ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V ENZYMES
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ENZYMES: Definition: ● Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile character, and specific in their action. Examples: 1. Papaya 2. Diastase 3. Pancreatin 4. Yeast Synopsis: Drug Name Synonyms Biological source Family Chemical Constituents Uses
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Pharmacognosy: Enzymes (papaya, diastase, yeast)
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
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Pharmacognosy - Antihypertensive
Antihypertensive
Definition:
Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.
Examples:
1. Rauwolfia
Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
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Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Recommended
Pharmacognosy: Enzymes (papaya, diastase, yeast)
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Sutures and surgical dressings
Study of source, preparation and identification of fibers used in sutures and surgical dressings-cotton ,silk,
wool and regenerated fibers.
Nux vomica and khurchi
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the nux vomica and khurchi bark. This presentation is useful for the individuals who are looking for information on this topic especially for those students who are studying Pharmacognosy.
Pharmacognosy - Antihypertensive
Antihypertensive
Definition:
Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.
Examples:
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Pharmacognosy OF LIQUORICE(Saponin Glycoside)
This document summarizes information about the plant liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is grown in sub-Himalayan regions and parts of Europe. Microscopically, it exhibits cork layers, medullary rays, phloem fibers, xylem vessels and fibers, and parenchyma cells containing starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals. It contains saponin glycosides and glycyrrhetinic acid. Liquorice has demulcent, expectorant, and mineralocorticoid properties and is used in cough syrups, lozenges, and to mask bitter tastes in medicines. Its saponins aid absorption of some drugs. Adulterants include
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Laxatives: Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna
Laxatives are drugs that relieve constipation by losing stools or inducing a bowel movement.
Some laxatives are also used before bowel procedures or examination.
Laxatives come as pills, capsules, liquids, foods, gums, and suppositories.
Drugs are Aloe, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Isabgol, Senna.
Pharmacognosy - Antimalarial
This document discusses antimalarial drugs, including cinchona and artemisia. Cinchona, also known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark, comes from the cinchona tree and contains quinine and other quinoline alkaloids. It is used as an antimalarial, antipyretic, analgesic, antiseptic, and to treat arrhythmias. Artemisia, also called wormseed or santonia, comes from the flower heads of Artemisia brevifolia and contains artemisinin and santonin. It is used as both an anthelmintic and antimalarial.
Pharmacognosy- CARDIOTONIC
CARDIOTONIC
Definition:
Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
Digitalis
Arjuna
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
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Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
VINCA.pptx
This document provides information about Vinca (Catharanthus roseus), including its synonyms, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, mechanism of action, isolation and estimation, chemical tests, uses, and marketed products. Vinca contains several indole and dihydroindole alkaloids, including vinblastine and vincristine, which are isolated from C. roseus leaves and have antimitotic and anticancer properties. They work by binding to tubulin and inhibiting microtubule polymerization. Vinblastine and vincristine are commonly used to treat various types of cancer such as leukemia, lung cancer, and lymphoma.
Coriandrum sativum new
Coriander is a spice produced from the round, tan-colored seeds of the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum), which is a member of the parsley family. The word coriander can be used to describe the entire plant: leaves, stems, seeds, and all.
Pale catechu..
Gambier is the dried aqueous extract of leaves and young twigs of Uncaria gambier, a plant from the Rubiaceae family. It is sourced from several Southeast Asian countries. Macroscopically, gambier has a cuboidal shape, reddish-brown color, and an astringent taste. It contains several chemicals including catechin, catechu tannic acid, catechu red, quercetin, and gambier fluorescein. A chemical test identifies gambier fluorescein by producing a green fluorescent color when reacted with sodium hydroxide and petrolium ether. Gambier is used as an astringent and in industries like leather, fabric dyeing due
Pharmacognosy of Cotton
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
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Fibers - Cotton,
Cardiotonics
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
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Tragacanth
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
Pharmacognosy - Astringents
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Benzoin
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
ANTI-TUMOUR
Anti-Tumor
Definition
● Also called as Anti cancer or Antineoplatic agent.
● These are the drugs used to treatment of tumour.
Examples:
● Vinca
● Podophyllum
COFFEE AND TEA-PHARMACOGNOSY KOKATE
Coffee is the dried seed of Coffea arabica or C. liberica plants that are native to Ethiopia. The major suppliers of coffee are Brazil and India. Coffee beans contain caffeine, tannins, oils, and other constituents. Caffeine can be extracted from roasted coffee beans using coffee roasters to recover sublimated caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee contains little caffeine. Caffeine is used as a stimulant and to combat effects of CNS depressants.
