1. Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit oxidation and prevent destructive effects of oxidation in the body, food, and plastics.
2. They terminate oxidation chain reactions by removing free radicals and inhibiting other oxidation reactions.
3. While oxidation is critical for life, it can also be damaging, so plants and animals maintain antioxidant systems like glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E, as well as antioxidant enzymes.
free for all download and learn it
it is in original ppt format for you my friends
Definition: Chemical conversion of one form to another.
The term is used synonymously with METABOLISM.
Drug biotransformation is thus a DETOXIFICATION process.
Liver is the primary site for metabolism of almost all drugs.
The decreasing order of drug metabolising ability of various organs is :
Liver > Lungs > Kidneys > Intestine > Placenta > Adrenals > Skin
Brain, testes, muscles, spleen, etc also metabolise drugs but to a small extent
free for all download and learn it
it is in original ppt format for you my friends
Definition: Chemical conversion of one form to another.
The term is used synonymously with METABOLISM.
Drug biotransformation is thus a DETOXIFICATION process.
Liver is the primary site for metabolism of almost all drugs.
The decreasing order of drug metabolising ability of various organs is :
Liver > Lungs > Kidneys > Intestine > Placenta > Adrenals > Skin
Brain, testes, muscles, spleen, etc also metabolise drugs but to a small extent
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds describes the human metabolic processes of various functional groups found in therapeutic agents.
The importance of a chapter on metabolism lies in the fact that drug interactions are based on these processes.
For pharmacists, it is necessary for them to understand why certain drugs are contraindicated with other drugs.
This chapter attempts to describe the various phases of drug metabolism, the sites where these biotransformation will occur, the role of specific enzymes, metabolism of specific functional groups, and several examples of the metabolism of currently used therapeutic agents.
Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, non-cavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin’s barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase impact on medicine.
Dosage form design - Biopharmaceutical considerationAniruddha Roy
Dosage form design - Biopharmaceutical consideration: Understanding how physicochemical characteristics of a drug and formulation component affect bioactivity
Pharmaceutical formulation is the means whereby a drug is converted into a medicine, i.e., to a suitable form for administration to a patient by a particular route.
The conversion of a drug into a medicine often involves the addition of pharmaceutical adjuvants (excipients) such as binding agents, disintegrating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservative and emulsifying agents etc.
The stability of a medicine relates to the various changes that may occur in the medicine during preparation and storage and to the impact of those changes on its fitness for use.
Food additives are substances which are added to food to:
either improve the flavor, texture, colour or chemical preservatives, taste, appearance or function as processing aid
LYCOTENFORTE CapsulesTM: The most powerful antioxidant mentains optimum healt...SriramNagarajan16
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to anoxidizing agent Oxidation
reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions.
Antioxidants terminate the chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation
reactions. They do this by being oxidized themselves, so antioxidants are often called as reducing agents such
as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols.
Antioxidants are widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements and have been investigated for the
prevention of diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and even altitude sickness.
Antioxidants are our first line of defense against free radical damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum
health and wellbeing. The need for antioxidants becomes even more critical with increased exposure to free
radicals. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness, stress, and even exercise can increase free radical exposure.
Because so many factors can contribute to oxidative stress, individual assessment of susceptibility becomes
important. Many experts believe that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for specific antioxidants
may be inadequate and, in some instances, the need may be several times the RDA. As part of a healthy lifestyle
and a well-balanced, wholesome diet, antioxidant supplementation is now being recognized as an important
means of improving free radical protection. Damage to cells caused by free radicals is believed to play a central
role in the aging process and in disease progression. The present paper Reviews the Role of LYCOTENFORTE
Capsules in maintaining optimum health and wellbeing.
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds describes the human metabolic processes of various functional groups found in therapeutic agents.
The importance of a chapter on metabolism lies in the fact that drug interactions are based on these processes.
For pharmacists, it is necessary for them to understand why certain drugs are contraindicated with other drugs.
This chapter attempts to describe the various phases of drug metabolism, the sites where these biotransformation will occur, the role of specific enzymes, metabolism of specific functional groups, and several examples of the metabolism of currently used therapeutic agents.
Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, non-cavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin’s barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase impact on medicine.
Dosage form design - Biopharmaceutical considerationAniruddha Roy
Dosage form design - Biopharmaceutical consideration: Understanding how physicochemical characteristics of a drug and formulation component affect bioactivity
Pharmaceutical formulation is the means whereby a drug is converted into a medicine, i.e., to a suitable form for administration to a patient by a particular route.
