Pathogenic isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), particularly the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains, are mostly associated with the failure of antibiotic therapy in nosocomial infections. The present work was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of K. pneumoniae. The strain of K. pneumoniae bearing ATCC 15380 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from the Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment and analyzed for the antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, and biotyping using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system. Further, the effect of biofield treatment was also evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in order to determine their epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics of biofield treated K. pneumoniae samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed an improve sensitivity (i.e. from intermediate to susceptible) of ampicillin/sulbactam and chloramphenicol, while altered sensitivity of cephalothin (i.e. from susceptible to intermediate) was also reported as compared to the control sample. The MIC value showed two-fold decrease in MIC value of ampicillin/sulbactam (i.e. 16/8 to ≤8/4 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (i.e. 16 to ≤ 8 μg/mL) as compared to the control. The cephalothin showed two-folds change (i.e. ≤ 8 to 16 μg/mL) in the MIC value as compared with the control. Biofield treatment showed 9.09% alterations in biochemical reactions followed by a change in biotype number (7774 4272) in the treated group with respect to the control (7774 4274). Genetic fingerprinting was performed on control and treated samples using RAPD-PCR biomarkers, which showed an average range of 11 to 15% of polymorphism among the treated samples with respect to the control. These results suggested that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has a significant impact on K. pneumoniae.
Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristics of Serratia MarcescensGru Marckel
A study was performed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics of S. marcescens. Visit here for more details.
An Effect of Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant B. cepacia. Clinicalsample of B. cepacia was divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control.
Biofield Treatment: An Alternative Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Sus...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
As biofield therapy is increasingly popular in biomedical heath care, so present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of R. ornithinolytica.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment: Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Potential U...albertdivis
The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...wilhelm mendel
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been reported as the versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with the hospital infections worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on multidrug resistant clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. aerogenes. The MDR isolates of E. aerogenes (i.e., LS 45 and LS 54) were divided into two groups, i.e., control and treated. Samples were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system, on day 10 after the biofield treatment. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed 14.28% alteration out of twenty eight tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The cefotetan sensitivity changed from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamase (IB), while piperacillin/tazobactam changed from resistant to IB in the treated LS 45. Improved sensitivity was reported in tetracycline, i.e., from I to susceptible (S) in LS 45, while chloramphenicol and tetracycline sensitivity changed from R to I in treated LS 54. Four-fold decrease in MIC value was reported in piperacillin/tazobactam, and two-fold decrease in cefotetan and tetracycline in the biofield treated LS 45 as compared to the control. MIC results showed an overall decreased MIC values in 12.50% tested antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol (16 μg/mL) and tetracycline (8 μg/mL) in LS 54. The biochemical study showed an overall 45.45% negative reaction in the tested biochemical in both the treated isolates as compared to the control. A change in biotype number was reported in MDR isolates (LS 45 and LS 54), while in LS 54, altered biotype number, i.e., 0406 0374 as compared to the control (7770 4376), with identification of the new species as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with brown color as special characteristic. The study findings suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on clinical MDR isolates of E. aerogenes has the significant effect on altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, decreasing the MIC values, changed biochemical reactions, and biotype number.
Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristics of Serratia MarcescensGru Marckel
A study was performed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics of S. marcescens. Visit here for more details.
An Effect of Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant B. cepacia. Clinicalsample of B. cepacia was divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control.
Biofield Treatment: An Alternative Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Sus...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
As biofield therapy is increasingly popular in biomedical heath care, so present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of R. ornithinolytica.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment: Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Potential U...albertdivis
The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...wilhelm mendel
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been reported as the versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with the hospital infections worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on multidrug resistant clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. aerogenes. The MDR isolates of E. aerogenes (i.e., LS 45 and LS 54) were divided into two groups, i.e., control and treated. Samples were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system, on day 10 after the biofield treatment. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed 14.28% alteration out of twenty eight tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The cefotetan sensitivity changed from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamase (IB), while piperacillin/tazobactam changed from resistant to IB in the treated LS 45. Improved sensitivity was reported in tetracycline, i.e., from I to susceptible (S) in LS 45, while chloramphenicol and tetracycline sensitivity changed from R to I in treated LS 54. Four-fold decrease in MIC value was reported in piperacillin/tazobactam, and two-fold decrease in cefotetan and tetracycline in the biofield treated LS 45 as compared to the control. MIC results showed an overall decreased MIC values in 12.50% tested antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol (16 μg/mL) and tetracycline (8 μg/mL) in LS 54. The biochemical study showed an overall 45.45% negative reaction in the tested biochemical in both the treated isolates as compared to the control. A change in biotype number was reported in MDR isolates (LS 45 and LS 54), while in LS 54, altered biotype number, i.e., 0406 0374 as compared to the control (7770 4376), with identification of the new species as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with brown color as special characteristic. The study findings suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on clinical MDR isolates of E. aerogenes has the significant effect on altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, decreasing the MIC values, changed biochemical reactions, and biotype number.