Tea is prepared from the leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis, which is cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Japan. Tea leaves contain caffeine, theobromine, theophyll
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cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is prepared from the fresh livers of cod fish. It is a pale yellow, slightly fishy-smelling liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. Chemically, it contains vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and for its nutritive properties. It is used to treat rickets, tuberculosis, and helps wound healing. It also reduces inflammation and cholesterol levels and can help treat ulcers. Due to its sensitivity to light and air, it must be stored in air-tight, colored containers.
Pharmacognosy of Hemp
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Novel Medicinal Agents from Marine Source
The document summarizes novel medicinal agents that can be derived from marine sources. It discusses how marine organisms such as plants, animals, and microbes produce secondary metabolites for defense and survival purposes. Some of these compounds have potential as pharmaceuticals. Two marine-derived drugs that are currently used are Ara-C and Ara-A, which are nucleosides derived from a marine sponge that are used to treat cancer and viral infections respectively. Many other marine organisms have been found to contain bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antivirals, and more.
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This document discusses several enzymes and proteins. It provides details on their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. The key enzymes discussed include pepsin, urokinase, streptokinase, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, and papain. The key proteins discussed are gelatin and casein. For each enzyme/protein, concise information is given about where it is sourced from, how it is isolated and purified, its chemical makeup, and its applications.
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Journal of EcoAgriTourism 2, 2015 http://rosita.ro/jeat/volume2cy.html
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Pharmacognosy- CARDIOTONIC
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Cardiotonic are drugs used to increase the efficiency and improve the contraction of the heart muscle.
Examples:
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Chemical Constituents
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Coriander is a spice produced from the round, tan-colored seeds of the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum), which is a member of the parsley family. The word coriander can be used to describe the entire plant: leaves, stems, seeds, and all.
Pale catechu..
Gambier is the dried aqueous extract of leaves and young twigs of Uncaria gambier, a plant from the Rubiaceae family. It is sourced from several Southeast Asian countries. Macroscopically, gambier has a cuboidal shape, reddish-brown color, and an astringent taste. It contains several chemicals including catechin, catechu tannic acid, catechu red, quercetin, and gambier fluorescein. A chemical test identifies gambier fluorescein by producing a green fluorescent color when reacted with sodium hydroxide and petrolium ether. Gambier is used as an astringent and in industries like leather, fabric dyeing due
Pharmacognosy of Cotton
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton,
Cardiotonics
Cardiotonic are the drugs that give strength or energy to the activity of the heart. Cardiotonic increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle and stimulates the overall activity of the heart. The drugs which are used as Cardiotonics are
Digitalis and Arjuna.
Tragacanth
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
Pharmacognosy - Astringents
Definition:
● Astringents are a group of substance that cause the contraction of tissues and also dries the body secretions.
Examples:
1. Myrobalan
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
Benzoin
Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained from incisions made on several species of Styrax trees native to Southeast Asia. There are two main types - Sumatra benzoin from Styrax benzoin and Siam benzoin from Styrax tonkinesis. Sumatra benzoin contains a higher amount of benzoic and cinnamic acids which give it an aromatic odor. Siam benzoin contains mainly coniferyl benzoate and has a vanilla-like odor. Both types are used as expectorants and antiseptics in preparations like compound tincture of benzoin. They are also used industrially to add fragrance to products.
ANTI-TUMOUR
Anti-Tumor
Definition
● Also called as Anti cancer or Antineoplatic agent.
● These are the drugs used to treatment of tumour.
Examples:
● Vinca
● Podophyllum
COFFEE AND TEA-PHARMACOGNOSY KOKATE
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cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is prepared from the fresh livers of cod fish. It is a pale yellow, slightly fishy-smelling liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. Chemically, it contains vitamins A and D, as well as omega-3 fatty acids. Cod liver oil is used as a dietary supplement and for its nutritive properties. It is used to treat rickets, tuberculosis, and helps wound healing. It also reduces inflammation and cholesterol levels and can help treat ulcers. Due to its sensitivity to light and air, it must be stored in air-tight, colored containers.
Pharmacognosy of Hemp
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Hemp
Castor oil
Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant. The main country producers are Brazil, India, and other tropical and subtropical countries. Castor oil contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid which give it its laxative properties. It is a pale yellow, viscous liquid with a slight odor. Chemically, castor oil is tested for properties like acid value, iodine value, and saponification value. Its main uses are as a cathartic and lubricant in industries like paint, varnish, and soap production.