The conversion of a drug into a medicine often involves the addition of pharmaceutical adjuvants (excipients) such as binding agents, disintegrating agents, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservative and emulsifying agents etc.
The stability of a medicine relates to the various changes that may occur in the medicine during preparation and storage and to the impact of those changes on its fitness for use.
Food additives are substances which are added to food to:
either improve the flavor, texture, colour or chemical preservatives, taste, appearance or function as processing aid
LYCOTENFORTE CapsulesTM: The most powerful antioxidant mentains optimum healt...SriramNagarajan16
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to anoxidizing agent Oxidation
reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions.
Antioxidants terminate the chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation
reactions. They do this by being oxidized themselves, so antioxidants are often called as reducing agents such
as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols.
Antioxidants are widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements and have been investigated for the
prevention of diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and even altitude sickness.
Antioxidants are our first line of defense against free radical damage, and are critical for maintaining optimum
health and wellbeing. The need for antioxidants becomes even more critical with increased exposure to free
radicals. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness, stress, and even exercise can increase free radical exposure.
Because so many factors can contribute to oxidative stress, individual assessment of susceptibility becomes
important. Many experts believe that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for specific antioxidants
may be inadequate and, in some instances, the need may be several times the RDA. As part of a healthy lifestyle
and a well-balanced, wholesome diet, antioxidant supplementation is now being recognized as an important
means of improving free radical protection. Damage to cells caused by free radicals is believed to play a central
role in the aging process and in disease progression. The present paper Reviews the Role of LYCOTENFORTE
Capsules in maintaining optimum health and wellbeing.
Health benefits of antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticalsNABARUN MUKHOPADHYAY
This presentation emphasizes the importance of natural antioxidants and dietary fibres as nutraceuticals. Viewers will also get the idea about the usefulness of nutraceuticals.
Antioxidants are molecules capable of reducing the causes or effects of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors, disease, infection, inflammation, aging (ROS production). The body produces some endogenous antioxidants, but dietary antioxidants may provide additional line of defense. Flavonoids & other polyphenolics, Vitamins C & E, and Carotenoids are the most common dietary antioxidants. Many herbs and botanicals also contain antioxidants.
Any molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons readily form free radical molecules which are chemically reactive and highly unstable.
An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules.
Oxidation reactions can form free radicals and these start chain reactions that damage cells .
Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates and inhibit other oxidation reactions
Antioxidants - protective activity of certain important antioxidantsAYESHA NAZEER
Introduction to free radicals, antioxidants, types of antioxidants, biological importance and protective role of certain important antioxidants in diseases.
Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. Antioxidants are found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables. Antioxidants are substances that may protect your cells against free radicals, which may play a role in heart disease, cancer and other diseases. It may scavenge the free radical or neutralize the free radical.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Pharm chem 1 lec - antioxidants updated 082015
1. Prepared and UPDATED By:
Boy Sapphire, RPh. MS Pharm (CAR) 082015
Department of Pharmacy
School of Allied Medicine
Universidad de Zamboanga
Pharm Chem – 1:
ANTIOXIDANTS
2. are molecules capable of inhibiting the
oxidation of other molecules.
They are substances that inhibit the destructive
effects of oxidation, e.g. in the body or in
foodstuffs or plastics
Aka: N_ _ _ _ _ _ E C _ _ _ _ _ _T
Aka: R _ _ _ _ _ _G A _ _ _T
ANTIOXIDANTS
3. OXIDATION is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from
a substance to an Oxidizing Agent.
Oxidation Reactions can produce free radicals. In turn, these
radicals can start chain reactions.When a Chain Reactions occur in a
Cell, it can cause damage or death (NECROSIS vs. APOPTOSIS).
When a Chain Reactions occur in purified Monomer, it produces a
Polymer Resin, such as a PLASTIC; a Synthetic Fiber; or an Oil Paint
Film.
ANTIOXIDANTS terminate these reactions by removing free radical
intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions.They do this
by being oxidized themselves, an Antioxidants are often Reducing
Agents, such asThiols, Ascorbic acid or Polyphenols.
BASIC CONCEPTS:
4. Although Oxidation reactions are critical for life, they can also be
damaging; hence plants and animals maintain complex systems
of multiple types of antioxidants such as Glutathione,Vitamin C
andVitamin E, as well as enzymes such as Catalyses superoxide
dismutase and various peroxides. Low levels of Antioxidants , or
inhibition of the Antioxidant Enzymes , cause oxidative stress and
may damage or kill cells.