Antibiogram and Genotypic Analysis using 16S rDNA after Biofield Treatment on...albertdivis
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on M. morganii in the lyophilized as well as revived state for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biochemical characteristics, biotype number and genotype.
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristic of Pr...albertdivis
The Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on P. rettgeri against antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern, biotype number, and 16S rDNA sequence.
Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusdeeptimishra10
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. aureus after biofiel d treatment. In this study, overall 37.93% biochemical reactions were altered in tested twenty nine biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotypi...albertdivis
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.
The document discusses rapid diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis. It provides an overview of conventional and newer diagnostic methods. Conventional methods like culture and drug susceptibility testing can take 8-12 weeks to identify resistance. Newer rapid phenotypic tests such as automated liquid cultures, thin layer agar cultures, TK medium and microscopic-observation drug susceptibility assay can reduce the time to 1-2 weeks but require specialized equipment. Molecular methods like real-time PCR and line probe assays that detect gene mutations associated with resistance have been commercialized and can provide results in 1-2 days, aiding early treatment decisions. Effective control of drug resistant tuberculosis will require scaling up rapid testing capacities and expanding use of novel molecular technologies.
Activation-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-expression-by-Gardnerella-v...Farhad B. Hashemi, PhD
This study found that lysates from Gardnerella vaginalis, a bacteria commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis, significantly stimulated HIV expression in monocytoid cells and certain T cell lines. G. vaginalis lysates activated HIV long terminal repeat transcription and increased NF-kB binding activity in HIV-infected cells, indicating an effect on HIV transcription. The activation of HIV production by G. vaginalis suggests that G. vaginalis infection in the genital tract may increase the risk of HIV transmission by enhancing HIV expression levels in the genital tract. This could help explain the link between bacterial vaginosis and increased sexual transmission of HIV.
This study characterized carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CNSAb) isolates collected from burn patients at a hospital in Tehran, Iran. Of the 92 A. baumannii isolates tested, 69 were confirmed to be CNSAb based on imipenem resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high resistance rates to multiple classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis identified several beta-lactamase genes conferring resistance. Most isolates belonged to international clones and sequence types previously seen worldwide. Genetic analysis using multiple methods found diversity but also the presence of dominant strains. The study provides information on the antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics of CNSAb in Iranian burn patients.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
This is part of our project that aims to assess current state of anti-microbial resistance in Egypt with a specific focus on development of anti-parasitic drugs resistance in addition.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of homodium bromide (HmBr) to enhance the antibiotic sensitivity of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolate. The isolate was resistant to 8 of 11 antibiotics tested. Treatment with non-toxic concentrations of HmBr for various time periods increased the isolate's sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and streptomycin in a time and concentration dependent manner, with higher concentrations and shorter incubation times producing greater enhancements. This suggests HmBr may be useful as an antibiotic sensitivity enhancer by increasing bacterial permeability.
The study analyzed 100 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients in Tehran, Iran between 2006 and 2011 to evaluate changes in genotypic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Resistance to antimicrobials tested increased between 0-30% within 5 years. By 2011, 6-100% of isolates were resistant to each agent tested. Genotypic changes among isolates were also drastic, with novel international clone variants comprising 36% of isolates in 2011. Resistance is growing for last-resort antimicrobials such as colistin and tigecycline.
Mohit Vashishta is an Indian immunologist with expertise in tuberculosis and pneumococcal infections. He has a PhD from the University of Delhi and has published 5 papers with impact factors ranging from 2.7 to 4.573. His research focuses on regulating programmed death ligand-1 expression and understanding host-pathogen interactions during bacterial infections. He has over 8 years of experience in research and teaching and seeks to further his career in immunology.
The variants of New delhiMetallo – lactamase-1: A Comparative Assessmentinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistanceSIANI
This document summarizes the role of the environment in the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. It discusses how the environment serves as a transmission route for resistant bacteria and antibiotics select for resistance in various environmental settings like wastewater treatment plants and areas with high antibiotic production. The global scale of transmission is highlighted, with resistance genes being shared between continents through human travel and transport. Improved transparency in the drug production process is suggested to help address the issue of environmental antibiotic pollution.
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control. The following parameters viz. susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical studies and biotype number of both control and treated samples were measured by MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The results showed an overall change of 37.5% in susceptibility pattern and 39.4% in biochemical study while 33.3% changes in MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment. Further, the treated group of S. maltophilia has also shown a significant change in biochemical reactions followed by its biotype number as compared to control group. Biochemical reactions of treated group showed negative reaction to acetamide and positive reactions to colistin, glucose, adonitol, melibiose, arabinose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, and Voges-Proskauer as compared with control. The biofield treatment showed an alteration in MIC values of amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotetan, ticarcillin/K-clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Altogether, data suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials and biotype number against multidrug resistant strain of S. maltophilia.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...albertdivis
The document discusses an evaluation of the effects of biofield treatment on the susceptibility pattern of multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The key findings of the study are:
1) Biofield treatment led to changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and minimum inhibitory concentration values of several antimicrobials against S. maltophilia.
2) 37.5% of the tested antimicrobials showed changes in susceptibility patterns and 33.3% showed changes in MIC values after biofield treatment.