Novel Medicinal Agents from Marine Source
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This document discusses two anti-tussive drugs - Vasaka and Tolu Balsam. Vasaka is derived from the leaves of the Adhatoda vasica plant and contains quinazoline alkaloids that act as an expectorant, bronchodilator, oxytocic and abortifacient. Tolu Balsam is obtained from the trunk of Myroxylon balsamum trees, contains cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and volatile oils, and is used as an expectorant, flavoring agent, and antiseptic in cough mixtures.
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ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V LAXATIVES
Unit V - Laxatives
LAXATIVES
Definition:
Laxatives are substances that loosen the stools and increase bowel movements.
They are used to treat and prevent constipation.
Examples:
Aloe
Castor Oil
Ispaghula
Senna
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ENZYMES
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Production of Plant Secondary Metabolite (RESERPINE)
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AN INTRODUCTION TOPLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES :ITS APPLICATIONS
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ADDITIVES or EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORM.pdf
Pharmaceutical excipients are the substances other than active
pharmaceutical ingredients in the formulation.
Additives donot have any therapeutic activity.
The following additives are commonly used
Vehicles
Preservative
Antioxidant
Organoleptic additives
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Surfactants
Hydrocolloids
Stabilizers
VEHICLES:
Vehicles are the solvents needed for dispensing the following
preparations,
Monophasic liquid dosage forms
Biphasic liquid dosage forms
Sterile dosage forms
Ophthalmic products.
PRESERVATIVE
Many pharmaceutical preparations are liable to undergo deterioration
on storage due to microbial growth.
In order to avoid microbial growth, it is desirable to use a suitable
preservative.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Benzoic acid
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Sodium metabisulphite
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
Phenol
ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation.
Both inorganic and organic compounds are used as antioxidants in food,
drugs and cosmetics.
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should be colourless, odourless and tasteless.
It should be non-toxic and non-irritant.
It should be stable and unaffected by pH.
It should be economical.
It should be soluble in suitable vehicle.
Examples
Tocopherol
Ethyl gallate
Propyl gallate
Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)
Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
Ascorbic acid
Citric acid
ORGANOLEPTIC ADDITIVES
Organoleptic agents are one of the important members of
pharmaceutical aids.
Organoleptic additives promote appearance and palatability of
pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Colouring agent
Flavouring agent
Sweetening agent
Colouring agent
The pharmaceutical preparations are coloured due to following reasons,
For identification of preparations
To increase acceptability to patients
To give warning
Quality of an ideal preservative
It should be readily soluble in water.
It should have good colouring power.
It should have no physiological activity.
It should be economical
Types of colouring agent
1. Mineral colours – Iron oxide, Carbon black, Titanium dioxide
2. Natural colours from plants and animals – Cochineal, Caramine
3. Coal tar colours – Amaranth, Erythrosine, Brilliant blue.
Flavouring agent
Flavours are used to make the preparation more palatable.
Flavouring agents are used to mask the unpleasant taste and odour of
the preparation.
Examples
Flavoured syrup – Cherry, Black current, Citrus fruits (Orange, Lemon)
Aromatic oils – Volatile oils such as Anise, Careway, Chinnamon, Clove
Synthetic flavours – Chloroform water, Benzaldehyde, Vanillin.
Structure and Functions of Cell.pdf
DEFINITION:
Cell is a structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:
PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure of Plasma Membrane
The Cell membrane also known as the Plasma membrane.
It is a Biological Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
The Lipid layer made up of three types of lipid molecules such as Phospholipids,
Cholesterols and Glycolipids.
The bilayer arrangement occurs because the lipid are amphipathic molecule
(Both Polar and Nonpolar parts)
Phospholipids – Phosphate (Polar) – Head – Hydrophilic
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail – Hydrophobic
Cholesterols – Slightly Amphipathic
Glycolipids – Carbohydrate (Polar) – Head
Lipid (Non Polar) – Tail
Functions of Plasma Membrane:
Acts as a barrier separating inside and outside of the cell.
Controls the flow of substances into and out of the cell.
Helps identify the cell to other cells (e.g., immune cells).
Participates in intercellular signalling.
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasm consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus and has two components.
a) Cytosol
b) Organelles
a) Cytosol: (pH - 7)
The Cytosol (Intracellular fluid) is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that
surrounds organelles.
Cytosol is 75 – 90% of water plus various dissolved and suspended components.
Among these are different types of ions, glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, protein,
lipid, ATP and waste products.
The cytosol is the site of many Chemical reactions for a cell existence.
b) Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Centrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
CYTOSKELETON:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments.
It Consists of three types of filament proteins
1. Microfilament
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules
1. Microfilament
Microfilaments are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton.
Diameter – 6nm
They are composed of protein Actin and Myosin.
Most Prevalent at the edge of a cell.
Functions of Microfilament:
They help generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Microfilaments are involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell
locomotion.