As Oxidative Stress appears to be an important of many human
diseases, the USE of Antioxidants in Pharmacology is intensively
studied, particularly as treatments for Stroke and Neurode-
generative Diseases. However, it is unknown whether Oxidative
Stress is the cause or the consequence of disease.
BASIC CONCEPTS:
5. Antioxidants are widely used as ingredients in dietary
supplements and have been investigated for the prevention of
diseases such as Cancers, Coronary Heart Disease and even
Attitude Sickness.
Although initial studies suggested that antioxidant
supplements might promote health, later large clinical trials did
not detect any benefit and suggested instead that excess
supplementation is harmful.
In addition to these uses of natural antioxidants in medicine,
these compounds have many industrial uses, such as:
Preservatives in food and cosmetics; and preventing the
degradation of Rubber and Gasoline.
BASIC CONCEPTS:
6. aka: N_ _ _ _ _ _ _ C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s;
R__________________ A_ _ _ _s
these substances prevent OXIDATION.
when combined with
STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS –
will result to EXPLOSION.
ANTIOXIDANTS: BASIC CONCEPTS
7. CONSIDERATIONS in the
USED of ANTIOXIDANTS:
INERT Nonreactive:
not readily changed by chemical or
biological reaction
NON-TOXIC
NOT POISONOUS
SOLUBLE
Capable of being Dissolved by Solvent.
ANTIOXIDANTS: BASIC CONCEPTS
8. As part of their Adaptation from marine life, terrestrial
plants began producing non-marine antioxidants such
as ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), Polyphenols and
Tocopherols.
Further development of angiosperm plants between
5o & 200 million years ago, particularly during the
Jurassic Period produced many antioxidant pigments
evolved during the late Jurassic period as chemical
defenses against reactive oxygen species produced
during photosynthesis.
HISTORY OF ANTIOXIDANTS:
9. The term ANTIOXIDANT originally was used to
refer specifically to a chemical that prevented the
consumption of oxygen.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, extensive
study was devoted to the uses of antioxidants in
important industrial processes, such as the
prevention of metal corrosion, the vulcanization of
rubber, and the polymerization of fuels in the
fouling of internal combustion engines.
HISTORY OF ANTIOXIDANTS:
10. Early research on the role of Antioxidants in
biology focused on their use in preventing the
oxidation of unsaturated fats, which is the cause of
Rancidity. Antioxidant activity could be measured
simply by placing the fat in a closed container with
oxygen and measuring the rate of oxygen
consumption.
However, it was identification of vitamins A, C & E
as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led
to the realization of the importance of antioxidants
in the biochemistry of living organisms.
HISTORY OF ANTIOXIDANTS:
11. The possible Mechanism Of Actions of
antioxidants were firsts explored when it was
recognized that a substance with antioxidant
activity is likely to be one that is itself readily
oxidized.
HISTORY OF ANTIOXIDANTS:
12. Of Pharmaceutical Importance
1. HYPOPHOSPHORUS ACID
C/F: HPH O ; or H PO₂ ₂ ₃ ₂
Antioxidant used for HydroIodic Syrup /
Hydriodic Syrup / HI Syrup.
2. SULFUR DIOXIDE (C/F: SO )₂
Used for Parenteral Preparations;
also as Fumigant.
INORGANIC ACID
ANTIOXIDANTS
13. 3. SODIUM BISULFITE
Synonyms: Sulfurous acid,
monosodium salt; Sodium Hydrogen
Sulfite;
Sodium Acid Sulfite; Leucogen
Chemical Formula: NaHSO₃;
antioxidant; antiseptic .
Uses-An Antioxidant and stabilizing Agent. Epinephrine
hydrochloride
Solutions may be stabilized by the addition of small
quantities
of the salt.
INORGANIC ACID
ANTIOXIDANTS
14. 4. NITROGEN N₂
aka – Molecular Nitrogen;
Diatomic Nitrogen Gas
Used in H₂O₂ & Acetanilide Preparation that
functions as Negative Catalyst or AntiOxidant
5. SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Na₂S₂O₃;
ANTIDOTE for CYANIDE Poisoning
INORGANIC ACID
ANTIOXIDANTS
15. BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE
Synonym: Phenol, O,l-dimethylethyl}-4-methoxy-, Tenox
BHA
Chemical Structure:
Uses: An Antioxidant in cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals, containing Fats and oils.
ORGANIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
16. BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE
Synonym: Phenol, 2,6-bis{1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-,
Butylated Hydroxytoluene Crystalline; Tenox BHT
Chemical Structure:
Uses:. Uses-An Antioxidant employed to retard oxidative
degradation of oils and fats in various Cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals.
ORGANIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
17. VITAMIN C isWater Soluble. Because of this, it makes it
a great free radical scavenger in the body fluids such as the
blood. It has also been shown to guard against Atherosclerosis
by preventing damage to ArteryWalls.
VITAMIN E prevents the Oxidation of Lipids (FATS). It
prevents the cell’s protective coatings from becoming rancid
as a result of the attack by free radicals. It also plays a role in
the prevention of cataracts caused by free radical damage.
COENZYME Q10 is a coenzyme produced in the body
that plays a vital role in the production of cellular energy. It is
also a fat soluble antioxidant that protects the fatty parts of
the cell from the free radicals. As we get older, our production
of CoQ10 decreases. That is why supplementation of CoQ10 is
important.
MOST IMPORTANT ANTIOXIDANTS
18. ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID
Research shows that Alpha LipoicAcid is one of the
Most Important Antioxidants, if not the most
important. Here’s is one of the many reasons why:
1. All cells have a fat barrier that keeps the water
soluble components that are inside the cell separate
from the water soluble components that are outside of
the cell. Other Antioxidants are either water soluble or
fat soluble but not both which means that they are not
able to access both the fatty and watery areas of the
cells.
MOST IMPORTANT OF ANTIOXIDANTS
19. ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID
2. Alpha Lipoic Acid however is both fat and water
soluble means that it can access both the fatty and
watery areas of the cells.This allows Alpha Lipoic acid
to deal with free radicals wherever they are.When you
read about all the things that Alpha Lipoic acid does, it
makes you want to ensure that you have adequate
amounts in your body at all times.
3. The body does not produce very large amounts
of Alpha Lipoic acid. Also, because it is found in only a
few foods, it makes sense to take Alpha-Lipoic Acid
supplements.
MOST IMPORTANT OF ANTIOXIDANTS
20. GLUTATHIONE
is a protein that is produced by the liver from the amino
acids glycine, glutamic acid and cysteine. Glutathione is the
cell’s main antioxidant. It is found in greater quantities in
the cell than any other antioxidant.
It has been discovered however that using glutathione
supplements may not be the best way to make sure you
have adequate levels of this very important antioxidant.
That is because it has been found that only very small
amounts of glutathione can pass intact from the digestive
tract all the way to the cells. It has been also found that one
of the best ways to assist the production of glutathione is
with Alpha Lipoic acid supplements.
MOST IMPORTANT OF ANTIOXIDANTS
21. CAROTENOIDS
These are fat soluble pigments that are found in
yellow, red, green and orange vegetable and fruits.
There are over 500 carotenoids found in nature but
the most studied have been alpha carotene, beta
carotene, Lycopene, Cryptoxanthin, Lutein and
Zeaxanthin.
Because of some of the controversy that has
surrounded studies of beta carotene when beta
carotene has been tested on its own with non-
conclusive results.
MOST IMPORTANT OF ANTIOXIDANTS
22. FLAVONOIDS
are chemical compounds that plants to produce
to protect themselves from damage to their cells.
Plants produce them also to prevent against
bacteria and parasites.
Flavonoids are believed to reduce inflammation,
bolster immune function and improve memory and
concentration.
They are even used to treat attention deficit
disorder. Flavonoids are found in abundance in
plants, fruits and vegetables and plant based
beverages.
MOST IMPORTANT OF ANTIOXIDANTS
23. FLAVONOIDS
are chemical compounds that plants to produce
to protect themselves from damage to their cells.
Plants produce them also to prevent against
bacteria and parasites. Flavonoids are believed to
reduce inflammation, bolster immune function and
improve memory and concentration.
They are even used to treat attention deficit
disorder. Flavonoids are found in abundance in
plants, fruits and vegetables and plant based
beverages.
MOST IMPORTANT OF ANTIOXIDANTS
24. I. Look for the DESCRIPTIONs, MOAs & Use of Other
Substances: ANTIOXIDANTS:
A.Vitamin A H. POLYPHENOLS,
B.CATECHINS/CATECHOLS, I. PCO-Genols;
C.SELENIUM J. COPPER
D.Z I N C K. LYCOPENE
E. Co-Enzyme Q10. L. BROMOLEIN
F. XANTHONE Compds M. PHYCOCYANIN
G. CHLORPHYLL N. PHYCOERYTHRIN
II. Research on the different CONTAINERS used in
Pharmaceuticals: GiveTYPES & Representative Examples of each.
ASSIGNMENTS: Due on FRIDAY
Editor's Notes
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.
that “pharmacognosy is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view.