Typically antioxidants are employed in low concentrations (0.2% w/w) and it is usual for the concentration of antioxidant in the finished product to be markedly less than the initial concentration, due to oxidative degradation during manufacture of the dosage form.
Antioxidants may also be employed in conjunction with chelating agents, e.g. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, citric acid, that act to form complexes with heavy-metal ions, ions that are normally involved in oxidative degradation
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of various cosmetic products. It begins by defining cosmetics and their classification. It then covers formulations for different types of creams, lotions, powders and color cosmetics like lipsticks and rouges. Specific formulations are provided for products like cleansing cream, cold cream, sunscreen lotion, face powder, lipstick etc. along with ideal properties and ingredients for each type of cosmetic.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
This document discusses emulsions. It defines an emulsion as a dispersion of small globules of one liquid distributed throughout another immiscible liquid. Emulsions are classified based on the dispersed phase as oil-in-water or water-in-oil, and based on droplet size as macroemulsions or microemulsions. Emulsifying agents are substances that stabilize emulsions by forming films at the liquid interfaces. Various natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic agents are described. Methods for preparing emulsions include dry gum, wet gum, and bottle methods. Factors that cause emulsion instability like cracking and creaming are also outlined.
Cold cream , vanishing cream , IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS , MAJOR INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VANISHING CREAMS , FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM , IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CREAM , INGREDIENTS USED FOR PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM , FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
Pastes are semisolid dosage forms containing a high percentage (50% or more) of insoluble solids dispersed in a suitable base. They adhere well to the skin and are used to treat chronic lesions. Pastes are stiffer than creams and ointments, so they remain stable at the site of application and allow perspiration to escape while not interfering with uninfected skin. Pastes are classified based on their base as fatty, aqueous gel, or hydrocolloid pastes. They are prepared by trituration or fusion and contain ingredients like zinc oxide, coal tar, or aluminum oxide dispersed in a hydrophobic or water-miscible base. Evaluation parameters include mechanical strength tests and liquid phase migration studies.
Pharmaceutical additives for liquid dosage formchetan jain
Pharmaceutical additives are substances added to drug formulations to help production, maintain stability, improve acceptability and functioning of the dosage form. Common additives used in liquid oral dosage forms include vehicles, surfactants, hydrocolloids, antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, buffers and tonicity adjusters. Vehicles act as the medium to dissolve, suspend or disperse ingredients and include water, oils and mixtures. Other additives help solubilize, emulsify, increase viscosity, prevent microbial growth and oxidation, and improve taste and appearance.
Cold creams are oil-in-water emulsions used to smooth skin and remove makeup. They produce a cooling effect due to the slow evaporation of water. Common ingredients include beeswax, mineral oils, and scents. Cold creams were traditionally made from animal fats but now use vegetable and mineral oils. When applied, the emulsion inverts from oil-in-water to water-in-oil. Cleansing creams are similar but contain detergents to clean the skin by removing dirt, oil, and dead cells in addition to makeup. Vanishing creams are oil-in-water emulsions that leave a thin, almost invisible layer of stearic acid on the skin.
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of various cosmetic products. It begins by defining cosmetics and their classification. It then covers formulations for different types of creams, lotions, powders and color cosmetics like lipsticks and rouges. Specific formulations are provided for products like cleansing cream, cold cream, sunscreen lotion, face powder, lipstick etc. along with ideal properties and ingredients for each type of cosmetic.
Glass as a packaging material in pharmaceutical packagingShweta Shelke
This presentation gives a brief idea about the types of glasses used in pharmaceutical industry and its intended use. Different tests used for assuring its quality for intended use.
This document discusses emulsions. It defines an emulsion as a dispersion of small globules of one liquid distributed throughout another immiscible liquid. Emulsions are classified based on the dispersed phase as oil-in-water or water-in-oil, and based on droplet size as macroemulsions or microemulsions. Emulsifying agents are substances that stabilize emulsions by forming films at the liquid interfaces. Various natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic agents are described. Methods for preparing emulsions include dry gum, wet gum, and bottle methods. Factors that cause emulsion instability like cracking and creaming are also outlined.
Cold cream , vanishing cream , IDEAL PROPERTIES OF VANISHING CREAMS , MAJOR INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VANISHING CREAMS , FORMULATION OF VANISHING CREAM , IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CREAM , INGREDIENTS USED FOR PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM , FORMULATION OF COLD CREAM
Pastes are semisolid dosage forms containing a high percentage (50% or more) of insoluble solids dispersed in a suitable base. They adhere well to the skin and are used to treat chronic lesions. Pastes are stiffer than creams and ointments, so they remain stable at the site of application and allow perspiration to escape while not interfering with uninfected skin. Pastes are classified based on their base as fatty, aqueous gel, or hydrocolloid pastes. They are prepared by trituration or fusion and contain ingredients like zinc oxide, coal tar, or aluminum oxide dispersed in a hydrophobic or water-miscible base. Evaluation parameters include mechanical strength tests and liquid phase migration studies.
Pharmaceutical additives for liquid dosage formchetan jain
Pharmaceutical additives are substances added to drug formulations to help production, maintain stability, improve acceptability and functioning of the dosage form. Common additives used in liquid oral dosage forms include vehicles, surfactants, hydrocolloids, antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, buffers and tonicity adjusters. Vehicles act as the medium to dissolve, suspend or disperse ingredients and include water, oils and mixtures. Other additives help solubilize, emulsify, increase viscosity, prevent microbial growth and oxidation, and improve taste and appearance.