The Mechanical support that is responsible for the basic strength and shape of
cells.
2. Intermediate filaments
Several different proteins such as keratin, collagen can compose intermediate
filament.
Diameter – 10 nm
Functions of Intermediate filaments:
They help stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus.
3. Microtubules
Largest cytoskeletal components.
Diameter – 25 nm
Unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.
Functions of Microtubules
Microtubules help determine Cell shape.
INTRODUCTION TO DOSAGE FORMS
INTRODUCTION TO DOSAGE FORMS
DRUG (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients)
It is the single active chemical molecule present in a medicine that is used
for diagnosis, prevention, treatment and cure of disease in human or
animals.
EXCIPIENTS OR ADDITIVIES:
Pharmaceutical excipients are substances other than the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (API).
DOSE:
A quantity of a medicine.
DOSAGE FORM:
DRUG (API) + EXCIPIENTS DOSAGE FORM
Drugs are converted into suitable formulation is called dosage form.
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Unit solid dosage form:
Tablets
Capsules
Pills
Pastilles
Lozenges
Cachets
Powders
Bulk powder
Bulk powder meant for internal use
Granules
Fine powder
Bulk powder meant for external use
Dusting powder
Insufflations
Snuff
Toothpowder
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
Monophasic liquid dosage form
Biphasic liquid dosage form.
Monophasic liquid dosage form
Internal:
Mixture
Syrup
Elixir
Linctus
External:
Application on the skin
Lotion
Liniment
Used in the mouth
Mouthwash,
Gargles,
Throat paint
Instilled into body cavities
Douches
Ear drop
Nasal drop
Nasal spray
Biphasic liquid dosage form
Emulsion
Suspension
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORM
External:
Ointments
Creams
Pastes
Jellies
Internal
Suppositories
Pessaries
STERILE DOSAGE FORM
Injections
Infusions
Ophthalmic
GASEOUS DOSAGE FORM
Aerosols
Inhalation
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
SOURCES OF ERROR IN PRESCRIPTION
1. Abbreviation
2. Name of the drug
3. Strength of the preparation
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
5. Dose
6. Instructions for the patient
7. Incompatibilities
1. ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviation.
E.g: Dispense Achromycin for “Achro” may cause difficulty when a
intention of the prescriber is to dispense Achrostatin.
2. NAME OF THE DRUG
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
E.g: Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
3. STRENGTH OF THE PREPARATION
The strength of preparation should be stated by prescriber.
It is essential when various strengths of a product are available in
the market.
E.g: It will be a wrong decision on the part of pharmacist to
dispense paracetamol tablet 500 mg when prescription for
paracetamol tablet is received with no specific strength.
4. DOSAGE FORM OF THE DRUG PRESCRIBED
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
E.g: Liquid, Tablet, Capsule and Suppository.
The pharmaceutical form of the product should be written on the
prescription in order to avoid ambiguity.
5. DOSE
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the
prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should
consult paediatric posology to avoid any error.
Sometimes a reasonable dose is administered too frequently.
E.g: A prescription for sustained release formulation to be
administered after every 4 hours should thoroughly check
because such dosage forms are usually administered only two or
three times a day.
6. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PATIENT
The instructions for the patient which are given in the
prescription are incomplete or omitted.
The quantity of the drug to be taken, the frequently and timing of
administration and route of administration should clearly give in
the prescription so as to avoid confusion.
7. INCOMPATIBILITIES
It is essential to check that there are no pharmaceutical or
therapeutic incompatibilities in a prescribed preparation and
that different medicines prescribed for the same patient do not
interact with each other to produce any harm to the patient.
Certain antibiotics should not be given with meals since it
significantly decrease the absorption of the drug.
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
HANDLING OF PRESCRIPTION
The following procedure should be adopted by the pharmacist while
handling of prescription for compounding and dispensing.
1) Receiving
2) Reading and checking
3) Collecting and weighing the materials
4) Compounding, labeling and packaging
1) RECEIVING:
The prescription should be received from patient by the pharmacist
himself.
While receiving a prescription, a pharmacist should not change his
facial expression which gives an impression to the patient that he is
confused after seeing the prescription.
2) READING AND CHECKING:
On receiving a prescription, always check it that it is written in a
proper format i.e. doctor’s pad or OPD slip (Out Patient
Department) of the hospital/nursing home and signed by the
prescriber along with date.
A prescription should be always being screened behind the counter.
In case of any difficulty in reading or any doubt regarding the
prescription ingredients or directions, the pharmacist should consult
the other pharmacist or the prescriber.
But under no circumstance patient should come to know about it.