3) Biofield treatment also resulted in 39.4% changes in biochemical reactions of S. maltophilia and changed its biotype number leading to identification as Enterobacter aerogenes rather
Biofield Treatment: An Alternative Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Sus...albertdivis
As biofield therapy is increasingly popular in biomedical heath care, so present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of R. ornithinolytica.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...rachelsalk
This document summarizes a study on the effects of biofield energy treatment on multidrug-resistant isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes. Two multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of E. aerogenes were divided into control and treated groups. The treated groups were subjected to biofield energy treatment by Mr. Trivedi. Antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration values, biochemical reactions, and biotype numbers were analyzed and compared between control and treated groups. The results showed alterations in antimicrobial susceptibility for 14.28% of antibiotics tested, decreases in MIC values for 12.5% of antibiotics, and overall 45.45% negative biochemical reactions in treated isolates compared to controls. A change in biotype number was also reported for one
Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characterization of Serratia marcesc...albertdivis
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics such as antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, biotype, DNA polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationship of S. marcescens (ATCC 13880).
Nanosilver based anionic linear globular dendrimer with a special significant...Nasser Nassiri
1. The document describes a study that synthesized and characterized a novel silver-anionic linear globular dendrimer complex and assessed its antiretroviral activity in vitro.
2. The results showed the complex had a very good synthesis yield of up to 70% and exhibited potent and significant antiretroviral activity with low toxic effects compared to the standard drug Nevirapine.
3. Based on these results, the silver-anionic linear globular dendrimer complex may have promise for inhibiting HIV virus replication in clinical practice.
Antibiogram and Genotypic Analysis using 16S rDNA after Biofield Treatment on...albertdivis
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on M. morganii in the lyophilized as well as revived state for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biochemical characteristics, biotype number and genotype.
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristic of Pr...albertdivis
The Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on P. rettgeri against antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reaction pattern, biotype number, and 16S rDNA sequence.
Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusdeeptimishra10
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. aureus after biofiel d treatment. In this study, overall 37.93% biochemical reactions were altered in tested twenty nine biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotypi...albertdivis
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.
The document discusses rapid diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis. It provides an overview of conventional and newer diagnostic methods. Conventional methods like culture and drug susceptibility testing can take 8-12 weeks to identify resistance. Newer rapid phenotypic tests such as automated liquid cultures, thin layer agar cultures, TK medium and microscopic-observation drug susceptibility assay can reduce the time to 1-2 weeks but require specialized equipment. Molecular methods like real-time PCR and line probe assays that detect gene mutations associated with resistance have been commercialized and can provide results in 1-2 days, aiding early treatment decisions. Effective control of drug resistant tuberculosis will require scaling up rapid testing capacities and expanding use of novel molecular technologies.
Activation-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-type-1-expression-by-Gardnerella-v...Farhad B. Hashemi, PhD
This study found that lysates from Gardnerella vaginalis, a bacteria commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis, significantly stimulated HIV expression in monocytoid cells and certain T cell lines. G. vaginalis lysates activated HIV long terminal repeat transcription and increased NF-kB binding activity in HIV-infected cells, indicating an effect on HIV transcription. The activation of HIV production by G. vaginalis suggests that G. vaginalis infection in the genital tract may increase the risk of HIV transmission by enhancing HIV expression levels in the genital tract. This could help explain the link between bacterial vaginosis and increased sexual transmission of HIV.
This study characterized carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CNSAb) isolates collected from burn patients at a hospital in Tehran, Iran. Of the 92 A. baumannii isolates tested, 69 were confirmed to be CNSAb based on imipenem resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high resistance rates to multiple classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis identified several beta-lactamase genes conferring resistance. Most isolates belonged to international clones and sequence types previously seen worldwide. Genetic analysis using multiple methods found diversity but also the presence of dominant strains. The study provides information on the antibiotic resistance and genetic characteristics of CNSAb in Iranian burn patients.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
This is part of our project that aims to assess current state of anti-microbial resistance in Egypt with a specific focus on development of anti-parasitic drugs resistance in addition.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of homodium bromide (HmBr) to enhance the antibiotic sensitivity of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolate. The isolate was resistant to 8 of 11 antibiotics tested. Treatment with non-toxic concentrations of HmBr for various time periods increased the isolate's sensitivity to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and streptomycin in a time and concentration dependent manner, with higher concentrations and shorter incubation times producing greater enhancements. This suggests HmBr may be useful as an antibiotic sensitivity enhancer by increasing bacterial permeability.
The study analyzed 100 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients in Tehran, Iran between 2006 and 2011 to evaluate changes in genotypic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Resistance to antimicrobials tested increased between 0-30% within 5 years. By 2011, 6-100% of isolates were resistant to each agent tested. Genotypic changes among isolates were also drastic, with novel international clone variants comprising 36% of isolates in 2011. Resistance is growing for last-resort antimicrobials such as colistin and tigecycline.