Cold creams are oil-in-water emulsions used to smooth skin and remove makeup. They produce a cooling effect due to the slow evaporation of water. Common ingredients include beeswax, mineral oils, and scents. Cold creams were traditionally made from animal fats but now use vegetable and mineral oils. When applied, the emulsion inverts from oil-in-water to water-in-oil. Cleansing creams are similar but contain detergents to clean the skin by removing dirt, oil, and dead cells in addition to makeup. Vanishing creams are oil-in-water emulsions that leave a thin, almost invisible layer of stearic acid on the skin.
Antioxidants and Bleaching Agents used in CosmeticsSurbhiSharma196
The document discusses anti-oxidants and bleaching agents used in cosmetics. It provides information on their functions, mechanisms of action, and examples. Anti-oxidants such as vitamins, polyphenols, and carotenoids protect the skin from oxidative stress and UV radiation. Bleaching agents lighten the skin through chemical reactions that degrade pigments. Common natural bleaching agents mentioned are arbutin, kojic acid, ginkgo biloba extract, and liquorice extract. The document serves as an educational reference on ingredients and compounds used in cosmetics for skin lightening and anti-aging purposes.
This document discusses various types of pharmaceutical excipients used in drug formulations. It defines excipients as pharmacologically inactive substances formulated alongside active pharmaceutical ingredients. Excipients provide bulk, facilitate drug absorption and stability, aid manufacturing, and improve handling. Common excipients include fillers, binders, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, antioxidants, and solvents. Each excipient type has distinct functions and ideal properties. Proper excipient selection is important to ensure drug efficacy, stability, safety, and to avoid complications.
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
The document discusses the general requirements and components of sterile pharmaceutical products, including parenteral and ophthalmic formulations. It describes various vehicles, additives, and agents commonly used in sterile formulations and their purposes. These include aqueous and non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobials, antioxidants, buffers, stabilizers, tonicity adjusting agents, and protectants. It also differentiates between small and large volume parenterals and outlines ideal properties of sterile dosage forms such as sterility, isotonicity, and stability.
The document discusses emulsions, which are mixtures of two or more liquids that do not normally mix. It defines the key types of emulsions as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and multiple emulsions. It also explains the differences between O/W and W/O emulsions and describes detection tests that can identify the emulsion type. Finally, it provides examples of common emulsifying agents like lecithin, soap, and gum and discusses their properties and uses in emulsions.
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical gels. It defines gels as semisolid colloidal systems where a liquid vehicle interacts with colloidal particles. The vehicle can be aqueous, hydroalcoholic, alcoholic, or non-aqueous. Gels are classified based on their continuous phase (organogels, hydrogels, xerogels) or the nature of bonds in their 3D network (dispersed solids, hydrophilic polymers). Common gelling agents include natural polymers, semisynthetic polymers, and synthetic polymers. The document discusses gel properties, preparation methods, manufacturing parameters, examples of topical gels, and applications of gels in drug delivery.
The document discusses creams as a semisolid dosage form containing drug substances dispersed or dissolved in a suitable base. It defines oil-in-water and water-in-oil creams and provides examples of each. The key steps in cream preparation and various tests to characterize creams are described, including determining type of emulsion, viscosity, pH, globule size, stability, and spreadability. Creams offer advantages over other semisolid forms like being less greasy and more easily washed off.
The document provides instructions for performing an assay of calcium gluconate by complexometry, including preparing standard EDTA and magnesium sulfate solutions, titrating calcium gluconate against EDTA while using magnesium and an indicator to identify the endpoint, and calculating the percentage purity of calcium gluconate based on the titration results. The titration is a replacement complexometric titration that uses the stable magnesium-indicator complex to indirectly determine the endpoint of the calcium-EDTA reaction.
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation of semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, creams, and suppositories. It discusses ideal properties of semisolids and categories of semisolids. Evaluation methods for ointments include testing for drug content uniformity, penetration rate, drug release rate, absorption into bloodstream, and irritancy. Cream evaluation includes testing for appearance, spreadability, washability, rheology, and sensitivity. Suppository evaluation comprises tests for appearance, weight uniformity, melting range, liquefaction time, breaking strength, and dissolution rate.
This document provides information on emulsions and suspensions. It defines emulsions as dispersions with one liquid dispersed in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are classified based on the dispersed and continuous phases. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where particles settle out over time. Key factors that affect sedimentation rates in suspensions are described by Stokes' equation. Common emulsifying agents and suspending agents used in pharmaceutical formulations are also outlined.
Sodium Alginate - A marine Source Purified Carbohydrates Dr-Jitendra Patel
Title: - A marine Source Purified Carbohydrates
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about Sodium Alginate that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the algal growth of the species of family Phaeophyceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from marine source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the ocean & countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Sodium Alginate
2. Biological Sources of Sodium Alginate
3. Geographical Sources of Sodium Alginate
4. Collection of Sodium Alginate
5. Description of Sodium Alginate
6. Chemical Constituents of Sodium Alginate
7. Chemical Test of Sodium Alginate
8. Uses of Sodium Alginate
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
Ointments, creams, and lotions are topical semi-solid preparations used to apply active ingredients to the skin. Ointments have a high oil and low water content which allows them to occlude the skin and promote absorption of active ingredients. Creams have a higher water content and are more easily absorbed and spreadable. Lotions have the lowest oil and highest water content, making them lightweight and non-greasy. Ointments are best for dry skin conditions while creams and lotions are better for larger areas or weeping lesions due to being less occlusive and greasy.
herbal cosmeticsHerbal products are safe because they are natural
can be harmful if consumed improperly or in excessive amounts
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug‐like benefits. They ingredient with medicinal properties that manifests beneficial topical actions and provides protection against degenerative skin conditions.