Pharmacist should never guess about the meaning of any illegal or
confused word. It may lead to serious consequences.
Sometimes prescription is received on telephone by senior
pharmacist.
In such case, after taking down the prescription, it should be verified
by repeating it on phone to the prescriber.
It is very important because nowadays, the number of drugs with
almost the same pronunciation and spelling are available in the
market.
For example:-
Acidin (R) Apidin(R)
Prednisone Prednisolone
Digoxin Digitoxin
If there is any omission of any important particulars, such as the
dose, the prescriber should be contacted.
3) COLLECTING AND WEIGHING THE MATERIALS:
Before compounding the prescription, all the materials required for
it, should be collected on the left hand side of the balance.
After weighing the material it should be shifted to right hand side of
the balance.
This gives a check of ingredients which have been weighted. While
compounding, the label of every stock bottle should be read at least
three times in order to avoid any error:-
a) When taken from the self or drawer.
b) When the contents are removed for weighing and measuring.
c) When the containers are returned back to its proper place.
4) COMPOUNDING, LABELLING AND PACKAGING:
Compounding should be carried out in a neat place. All the
equipment etc. required should be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
Only one prescription should be compounded at one time.
All the ingredients should be according to pharmaceutical art.
The compounded medicaments should be filled in suitable containers
depending on its use.
The filled containers suitably labelled.
White plain paper of good quality should be used for labeling the
containers.
The size of the label should be proportional to the size of the container. This is written or typed, giving all the desired information.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
Pharmacognosy- ANTI-DYSENTERIC
ANTI-DYSENTERIC
Definition
● Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes diarrhoea containing blood or mucus.
● Antidysenterics are the drugs used for treatment of dysentery.
Examples:
● Ipecacuanha
ANTI-RHEUMAICS
ANTI-RHEUMAICS
Definition
● An anti-rheumatics is any drug used in the treatment of rheumatism.
● Antirheumatics can reduce joint damage associated with inflammatory disorders of the joints.
Examples:
● Colchicum seed
Drugs acting on CNS Part 1
Nervous system
Introduction
Definition
Examples
Nervous System:
The network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) together make up the nervous system.
The Central Nervous System consists of the Brain and Spinal cord.
The Peripheral Nervous System further divides into Two types,
Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – Regulating sensation and motor control of skeletal muscle
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate and gut motility.
ANS further divides into Two types, Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Drugs acting on nervous system:
Central nervous system agents are medicines affecting the CNS made up of nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
Example,
Hyoscyamus
Belladonna
Ephedra
Opium
Tea leaves
Coffee seeds
Coca
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Pharmacognosy- Drugs on nervous system Part 2
DRUGS ACTING ON NERVOUS SYSTEM
Opium
Tea leaves
Coffee seeds
Coca
Synopsis:
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Carminatives and GI regulators part I
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
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ID.Pharm Pharmacognosy ER20-13T Unit-V ENZYMES
- 1. CHAPTER – V ENZYMES M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 1 ENZYMES Definition: ● Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile character, and specific in their action. Examples: 1. Papaya 2. Diastase 3. Pancreatin 4. Yeast
- 2. CHAPTER – V ENZYMES M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 2 Drug name Synonyms Biological Source Family Chemical Constituents Uses Papaya Enzyme Papain It consists of dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya Caricaceae Proteolytic enzymes peptidase I Rennin-like enzyme, Clotting enzyme Papain Papaya proteinase 1. It is used in clarification of beverages and meat tenderiser. 2. Anti-inflammatory 3. It also used in textile industry.
- 3. CHAPTER – V ENZYMES M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 3 Drug name Synonyms Biological Source Chemical Constituents Uses Diastase Enzyme Amylase It is an amylolytic enzymes present in the saliva or found in the digestive tract of animals. It also formed during the germination of barley grains and known as Malt diastase. Amylolytic enzymes Carbohydrates 1. Digestant 2. used in the production of predigested starchy foods. 3. Also for the conversion of starch to fermentable sugars in fermentation.
- 4. CHAPTER – V ENZYMES M.NITHYA B.PHARM, LECTURER, ECOP. 4 Drug name Biological Source Introduction Pancreatin is made up of the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase, and lipase. Type of enzymes Carbolytic enzyme Proteolytic enzyme Lipolytic enzyme Uses Pancreatin Enzyme Pancreatin is a digestive enzyme extracted from the pancreas of certain animals like hog, Sus scrofa (Suidae), or ox, Bos taurus (Bovidae) Digestive aid for starch, Proteins and fats. Used to treat pancreatitis and also in fibrocystic diseases of pancreas. Used for preparation of predigested foods
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