Mohit Vashishta is an Indian immunologist with expertise in tuberculosis and pneumococcal infections. He has a PhD from the University of Delhi and has published 5 papers with impact factors ranging from 2.7 to 4.573. His research focuses on regulating programmed death ligand-1 expression and understanding host-pathogen interactions during bacterial infections. He has over 8 years of experience in research and teaching and seeks to further his career in immunology.
The variants of New delhiMetallo – lactamase-1: A Comparative Assessmentinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistanceSIANI
This document summarizes the role of the environment in the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. It discusses how the environment serves as a transmission route for resistant bacteria and antibiotics select for resistance in various environmental settings like wastewater treatment plants and areas with high antibiotic production. The global scale of transmission is highlighted, with resistance genes being shared between continents through human travel and transport. Improved transparency in the drug production process is suggested to help address the issue of environmental antibiotic pollution.
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control. The following parameters viz. susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical studies and biotype number of both control and treated samples were measured by MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The results showed an overall change of 37.5% in susceptibility pattern and 39.4% in biochemical study while 33.3% changes in MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment. Further, the treated group of S. maltophilia has also shown a significant change in biochemical reactions followed by its biotype number as compared to control group. Biochemical reactions of treated group showed negative reaction to acetamide and positive reactions to colistin, glucose, adonitol, melibiose, arabinose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, and Voges-Proskauer as compared with control. The biofield treatment showed an alteration in MIC values of amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotetan, ticarcillin/K-clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Altogether, data suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials and biotype number against multidrug resistant strain of S. maltophilia.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...albertdivis
The document discusses an evaluation of the effects of biofield treatment on the susceptibility pattern of multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The key findings of the study are:
1) Biofield treatment led to changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and minimum inhibitory concentration values of several antimicrobials against S. maltophilia.
2) 37.5% of the tested antimicrobials showed changes in susceptibility patterns and 33.3% showed changes in MIC values after biofield treatment.
3) Biofield treatment also resulted in 39.4% changes in biochemical reactions of S. maltophilia and changed its biotype number leading to identification as Enterobacter aerogenes rather
Biofield Treatment: An Alternative Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Sus...albertdivis
As biofield therapy is increasingly popular in biomedical heath care, so present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of R. ornithinolytica.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...rachelsalk
This document summarizes a study on the effects of biofield energy treatment on multidrug-resistant isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes. Two multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of E. aerogenes were divided into control and treated groups. The treated groups were subjected to biofield energy treatment by Mr. Trivedi. Antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration values, biochemical reactions, and biotype numbers were analyzed and compared between control and treated groups. The results showed alterations in antimicrobial susceptibility for 14.28% of antibiotics tested, decreases in MIC values for 12.5% of antibiotics, and overall 45.45% negative biochemical reactions in treated isolates compared to controls. A change in biotype number was also reported for one
Evaluation of Phenotyping and Genotyping Characterization of Serratia marcesc...albertdivis
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics such as antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, biotype, DNA polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationship of S. marcescens (ATCC 13880).
Nanosilver based anionic linear globular dendrimer with a special significant...Nasser Nassiri
1. The document describes a study that synthesized and characterized a novel silver-anionic linear globular dendrimer complex and assessed its antiretroviral activity in vitro.
2. The results showed the complex had a very good synthesis yield of up to 70% and exhibited potent and significant antiretroviral activity with low toxic effects compared to the standard drug Nevirapine.
3. Based on these results, the silver-anionic linear globular dendrimer complex may have promise for inhibiting HIV virus replication in clinical practice.
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165). The study was performed into three groups i.e. C (control), T1 (treatment, revived), and T2 (treatment, lyophilized). Subsequently, groups T1 and T2 were received biofield treatment and control group was remained as untreated. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/43/ for details.
Antibiotic resistance is increasing in Gram Negative organisms. It is important to know the antibiogram of the hospital to start empirical therapy. It can serve as a reference to clinician looking for information on antibiotic resistance. A retrospective analysis of the isolates obtained from January 2016 to December 2016 was performed. Samples were processed as per CLSI guideline. A total of 718 isolates were obtained. These were analysed for the prevalence
of MDR/XDR/PDR. It was found that XDR isolates are prevalent in our teaching hospital. The study showed an emergence in pan drug resistant isolates. The knowledge of local antibiogram
along with strong antibiotic stewardship program can help in guiding antibiotic therapy.This reduces antibiotic pressure among organisms and hence development of resistance.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
This study analyzed 8,749 clinical samples collected from July 2010 to December 2012 at a tertiary hospital in Odisha, India. Of these, 137 samples (3%) yielded Acinetobacter species. Most isolates were from pus/swabs (56.9%), blood (13.1%), and urine (12.4%). Risk factors for Acinetobacter infection included older age, hospitalization, longer hospital stays, comorbidities, and invasive procedures. Many isolates were multidrug-resistant (54.7% resistant to >3 antibiotic classes) or pan-drug resistant (5.8% resistant to all antibiotics tested). Isolates were most sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, and pip
Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of ...albertdivis
Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) is a Gram-negative microbe generally associated with community and hospitalacquired infections. Due to its clinical significance, we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165).