Cosmeceuticals improve appearance by delivering nutrients necessary for healthy skin.
Turmeric is obtained from the dried rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa. It contains the yellow chemical curcumin, which makes up 50-60% of turmeric. Curcumin can be isolated from turmeric powder through extraction with alcohol or hexane followed by acetone. Curcumin is identified through chemical tests where it produces a crimson color with sulfuric acid or a reddish brown color with boric acid that turns greenish blue with alkali. Curcumin content can be analyzed using methods like HPLC, where it shows peaks at specific retention times when separated using a Nucleosil NH2 column with ethanol mobile phase and UV detection at 254nm.
This document discusses factors that can cause instability in emulsions over time during storage. The three main changes that can occur are cracking, creaming, and phase inversion. Cracking is the separation of phases and can result from changes in emulsifying agents, solvents, microbes, temperature, or creaming. Creaming is the upward movement of dispersed globules, which depends on globule size, density differences, viscosity, and storage temperature. Phase inversion is a change from one emulsion type to the other, such as oil-in-water to water-in-oil, brought on by electrolytes, phase volume ratios, temperature, or emulsifying agents. Proper packaging, labeling, and storage conditions can help promote emulsion
Food additives are substances which are added to food to:
either improve the flavor, texture, colour or chemical preservatives, taste, appearance or function as processing aid
1. Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit oxidation and prevent destructive effects of oxidation in the body, food, and plastics.
2. They terminate oxidation chain reactions by removing free radicals and inhibiting other oxidation reactions.
3. While oxidation is critical for life, it can also be damaging, so plants and animals maintain antioxidant systems like glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E, as well as antioxidant enzymes.
Antioxidants and Bleaching Agents used in CosmeticsSurbhiSharma196
The document discusses anti-oxidants and bleaching agents used in cosmetics. It provides information on their functions, mechanisms of action, and examples. Anti-oxidants such as vitamins, polyphenols, and carotenoids protect the skin from oxidative stress and UV radiation. Bleaching agents lighten the skin through chemical reactions that degrade pigments. Common natural bleaching agents mentioned are arbutin, kojic acid, ginkgo biloba extract, and liquorice extract. The document serves as an educational reference on ingredients and compounds used in cosmetics for skin lightening and anti-aging purposes.
This document discusses various types of pharmaceutical excipients used in drug formulations. It defines excipients as pharmacologically inactive substances formulated alongside active pharmaceutical ingredients. Excipients provide bulk, facilitate drug absorption and stability, aid manufacturing, and improve handling. Common excipients include fillers, binders, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, antioxidants, and solvents. Each excipient type has distinct functions and ideal properties. Proper excipient selection is important to ensure drug efficacy, stability, safety, and to avoid complications.
This document defines gums and mucilage, and discusses several common plant gums - tragacanth, acacia, sodium alginate, agar, and pectin. It provides information on the biological source, description, preparation method, chemical constituents, and uses of each gum. Tragacanth is obtained from Astragalus shrubs and is used as a suspending agent. Acacia gum comes from Acacia trees and is used as an emulsifier. Sodium alginate is derived from brown seaweed and is a thickening and stabilizing agent. Agar is obtained from red algae and is used in microbiology and food applications. Pectin comes from cit
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
The document discusses the general requirements and components of sterile pharmaceutical products, including parenteral and ophthalmic formulations. It describes various vehicles, additives, and agents commonly used in sterile formulations and their purposes. These include aqueous and non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobials, antioxidants, buffers, stabilizers, tonicity adjusting agents, and protectants. It also differentiates between small and large volume parenterals and outlines ideal properties of sterile dosage forms such as sterility, isotonicity, and stability.
The document discusses emulsions, which are mixtures of two or more liquids that do not normally mix. It defines the key types of emulsions as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), and multiple emulsions. It also explains the differences between O/W and W/O emulsions and describes detection tests that can identify the emulsion type. Finally, it provides examples of common emulsifying agents like lecithin, soap, and gum and discusses their properties and uses in emulsions.
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical gels. It defines gels as semisolid colloidal systems where a liquid vehicle interacts with colloidal particles. The vehicle can be aqueous, hydroalcoholic, alcoholic, or non-aqueous. Gels are classified based on their continuous phase (organogels, hydrogels, xerogels) or the nature of bonds in their 3D network (dispersed solids, hydrophilic polymers). Common gelling agents include natural polymers, semisynthetic polymers, and synthetic polymers. The document discusses gel properties, preparation methods, manufacturing parameters, examples of topical gels, and applications of gels in drug delivery.
The document discusses creams as a semisolid dosage form containing drug substances dispersed or dissolved in a suitable base. It defines oil-in-water and water-in-oil creams and provides examples of each. The key steps in cream preparation and various tests to characterize creams are described, including determining type of emulsion, viscosity, pH, globule size, stability, and spreadability. Creams offer advantages over other semisolid forms like being less greasy and more easily washed off.
