthalmic
GASEOUS DOSAGE FORM
Aerosols
Inhalation
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while
handling of prescription for compounding and dispensing.
1) Receiving
2) Reading and checking
3) Collecting and weighing the materials
4) Compounding, labeling and packaging
1) RECEIVING:
The prescription should be received from patient by the pharmacist
himself.
While receiving a prescription, a pharmacist should not change his
facial expression which gives an impression to the patient that he is
confused after seeing the prescription.
2) READING AND CHECKING:
On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a
proper format i.e. doctor’s pad or OPD slip (Out Patient
Department) of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the
prescriber along with date.
A prescription should be always being screened behind the counter.
In case of any difficulty in reading or any doubt regarding the
prescription ingredients or directions, the pharmacist should consult
the other pharmacist or the prescriber.
But under no circumstance patient should come to know about it.
Pharmacist should never guess about the meaning of any illegal or
confused word. It may lead to serious consequences.
Sometimes prescription is received on telephone by senior
pharmacist.
In such case, after taking down the prescription, it should be verified
by repeating it on phone to the prescriber.
It is very important because nowadays, the number of drugs with
almost the same pronunciation and spelling are available in the
market.
For example:-
Acidin (R) Apidin(R)
Prednisone Prednisolone
Digoxin Digitoxin
If there is any omission of any important particulars, such as the
dose, the prescriber should be contacted.
3) COLLECTING AND WEIGHING THE MATERIALS:
Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected on the left hand side of the balance.
After weighing the material it should be shifted to right hand side of
the balance.
This gives a check of ingredients which have been weighted. While
compounding, the label of every stock bottle should be read at least
three times in order to avoid any error:-
a) When taken from the self or drawer.
b) When the contents are removed for weighing and measuring.
c) When the containers are returned back to its proper place.
4) COMPOUNDING, LABELLING AND PACKAGING:
Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
Only one prescription should be compounded at one time.
All the ingredients should be according to pharmaceutical art.
The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers
depending on its use.
The filled containers suitably labelled.
White plain paper of good quality should be used for labeling the
containers.
The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container. This is written or typed, giving all the desired information.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
ANTI-RHEUMAICS
ANTI-RHEUMAICS
Definition
● An anti-rheumatics is any drug used in the treatment of rheumatism.
● Antirheumatics can reduce joint damage associated with inflammatory disorders of the joints.
Examples:
● Colchicum seed
Drugs acting on CNS Part 1
Nervous system
Introduction
Definition
Examples
Nervous System:
The network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) together make up the nervous system.
The Central Nervous System consists of the Brain and Spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System further divides into Two types,
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – Regulating sensation and motor control of skeletal muscle
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate and gut motility.
ANS further divides into Two types, Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Drugs acting on nervous system:
Central nervous system agents are medicines affecting the CNS made up of nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
Example,
Hyoscyamus
Belladonna
Ephedra
Opium
Tea leaves
Coffee seeds
Coca
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy- Drugs on nervous system Part 2
DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM
Opium
Tea leaves
Coffee seeds
Coca
Synopsis:
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
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LAXATIVES
Definition:
Laxatives are substances that loosen the stools and increase bowel movements.
They are used to treat and prevent constipation.
Examples:
Aloe
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Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
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In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
PrudentRx: A Resource for Patient Education and Engagement
PrudentRx enhances healthcare by educating patients and ensuring effective medication management in a complex, evolving landscape.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems.pdf
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
The positive impact of SGRT – The Berkshire Cancer Centre experience
SGRT Europe 2023
Victoria Hammond-Turner
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Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Professional Secrecy: Forensic Medicine Lecture , Medical jurisprudence
Top Rated Massage Center In Ajman Chandrima Spa
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
CANSA support - Caring for Cancer Patients' Caregivers
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...
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Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.DR SHAMIN EABENSON - JOURNAL CLUB - NEEDLE STICK INJURY
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NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
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ANTI-TUMOUR
- 1. CHAPTER – V ANTI-TUMOUR M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 1 ANTI-TUMOUR Definition ● Also called as Anti cancer or Antineoplatic agent. ● These are the drugs used to treatment of tumour. Examples: ● Vinca ● Podophyllum Vinca Podaphyllum
- 2. CHAPTER – V ANTI-TUMOUR M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 2 Drug name Synonyms Biological Source Family Chemical Constituents Uses Vinca Indole Alkaloid Catharanthus, Madagascar periwinkle. It consists of dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Vincristine Vinblastine Ajmalicine Serpentine 1. Anti-tumour agent 2. Control diabetes 3. Control nosebleeds, bleeding gums, Mouth ulcers. 4. Control high blood pressure.
- 3. CHAPTER – V ANTI-TUMOUR M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 3 Drug name Synonyms Biological Source Family Chemical Constituents Uses Podophyllum Resins Indian podophyllum Himalayan may apple It consists of dried rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum hexandrum or Podophyllum emodi Berberidaceae Podophyllin Podophyllotoxin α- and β-peltatin Quercetin Etoposide 1. Cytotoxic action 2. Anti-tumour agent 3. Purgative 4. Bitter tonic