Application of probiotics in complex treatment of tuberculosisIJERA Editor
The probiotic bacteria possessing ability to suppress growth of Mycobacterium B5 are revealed. Antagonistic
activity in selected strains studied during the growth on various nutrient media. Strains adapted to the low pH
exposure. They are steady against a number of the antibiotics, used at tuberculosis treatment. This testifies to the
prospects of further studies on the use of probiotics in the
This study analyzed the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples at a large specialty hospital in India from 2014. It found that 81% of bacterial isolates were gram-negative bacilli, led by Enterobacteriaceae species, Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic resistance rates were high and increasing among these pathogens, particularly to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems. The results demonstrate the growing threat of multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections and emphasize the need for prudent antibiotic use.
This document discusses the clinical development of monoclonal antibody therapies for cancer treatment. It focuses on five FDA-approved antibodies - rituximab, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab. The document summarizes the clinical trials that led to the approval of rituximab for treating lymphoma, including early phase trials showing efficacy as a single agent and a pivotal trial demonstrating an overall response rate of 48%. It also discusses the mechanisms of action of antibody cancer therapies and opportunities and challenges for developing such therapies in China.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB. It provides background on TB transmission and epidemiology in India. The study aims to determine the prevalence of MDR and XDR TB in South Gujarat and examine the effect of herbal drug extracts like garlic on MDR and XDR strains. The methods discussed include sample collection, staining, culturing, identification tests, and drug susceptibility testing to characterize TB strains and determine drug resistance patterns.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Association of Hygiene Hypothesis with High prevalence of Allergy and Autoimm...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Prevalence of Allergy and Autoimmune Diseases are high in developed countries, but not in developing countries. Helminth infection were associated with lower level of allergy but the mechanism is not yet clear. In hygiene countries like UK, Japan and Korea, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) has gained interest as novel therapy and prevention and reach to medicine industrial manufactures. This study will support it by associate Hygiene Hypothesis (HyHy) and the high prevalence of Allergy and Autoimmune Disease. Systematic review and Bayesian network analysis in EBSCO host search engine were used. Result from dynaMed Evidence Based, Point-of-care Reference e Journals: Dentistry, Medical and Nursing has describe 9 literatures support the association of Hy-hy/parasite infection with Allergy and/ or Autoimmune Diseases: 2 publications of meta-analysis are chosen and supported by 5 cross sectional, longitudinal, cause-effect design, and 2 clinical and animal trial. Conclusions: Low-middle-high income countries has a life style of Hyhy pattern support FMT industrial medicine and travelling to developing countries with broad diversity bacteria and worm in therapeutic and prevention potential, supported by sub-saharan and tropical rainforest developing countries.
Similar to Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae (20)
Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Biofield Energy Treated...rachelsalk
The p-anisidine is widely used as chemical intermediate in the production of various dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of p-anisidine. The study was performed after dividing the sample in two groups; one was remained as untreated and another was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. Afterward, both the control and treated samples of p-anisidine were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis-derivative thermogravimetry (TGA-DTG), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed the increase in unit cell volume from 683.81 → 690.18 × 10-24 cm3 and crystallite size from 83.84→84.62 nm in the treated sample with respect to the control. The surface area analysis exhibited the significant increase (25.44%) in the surface area of treated sample as compared to control. The DSC thermogram of control p-anisidine showed the latent heat of fusion and melting temperature and 146.78 J/g and 59.41°C, respectively, which were slightly increased to 148.89 J/g and 59.49°C, respectively after biofield treatment. The TGA analysis showed the onset temperature of thermal degradation at 134.68°C in the control sample that was increased to 150.02°C after biofield treatment. The result showed about 11.39% increase in onset temperature of thermal degradation of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. Moreover, the Tmax (temperature at which maximum thermal degradation occurs) was also increased slightly from 165.99°C (control) to 168.10°C (treated). This indicated the high thermal stability of treated p-anisidine as compared to the control. However, the FT-IR and UV spectroscopic studies did not show any significant changes in the spectral properties of treated p-anisidine with respect to the control.
Isotopic Abundance Analysis of Biofield Treated Benzene, Toluene and p-Xylene...rachelsalk
Benzene, toluene and p-xylene are derivatives of benzene, generally produced from crude petroleum and have numerous applications in industry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on isotopic abundance of these benzene derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Benzene, toluene and p-xylene samples were divided into two parts: control and treatment. Control part was remained as untreated and treatment part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Control and treated samples were characterized using GC-MS. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were significantly increased from un-substituted to substituted benzene rings (where, PM- primary molecule, PM+1- isotopic molecule either for 13C/12C and/or 2H/1H). The isotopic abundance ratio of 13C/12C or 2H/1H (PM+1/PM) in benzene was decreased significantly by 42.14% as compared to control. However, the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) in treated toluene and p-xylene was significantly increased up to 531.61% and 134.34% respectively as compared to their respective control. Thus, overall data suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) in a different way for un-substituted and substituted benzenes.