The document provides instructions for performing an assay of calcium gluconate by complexometry, including preparing standard EDTA and magnesium sulfate solutions, titrating calcium gluconate against EDTA while using magnesium and an indicator to identify the endpoint, and calculating the percentage purity of calcium gluconate based on the titration results. The titration is a replacement complexometric titration that uses the stable magnesium-indicator complex to indirectly determine the endpoint of the calcium-EDTA reaction.
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document provides an overview of the evaluation of semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, creams, and suppositories. It discusses ideal properties of semisolids and categories of semisolids. Evaluation methods for ointments include testing for drug content uniformity, penetration rate, drug release rate, absorption into bloodstream, and irritancy. Cream evaluation includes testing for appearance, spreadability, washability, rheology, and sensitivity. Suppository evaluation comprises tests for appearance, weight uniformity, melting range, liquefaction time, breaking strength, and dissolution rate.
This document provides information on emulsions and suspensions. It defines emulsions as dispersions with one liquid dispersed in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are classified based on the dispersed and continuous phases. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where particles settle out over time. Key factors that affect sedimentation rates in suspensions are described by Stokes' equation. Common emulsifying agents and suspending agents used in pharmaceutical formulations are also outlined.
Sodium Alginate - A marine Source Purified Carbohydrates Dr-Jitendra Patel
Title: - A marine Source Purified Carbohydrates
Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about Sodium Alginate that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the algal growth of the species of family Phaeophyceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from marine source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the ocean & countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Sodium Alginate
2. Biological Sources of Sodium Alginate
3. Geographical Sources of Sodium Alginate
4. Collection of Sodium Alginate
5. Description of Sodium Alginate
6. Chemical Constituents of Sodium Alginate
7. Chemical Test of Sodium Alginate
8. Uses of Sodium Alginate
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
Ointments, creams, and lotions are topical semi-solid preparations used to apply active ingredients to the skin. Ointments have a high oil and low water content which allows them to occlude the skin and promote absorption of active ingredients. Creams have a higher water content and are more easily absorbed and spreadable. Lotions have the lowest oil and highest water content, making them lightweight and non-greasy. Ointments are best for dry skin conditions while creams and lotions are better for larger areas or weeping lesions due to being less occlusive and greasy.
herbal cosmeticsHerbal products are safe because they are natural
can be harmful if consumed improperly or in excessive amounts
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medical or drug‐like benefits. They ingredient with medicinal properties that manifests beneficial topical actions and provides protection against degenerative skin conditions.
Cosmeceuticals improve appearance by delivering nutrients necessary for healthy skin.
Turmeric is obtained from the dried rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa. It contains the yellow chemical curcumin, which makes up 50-60% of turmeric. Curcumin can be isolated from turmeric powder through extraction with alcohol or hexane followed by acetone. Curcumin is identified through chemical tests where it produces a crimson color with sulfuric acid or a reddish brown color with boric acid that turns greenish blue with alkali. Curcumin content can be analyzed using methods like HPLC, where it shows peaks at specific retention times when separated using a Nucleosil NH2 column with ethanol mobile phase and UV detection at 254nm.
This document discusses factors that can cause instability in emulsions over time during storage. The three main changes that can occur are cracking, creaming, and phase inversion. Cracking is the separation of phases and can result from changes in emulsifying agents, solvents, microbes, temperature, or creaming. Creaming is the upward movement of dispersed globules, which depends on globule size, density differences, viscosity, and storage temperature. Phase inversion is a change from one emulsion type to the other, such as oil-in-water to water-in-oil, brought on by electrolytes, phase volume ratios, temperature, or emulsifying agents. Proper packaging, labeling, and storage conditions can help promote emulsion
Food additives are substances which are added to food to:
either improve the flavor, texture, colour or chemical preservatives, taste, appearance or function as processing aid
1. Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit oxidation and prevent destructive effects of oxidation in the body, food, and plastics.
2. They terminate oxidation chain reactions by removing free radicals and inhibiting other oxidation reactions.
3. While oxidation is critical for life, it can also be damaging, so plants and animals maintain antioxidant systems like glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E, as well as antioxidant enzymes.
This document defines preservatives and discusses their use and classification. Preservatives are added to foods and pharmaceuticals to prolong shelf life by preventing microbial growth. They are classified as antimicrobials, which kill microbes, or antioxidants, which prevent oxidation. Important criteria for selecting preservatives include effectiveness against microbes, stability, nontoxicity, and compatibility. Common antimicrobial types are alcohols, acids like benzoic acid, esters like parabens, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
This document discusses preservatives used in pharmaceutical products. It defines preservatives as substances added to prevent microbial growth. Ideal preservatives are effective at low concentrations, nontoxic, compatible with other ingredients, and stable over the product's shelf life. Common preservatives discussed include parabens, benzoic acid derivatives, alcohols, phenols, and quaternary ammonium compounds. The document also covers preservative classification, mechanisms of action, analysis, side effects, and uses in different dosage forms like oral, dermal, ophthalmic, and more.
Astaxanthin from haematococcus pluvialis)COSMOS HALAL Vegan Approved 2022.pdfdionpsovo
SpecKare® ASTP and ASTE are natural astaxanthin products derived from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant that protects skin from UV damage and helps firm and brighten skin. SpecKare® ASTP is available as an oil-dispersible powder or water-dispersible powder containing 2% astaxanthin. SpecKare® ASTE is available as oil solutions with 5% or 10% active astaxanthin content. These products are widely used in cosmetics for their anti-aging and skin protection benefits.
This document provides information about small volume parenterals. It begins by defining parenterals as routes of administration other than the alimentary canal. It then discusses various parenteral routes including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and large volume parenteral. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the parenteral route. It provides details on containers, closures, formulation, production facilities, processing, and evaluation of parenteral preparations. Evaluation includes sterility testing, clarity testing, leakage testing, pyrogen testing, and assay testing. The document emphasizes the importance of aseptic conditions for parenterals due to risk of contamination.
Preservatives are used in cosmetics to prevent spoilage from oxidation, microbial growth, and other causes of deterioration. There are several classes of preservatives used including organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenolic compounds, esters, mercury compounds, surfactants, and miscellaneous agents. The effectiveness of preservatives can be affected by factors like pH, concentration, and ingredients in the cosmetic formulation. Guidelines for preservative selection include identifying materials that promote microbial growth and choosing the least toxic preservative. Some potential adverse effects of certain preservatives include skin irritation and allergic reactions.
natural antioxidant extracts as food preservativesW-Z Presenters
This document discusses natural antioxidant extracts and their use as food preservatives. It provides examples of natural antioxidants like vitamins, minerals, and plant compounds. Antioxidants protect foods by preventing oxidation and extending shelf life. Specifically, the document focuses on beetroot extract and its major antioxidant compound, betanin, which gives beetroots their red-purple color. Beetroot extract and betanin have been shown to effectively preserve foods and are safe alternatives to synthetic preservatives.
Antioxidant and its determination methods by Umair Yousaf Waseerwaseer one
This document discusses antioxidants, which are compounds that can delay or prevent oxidation processes caused by oxygen or reactive oxygen species. It defines key terms like oxidation and free radicals. It then outlines several techniques used to evaluate antioxidant activity, including ORAC, CUPRAC, and PFRAP assays involving spectroscopy. Natural antioxidants found in foods are discussed and compared to synthetic antioxidants. Essential oils are described as a class of volatile natural antioxidants extracted from plants. Benefits of antioxidants include reducing free radical damage and supporting immune function, while limitations include potential costs and restrictions on some applications.
This document discusses ingredients used in cosmetics as antioxidants, free radical scavengers, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, and anti-wrinkle agents. It provides information on common antioxidant ingredients like vitamins C and E, polyphenols, and thiols. It also discusses various antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal ingredients used as preservatives in cosmetics like parabens, isothiazolinones, and phenoxyethanol. Finally, it covers anti-wrinkle agents such as retinol, vitamin C, hydroxy acids, coenzyme Q10, and niacinamide.
This document provides information on various food additives and how they are used. It begins by defining a food additive as anything intentionally added to food to produce a specific beneficial result. There are approximately 3000 compounds added to foods in Canada. Food additives are added to foods to make them more appealing, nutritious, preserve freshness, make processing easier, and keep foods stable during storage. Some major categories of food additives discussed are preservatives, antioxidants, sequestrants, pH control agents, stabilizers/thickeners/emulsifiers, and food flavors. The document also discusses artificial sweeteners and food coloring.
This document provides an overview of preservatives used in pharmaceuticals and food. It defines preservatives as substances added to products to prevent spoilage from microbes or chemical changes. The history and ideal properties of preservatives are discussed. Preservatives are classified based on source, mechanism of action, and chemical nature. Common preservatives like benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, parabens, and their mechanisms of action are explained. Methods of food preservation and preservatives used in Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals are also summarized. The document discusses the Ayurvedic view and present scenario of preservative use in more detail.
Chapter 20 carboxylic acids and functional derivativesHashim Ali
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as a series of videos lectures).
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCfCZszhGHBdVLuL1Mxo58BGDad1EtDtx
This document discusses antioxidants, which are molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and prevent free radicals from starting chain reactions that damage cells. It classifies antioxidants as either synthetic like BHA, BHT, and EDTA or natural sources found in plants. Antioxidants are present both intracellularly and extracellularly, and can be enzymatic like superoxide dismutase or non-enzymatic like vitamins C and E. Antioxidants have many health benefits like boosting immunity, reducing heart disease risk, and preventing cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. They are also used as food preservatives and industrial stabilizers in fuels and lubricants.
This document discusses preservatives, which are substances added to pharmaceutical and cosmetic products to prevent microbial growth. An ideal preservative would be effective at low concentrations against all microorganisms, be nontoxic, compatible with other ingredients, and stable throughout the product's shelf life. Preservatives should not be irritants or toxic, be physically and chemically stable, compatible with other ingredients, and exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity at low concentrations throughout manufacturing and usage. Preservatives are classified based on their mechanism of action, such as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, or source, such as natural preservatives like salt and artificial preservatives like benzoates. Common preservatives and their uses are also
research papers Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciencesnagarajukarnatik4hit
our International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences (IJLBPS) stands as a beacon of scientific excellence in the realm of life sciences, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical sciences. Published quarterly, this esteemed journal serves as a platform for disseminating high-quality original research, reviews, and short communications that push the boundaries of knowledge and innovation in these dynamic fields.
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This document discusses antioxidants used in pharmaceutical preparations. It defines antioxidants as agents that inhibit oxidation and lists some common examples. The document explains that antioxidants terminate chain reactions from free radicals that can damage cells. It describes how antioxidants are added to pharmaceuticals to prevent oxidation and deterioration of active components. Some official inorganic antioxidants discussed include sodium metabisulfite, hypophosphorous acid, sodium bisulfite, sodium nitrite, and nitrogen gas. Their mechanisms and uses as antioxidants in pharmaceutical preparations are summarized.