Evaluation of Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties of Biofield Trea...rachelsalk
P-Hydroxyacetophenone (PHAP) is an aromatic ketone derivative that is mainly used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, etc. In the present study, the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment was analysed on various properties of PHAP viz. crystallite size, surface area, melting temperature, thermal decomposition, and spectral properties. The PHAP sample was divided into two parts; one was kept as control sample while another part was named as treated sample. The treated sample was given the biofield energy treatment and various parameters were analysed as compared to the control sample by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyser, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultravioletvisible (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The XRD studies showed the decrease in crystallite size of the treated sample (61.25 nm) as compared to the control (84.18 nm); however the intensity of peaks in diffractogram was increased in treated sample. Besides, the surface area of treated sample was decreased by 41.17% as compared to the control. The TGA analysis revealed that onset temperature as well as Tmax (maximum thermal decomposition temperature) was increased in the treated sample. However, the latent heat of fusion (ΔH) was decreased from 124.56 J/g (control) to 103.24 J/g in the treated sample. The treated and control samples were also evaluated by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy and did not show any significant alteration in spectra of treated sample as compared to the respective control. Hence, the overall results suggest that there was an impact of biofield energy treatment on the physical and thermal properties of PHAP sample.
An Effective Strategy to Improve the Quality of Beef Extract and Meat Infusio...rachelsalk
The present research work investigated the influence of bio-field treatment on two common flavoring agents used in food industries namely beef extract powder (BEP) and meat infusion powder (MIP). The treated powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, surface area analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FT-IR results showed disappearance of triglycerides peaks in both the treated powders as compared to control. XRD results corroborated the amorphous nature of both control and treated samples. The BEP showed enhanced average particle size (d50) and d99 (size exhibited by 99% of powder particles) by 5.7% and 16.1%, respectively as compared to control. Contrarily, the MIP showed a decreased particle size (d50;0.4% and d99; 18.1%) as compared to control.It was assumed that enormous energy was stored in MIP after bio-field treatment that led to fracture into smaller particles. The surface area was increased in both the treated powders. DSC result showed significant increase in melting temperature, in BEP and MIP, which indicated the higher thermal stability of the samples. However, the specific heat capacity (∆H) was decreased in both samples, which was probably due to high energy state of the powders.
Evaluation of the Impact of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Thermal Proper...rachelsalk
In the present study, the influence of biofield treatment on physical and thermal properties of Casein Enzyme Hydrolysate (CEH) and Casein Yeast Peptone (CYP) were investigated. The control and treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size and surface area analysis. The FTIR results revealed that biofield treatment has caused reduction of amide group (amide-I and amide-II) stretching vibration peak that is associated with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in treated CEH as compared to control. However, no significant changes were observed in FTIR spectrum of treated CYP. The TGA analysis of treated CEH showed a substantial improvement in thermal stability which was confirmed by increase in maximum thermal decomposition temperature (217°C) as compared to control (209°C). Similarly, the treated CYP also showed enhanced thermal stability as compared to control. DSC showed increase in melting temperature of treated CYP as compared to control. However the melting peak was absent in DSC of treated CEH which was probably due to rigid chain of the protein. The surface area of treated CEH was increased by 83% as compared to control. However, a decrease (7.3%) in surface area was observed in treated CYP. The particle size analysis of treated CEH showed a significant increase in average particle size (d50) and d99 value (maximum particle size below which 99% of particles are present) as compared to control sample. Similarly, the treated CYP also showed a substantial increase in d50 and d99 values which was probably due to the agglomeration of the particles which led to formation of bigger microparticles. The result showed that the biofield treated CEH and CYP could be used as a matrix for pharmaceutical applications.
Impact of Biofield Treatment on Yield, Quality and Control of Nematode in Car...rachelsalk
This study tested the Null Hypothesis for the effect of biofield treatment when used for control of nematode on carrot crops, Daucus carota, under typical growing conditions in year 2012 at Guadalupe, California, USA. Following biofield treatment, carrot seeds were planted in replicate plots with mechanical seeder and their development was recorded compared to control seed growth from untreated plots and plots treated with the commercial standard nematicide, further Vydate L was applied three times at rates of 1 and 0.5 gal/A, at 1, 18 and 35 days after seeding, respectively. At 70 and 109 days after the first application root galling severity in biofield treated crops was reduced by 54% and 22% respectively as compared to untreated while the Vydate response showed 0% and 25% control, respectively. Plots planted with biofield treated seeds resulted in the greatest number and weight of marketable carrot roots. Total yield and gross return were greatest in biofield treated group producing an approximately 33% increase over the untreated controls and 15% increase over those treated with the commercial standard, Vydate L. Vitamin A (beta carotene) was significantly greater (6512 IU/100 g) in biofield treated carrots compared with both the untreated controls (4941) and the commercial standard (5143). The results concluded that, Biofield treatment caused the numerical improvement in yield along with nematode control in carrots however, caused statistically
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
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ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
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We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
2. biofield energy treatment has been well known and studied in the field
of materials science research [14 -16], agricultural science research
[17,18], and microbiology research[19,20].