Solvents play a key role in pharmaceutical manufacturing and products found in homes. Solvents are used to dissolve and extract active ingredients in medicines and help transform raw materials into final products like creams and liquids. Isopropyl alcohol is an example of a common solvent that acts as both an industrial and household disinfectant. Strict regulations govern solvent use due to toxicity concerns. Water and alcohol are two primary solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations for their ability to dissolve both organic and inorganic compounds without chemically changing them.
Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered corona virus.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face.
The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow).
At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. WHO will continue to provide updated information as soon as clinical findings become available.
Typically antioxidants are employed in low concentrations (0.2% w/w) and it is usual for the concentration of antioxidant in the finished product to be markedly less than the initial concentration, due to oxidative degradation during manufacture of the dosage form.
Antioxidants may also be employed in conjunction with chelating agents, e.g. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, citric acid, that act to form complexes with heavy-metal ions, ions that are normally involved in oxidative degradation
Antioxidants prevent oxidation of oxygen sensitive substances.
They protect the drug product by acting as_
reducing agent (eg. ascorbic acid, sodium bisulphite, thiourea) or
preferentially oxidized or by blocking an oxidative chain reaction (eg. Ascorbic acid esters, butylhydroxy anisole and tocopherols.) which are the true antioxidants.
They are added to pharmaceutical formulations as redox systems possessing higher oxidative potential than the drug that they are designed to protect or as chain inhibitors of radical induced decomposition.
Typically antioxidants are employed in low concentrations (0.2% w/w) and it is usual for the concentration of antioxidant in the finished product to be markedly less than the initial concentration, due to oxidative degradation during manufacture of the dosage form.
Antioxidants may also be employed in conjunction with chelating agents, e.g. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, citric acid, that act to form complexes with heavy-metal ions, ions that are normally involved in oxidative degradation
Granulation is a process used to improve the flowability and compressibility of powders for tablet and capsule manufacturing. There are two main types of granulation - wet and dry. Wet granulation involves using a liquid to form granules while dry granulation uses compression or roller compaction. Newer granulation techniques presented include melt, steam, and freeze granulation. Granulation improves properties like sphericity, particle size distribution, flow, and compressibility. The document discusses applications in pharmaceuticals and compares processes like wet and dry granulation as well as direct compression. Recent advances in granulation technology aim to better protect sensitive drugs and reduce solvent residues in final products.
This document provides information about various types of granulation equipment used in tablet production. It begins by defining granulation as a process of bonding particles together to improve flowability and compressibility. It then describes high-shear granulators, including their components and working. It discusses vertical and horizontal high-shear granulators. It also covers other low-shear granulation equipment like planetary mixers, sigma blade mixers, and fluidized bed granulators. The document concludes by discussing dry granulation methods like slugging and roller compaction, as well as melt granulation using extruders.
Aquasomes are a recently developed nanoparticle drug delivery system composed of three layers: a solid inorganic core coated with an oligomeric film layer to which bioactive molecules such as proteins, peptides, hormones, antigens or genes can be adsorbed. They are spherical structures between 60-300nm in size that self-assemble via non-covalent and ionic bonds. The core provides structural stability while the coating protects and stabilizes the drug. Aquasomes have been used to successfully deliver insulin, hemoglobin and enzymes. They can target delivery of molecules like peptides to specific sites and have applications as vaccines and for delivery of enzymes, blood substitutes and cosmetic pigments.
More from Sun pharmaceutical industrial limited (6)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Antioxidants and preservatives
1. ANTI-OXIDANTS
Antioxidants prevent oxidation of oxygen sensitive substances.
They protect the drug product by acting as_
reducing agent (eg. ascorbic acid, sodium bisulphite, thiourea) or
preferentially oxidized or by blocking an oxidative chain
reaction (eg. Ascorbic acid esters, butylhydroxy anisole and
tocopherols.) which are the true antioxidants.
They are added to pharmaceutical formulations as redox systems
possessing higher oxidative potential than the drug that they are
designed to protect or as chain inhibitors of radical induced
decomposition.
2. Typically antioxidants are employed in low concentrations
(0.2% w/w) and it is usual for the concentration of antioxidant
in the finished product to be markedly less than the initial
concentration, due to oxidative degradation during
manufacture of the dosage form.
Antioxidants may also be employed in conjunction with
chelating agents, e.g. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, citric
acid, that act to form complexes with heavy-metal ions, ions
that are normally involved in oxidative degradation.
3. Ideal characteristics of antioxidants
It should be effective in low concentrations.
It should dissolve readily in the substrate.
It must be non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing.
It should not impart any taste, odour or colour to the product.
It should be neutral and should not react chemically with other
ingredients present.
It should be stable and effective over a wide range of pH range
and should be of low volatility.
4. MECHANISM OF ANTIOXIDANTS
The effect of antioxidants is to break up the chains formed during
the propagation process by providing a hydrogen atom or an
electron to the free radical and receiving the excess energy
possessed by the activated molecule.
5. Sunil Kumar. / Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical
Sciences. 1(1), 2014, 27 - 44.
12. Product Name Chemical
Name
Company Chemical
Formula
Indication
A92902 Sigma -
Aldrich
Ascorbic Acid SIGMA -
ALDRICH
C6H8O6 Food Additive, As A
Source Of Vitamin C
T3251 Sigma
(±)-Α-
tocopherol
Vitamin E SIGMA -
ALDRICH
C29H50O2 Food Preservative to
prevent oils from going
rancid.