Due to the clinical importance of K. pneumoniae and outstanding
results of biofield treatment, the present study was designed to evaluate
the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on K.
pneumoniae with respect to the antimicrobial susceptibility,
biochemical study, and biotype number. Further, in order to study the
phenotypic characteristics of biofield treated K. pneumoniae,
molecular typing using arbitrary amplification of polymorphic DNA
sequences, termed as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
analysis was used [21]. RAPD is a preferred technique used in different
studies for typing and discriminating the epidemiology of
microorganism [22]. RAPD has an advantage over other traditional
phenotypic typing methods as it is rapid, relatively inexpensive and
technically feasible [23]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on K. pneumoniae
with respect to antibiogram characteristics and genotyping using
RAPD of theorganism.
Materials andMethods
K. pneumoniae ATCC 15380 [American Type Culture Collection]
was procured from Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack, and stored as per
the recommended storage conditions for further use. The antimicrobial
susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical
reactions, and biotype number were evaluated using automated
MicroScan Walk-Away® system (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento,
CA) using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel. RAPD
was carried out using Ultrapure Genomic DNA Prep Kit; Cat KT 83
(Bangalore Genei, India). All the tested antimicrobials, biochemicals,
media, and reagents were procured fromSigma-Aldrich, India.
Biofteld treatment modalities
K. pneumoniae strain was divided into two groups i.e. control and
treated. The treated group was in sealed pack and handed over to Mr.
Trivedi for the biofield energy treatment under laboratory conditions.
Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission
process to the treated group that includes bioenergy emission of
certain wavelength, which has the ability to do the changes in the
microbes without touching the sample. Mr. Trivedi’s unique energy
treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect®. Mr. Trivedi visited the
laboratory individually over a period of treatment and for control
experiments, nobody entered the experimental room during the
treatment period. Whilst handing over these cultures to Mr. Trivedi for
treatment purposes, optimum precautions were taken to avoid
contamination. After treatment, control and treated groups were
assessed on day 10 for the antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, biotype, and
genotyping using RAPD analysis. The result of treated sample was
compared with respect to thecontrol.
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility assay
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of K. pneumoniae was
carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-
Away® using Negative Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel as per
the manufacturer’s instructions. The panel was allowed to equilibrate
to room temperature prior to rehydration. All opened panel were used
on the same day. The tests were carried out on MicroScan, which were
®
miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test that had been
dehydrated. Briefly, 100 μL of the standardized suspension of K.
pneumoniae was pipetted into 25 mL of inoculum water using pluronic
and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then
subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and
inoculation were performed using the RENOK system with
inoculators-D (B1013-4). The detailed experimental procedures and
conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions.
Briefly, after inoculation and rehydration with a standardized
suspension of K. pneumoniae, it was incubated at 35°C for 16 hours.
MIC and a qualitative susceptibility like susceptible (S), intermediate
(I), and resistant (R) were determined by observing the lowest
antimicrobial concentration showing growth inhibition [24].
Biochemicalstudies
The biochemical reactions of K. pneumoniae were determined by
MicroScan Walk-Away® where, interpretation of biochemical reactions
for microbial identification of Gram-negative organisms[24].
Biotypenumber
The biotype number of K. pneumoniae was determined by
MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data utilizing data of
biochemical reactions[24].
Random Amplifted Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)analysis
Three series of inoculums (one for control and other two for
treatment named as treated A and B) were prepared from K.
pneumoniae sample. Two inoculums (treated samples A and B) were
subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment. Whilst handing
over treated groups to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment, optimum
precautions were taken to avoid the contamination. After that, the
treated samples (A and B) were sub-cultured by taking 1% inoculum
and inoculated to fresh 5 mL medium and labeled as treatment A-1
and treatment B-1 respectively. Control and treated samples were
incubated at 37°C with 160 rpm for 18 h. Subsequently, the cultures
were spun down, and genomic DNA was isolated for control and
treated samples using the genomic DNA Prep Kit (Bangalore Genei,
India). The RAPD was performed with all samples of K. pneumoniae
using five RAPD primers, which were labelled as RBA 5A, RBA 10A,
RBA 15A, RBA 21A, and RBA 22A. The PCR mixture contained 2.5 μL
each of buffer, 4.0 mM each of dNTP, 2.5 μM each of primer, 5.0 μL
each of genomic DNA, 2U each of Taq polymerase, 1.5 μL of MgCl2
and 9.5 μL of nuclease-free water in a total of 25 μL mixture. PCR
amplification protocol was followed with initial denaturation at 94ºC
for 7 min, followed by 8 cycles of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min,
annealing at 35ºC for 1 min, and extension at 72ºC for 2 min; and 35
cycle of denaturation at 94ºC for 1 min, annealing at 38ºC for 1 min,
and extension at 72ºC for 1.5 min; and the final extension at 72ºC for 7
min. Amplified PCR products (12 μL) from all the samples (control
and treated) were separated on 1.5% agarose gels at 75 volts, stained
with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV illumination [25].
The percentage of polymorphism was calculated using following
equation-
Percent polymorphism =A/B×100;
Where, A = number of polymorphic bands in treated sample; and B
= number of polymorphic bands incontrol.