Maranox GA Gallic Acid CLARIANT 3,4,5-
(HO)3C6H2C00
H
Protect Oils And
Fats, Foods, Cosmetics,
Hair Products,
Adhesives, And
Lubricants
Maranox PG Propyl-gallate CLARIANT 3,4,5-
(HO)C6H2CO2
CH2CH2CH3
Protect Oils And
Fats, Foods, Cosmetics,
Hair Products,
Adhesives, And
Lubricants
Nipanox BHT BHT CLARIANT [(CH3)3C]2C6H2
(CH3)OH
Food Additive,
Cosmetics,
Pharmaceuticals, rubber,
Electrical Transformer
Oil
13. ANTIOXIDANTS ARE ALSO CLASSIFIED AS:-
ANTIOXIDANTS
For aqueous
formulations
For oil-based
solutions
Eg. sodium sulphite,
sodium metabisulphite,
sodium formaldehyde
sulphoxylate and ascorbic
acid
Eg.butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT),
butylated hydroxyanisole
(BHA) and propyl gallate.
14. E numbers are codes for chemicals which can be used as food
additives for use within the European Union
Code Name(s) Purpose Status
E300 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E301 Sodium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E302 Calcium ascorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E303 Potassium ascorbate antioxidant
E304
Fatty acid esters of ascorbic
acid (Ascorbyl palmitate)
antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E305 Ascorbyl stearate antioxidant
E306 Tocopherols (natural) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E307 Alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E308 Gamma-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E309 Delta-tocopherol (synthetic) antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
15. E310
Propyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E311 Octyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E312 Dodecyl gallate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E313 Ethyl gallate antioxidant
E314 Guaiac resin antioxidant
E315 Erythorbic acid antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E316 Sodium erythorbate antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E317 Erythorbin acid antioxidant
E318 Sodium erythorbin antioxidant
E319
tert-
Butylhydroquinone (TB
HQ)
antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E320
Butylated
hydroxyanisole (BHA)
antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E321
Butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT)
antioxidant Approved in the EU.[18]
E322 Lecithin emulsifier Approved in the EU.[19]
16. PRESERVATIVES
A preservative may be defined as a substance, which is added to a
formulation to prevent bacterial growth and subsequent spoilage
of the preparation.
Preservatives are substances ‘that are added to food items and
pharmaceutical products in order to inhibit, retard or arrest the
process of microbial contamination ,fermentation, acidification,
and decomposition of the products.
The primary purpose of adding antimicrobial preservatives to
dosage forms is to prevent adverse effects arising from
contamination by micro-organisms that may be introduced
inadvertently during or subsequent to the manufacturing process.
17.
18. MODE OF ACTION
Preservatives interfere with the growth, multiplication and
metabolism of the microorganisms by one or more of the following
mechanism.
They modify the membrane permeability.
Cell Lysis.
They cause the denaturation of enzymes and other cellular
proteins.
They oxidize cellular constituents.
Hydrolysis.
20. CHOICE OF A PRESERVATIVE
A good preservative must have the following properties:
It should have a wide range of activity against contaminating
organisms.
It should be effective in low concentrations.
It should be compatible with all the other ingredients in the
products.
It should be odourless, tasteless, colourless and soluble in the
proposed vehicle.
It should be stable, effective and unaffected by pH.
It should be nontoxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing.
22. Category Product Description
1 Injections, other parenterals including
emulsions, otic products, sterile nasal
products, and ophthalmic products made
with aqueous bases or vehicles.
2 Topically used products made with
aqueous bases or vehicles, non sterile
nasal products, and emulsions, including
those applied to mucous membranes.
3 Oral products other than antacids, made
with aqueous bases or vehicles.
4 Antacids made with an aqueous base.
Compendial Product Categories (USP)
24. Commercially available preservatives
Product
Name
Chemical
name
Chemical
Formula
Sugested use
Level
Company Application
Nipagin M Methyl paraben C8H 8O3 0.1-0.3% Clariant pharmaceutical,
food, personal care,
and cosmetic
industry
Nipasol M Propyl paraben C10H12O2 0.1-0.3% Clariant pharmaceutical,
food, personal care,
and cosmetic
industry
Nipagin A Ethylparaben C9H10O3 0.1-0.3% Clariant pharmaceutical,
food, personal care,
and cosmetic
industry
25. Nipagin
M/Nipasol M
4:1 Blend
Methyl paraben and
Propyl paraben
C8H 8O3
And
C10H12O2
0.1-0.3% Clariant pharmaceutical, personal
care and cosmetic industries
Nipasept Methyl paraben and Ethyl
paraben
And Propyl paraben
--- 0.1-0.3% Clariant pharmaceutical, personal
care and cosmetic industries
Nipastat Methyl paraben & Ethyl
paraben
& n-butyl paraben &
propyl paraben &
Isobutyl paraben
--- 0.1-0.3% Clariant pharmaceutical, personal
care and cosmetic industries
Phenonip Phenoxyethanol &
Methyl paraben
& Ethyl paraben & n-
butyl paraben
& Propyl paraben
&Isobutyl paraben
--- 0.25-1% Clariant pharmaceutical, personal
care and cosmetic industries
26. Nipaguard
SMG
sodium
hydroxymethyl
glycinate
(50%)
0.1-1% Clariant personal care
and cosmetic
industries
Nipaguard
MPA
benzyl alcohol
(and)
methylparaben
(and)
propylparaben
0.3-1% Clariant personal care
and cosmetic
industries
Phenosept 25P phenoxyethanol
and
chloroxylenol
0.2-1.0%
(cosmetics
and personal
care); 2.0-4.0%
(antibacterial)
Clariant shampoos,
lotions, liquid
hand soap and
liquid
detergents
Nipacide MX
chloroxylenol 0.05-2.5% Clariant consumer and
industrial
products
27. Iteol -H
Benzalkonium
chloride
0.13% -- Astra Zeneca
Pharma India
Antibacterial,in
opthalmics,
parenterals etc
THIMEROSAL
, BP88, powder
Thimerosal 0.05-0.1% C9H9HgNaO2 NOAH
TECHNOLOGIES
CORPORATION
Preservative in
vaccines,
Immunoglobulin,
preparations, skin
test antigens,
Antivenins
ophthalmic and
nasal products
Thimerosal
Sodium
Thimerosal 0.05-0.1% C9H9HgNaO2 Hangzhou Uniwise
International Co.,
Ltd.
same
Merthiolate Thimerosal 0.05-0.1% C9H9HgNaO2 Eli Lilly Company same
28. Phenoxetol Phenoxyethanol C8H10 O2 0.25-1 % Clariant pharmaceutical, personal
care and cosmetic
industries
Nipa
Biopure 100
Imidazolidinyl urea -- 0.2-0.5% Clariant personal care and cosmetic
industries
Nipa
Biopure 200
Diazolidinyl urea -- 0.1-0.3% Clariant personal care and cosmetic
industries
Nipaguard
DMDMH
Dimethyl dimethylol
hydantoin
(55% aqueous)
-- 0.15-0.4% Clariant personal care and cosmetic
industries
Nipaguard
CMB
Benzyl alcohol (and)
chloromethylisothiazo
linone (and)
methylisothiazolinone
-- 0.3-0.15% Clariant personal care and cosmetic
industries
29.
30. Preservative Challenge Test
(Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test)
Pharmacopoeial antimicrobial effectiveness tests (AET) or
preservative efficacy tests (PET) involve challenging a product
with a defined number of colony forming units (cfu) of a variety of
test microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and fungi), enumeration at
time zero and then monitoring kill / survival rate at defined time
intervals up to 28-days
31. The test consists of challenging the preparation in its final
container with a prescribed inoculum of suitable
microorganisms, storing the inoculated product at a prescribed
temperature, withdrawing samples from the container at
specified intervals of time and counting the organisms in the
samples removed. The preservative properties of the product are
considered adequate if, in the conditions of the test, there is a
significant fall or no increase in the number of microorganisms
in the inoculated preparation after storage for the times and at
the temperatures prescribed.
PROCEDURE AS PER IP
32. Test organisms that are recommended by all of the
pharmacopoeias include,
Gram positive coccus, Staphylococcus aureus.
Gram negative rod, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Fungi / mold, Aspergillus niger.
Yeast, Candida albicans.
33. Organism Suitable Medium
Incubation
Temperature
Inoculum
Incubation
Time
Microbial
Recovery
Incubation Time
Escherichia coli
(ATCC No. 8739)
Soybean–Casein Digest
Broth; Soybean–Casein
Digest Agar
32.5±2.5
18 to 24
hours
3 to 5 days
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(ATCC No. 9027)
Soybean–Casein Digest
Broth; Soybean–Casein
Digest Agar
32.5±2.5
18 to 24
hours
3 to 5 days
Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC No. 6538)
Soybean–Casein Digest
Broth; Soybean–Casein
Digest Agar
32.5±2.5
18 to 24
hours
3 to 5 days
Candida albicans
(ATCC No. 10231)
Sabouraud Dextrose
Agar;
Sabouraud Dextrose
Broth
22.5±2.5 44 to 52
hours
3 to 5 days
Aspergillus niger
(ATCC No. 16404)
Sabouraud Dextrose
Agar;
Sabouraud Dextrose
Broth
22.5±2.5 6 to 10 days 3 to 7 days
Culture Conditions for Inoculum Preparation USP
34. The preservative is effective in the product examined if_
(a) the concentration of viable bacteria are not
more than 0.1 per cent of the initial concentrations by the 14th
day,
(b) the concentrations of viable yeasts and moulds remain at
or below the initial concentration during the first 14 days and,
(c) the concentration of each test micro-organism remains at
or below these designated levels during the remainder of the
28-day test period.
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AS PER IP
37. REFERENCES:-
Sunil Kumar. / Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry and
Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1(1), 2014, 27 - 44.
http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/38886-
Antimicrobial-Preservatives-Part-One-Choosing-a-Preservative-System.
Jain N.K., “A Textbook of Professional Pharmacy”, Published by
Vallabh Prakashan, Reprint 2011, pgno. 192-197.
Lachman Leon, Liebermann A. Herbert, “The Theory and Practice of
Industrial Pharmacy”, Published by CBS Publishers & Distributors
Pvt. Ltd., Special Indian Edition, 2009.
United States Pharmacopoeia National Formulary, Published by U.S.
Pharmacopoeial Convention, Volume1,2014, Pgno. 52-54.
Indian Pharmacopoeia, Published by The Indian Pharmacopoeia
Commission, Ghaziabad, Volume 1,2007, Pgno. 25-26.