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular
Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Health Med Inform 6: 206. doi:10.4172/2157-7420.1000206
Page 2 of7
JHealth Med Inform
ISSN:2157-7420 JHMI, an Open access journal
Volume 6 • Issue 5 •206
3. S. No. Antimicrobial Control Treated
1 Amikacin S S
2 Amoxicillin/k-clavulanate S S
3 Ampicillin/sulbactam I S
4 Ampicillin R R
5 Aztreonam S S
6 Cefazolin S S
7 Cefepime S S
8 Cefotaxime S S
9 Cefotetan S S
10 Cefoxitin S S
11 Ceftazidime S S
12 Ceftriaxone S S
13 Cefuroxime S S
14 Cephalothin S I
15 Chloramphenicol I S
16 Ciprofloxacin S S
17 Gatifloxacin S S
18 Gentamicin S S
19 Imipenem S S
20 Levofloxacin S S
21 Meropenem S S
22 Moxifloxacin S S
23 Piperacillin/tazobactam S S
24 Piperacillin I I
25 Tetracycline S S
26 Ticarcillin/k-clavulanate S S
27 Tobramycin S S
28 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole S S
R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S:Susceptible
Table 1: Effect of biofield treatment on K. pneumoniae for its
antimicrobial susceptibility
S. No. Antimicrobial Control Treated
1 Amikacin ≤ 16 ≤ 16
2 Amoxicillin/k-clavulanate ≤ 8/4 ≤ 8/4
3 Ampicillin/sulbactam 16/8 ≤ 8/4
4 Ampicillin >16 > 16
5 Aztreonam ≤8 ≤ 8
6 Cefazolin ≤8 ≤ 8
7 Cefepime ≤ 8 ≤ 8
8 Cefotaxime ≤ 8 ≤ 8
9 Cefotetan ≤ 16 ≤ 16
10 Cefoxitin ≤ 8 ≤ 8
11 Ceftazidime ≤ 8 ≤ 8
12 Ceftriaxone ≤ 8 ≤ 8
13 Cefuroxime ≤ 4 ≤ 4
14 Cephalothin ≤ 8 16
15 Chloramphenicol 16 ≤ 8
16 Ciprofloxacin ≤ 1 ≤ 1
17 ESBL-aScrn ≤4 ≤ 4
18 ESBL-bScrn ≤ 1 ≤ 1
19 Gatifloxacin ≤ 2 ≤ 2
20 Gentamicin ≤ 4 ≤ 4
21 Imipenem ≤ 4 ≤ 4
22 Levofloxacin ≤ 2 ≤ 2
23 Meropenem ≤ 4 ≤ 4
24 Moxifloxacin ≤ 2 ≤ 2
25 Nitrofurantoin ≤ 32 ≤ 32
26 Norfloxacin ≤ 4 ≤ 4
27 Piperacillin/tazobactam ≤ 16 ≤ 16
28 Piperacillin 64 64
29 Tetracycline ≤ 4 ≤ 4
30 Ticarcillin/k-clavulanate ≤ 16 ≤ 16
31 Tobramycin ≤ 4 ≤ 4
32 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ≤ 2/38 ≤ 2/38
MIC values are presented in µg/mL; ESBL: Suspected extended-spectrum β-
lactamases a, bscreen
(MIC) of testedTable 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration
antimicrobials against K. pneumoniae
The antimicrobial sensitivity result of three antimicrobials namely
ampicillin/sulbactam, cephalothin, and chloramphenicol showed the
alteration after biofield treatment with respect to control among
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular
Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Health Med Inform 6: 206. doi:10.4172/2157-7420.1000206
Page 3 of7
Results andDiscussion
Antimicrobial susceptibility assay
The results of biofield treatment on K. pneumoniae with respect to
antimicrobials susceptibility pattern and MIC are summarized in Table
1 and 2,respectively.
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4. Organism identiftcation by biochemicalreactions
Biochemical study results of control and biofield treated groups are
summarized in Table3.
S. No. Code Biochemical Control Treated
1 ACE Acetamide - -
2 ADO Adonitol + +
3 ARA Arabinose + +
4 ARG Arginine - -
5 CET Cetrimide - -
6 CF8 Cephalothin - +
7 CIT Citrate + +
8 CL4 Colistin + -
9 ESC Esculinhydrolysis + +
10 FD64 Nitrofurantoin - -
11 GLU Glucose + +
12 H2S Hydrogen sulfide - -
13 IND Indole - -
14 INO Inositol + +
15 K4 Kanamycin - -
16 LYS Lysine + +
17 MAL Malonate + +
18 MEL Melibiose + +
19 NIT Nitrate + -
20 OF/G
Oxidation-fermentation/
glucose + +
21 ONPG Galactosidase + +
22 ORN Ornithine - -
23 OXI Oxidase - -
24 P4 Penicillin + +
25 RAF Raffinose + +
26 RHA Rhamnose + +
27 SOR Sorbitol + +
28 SUC Sucrose + +
29 TAR Tartrate - -
30 TDA Tryptophan deaminase - -
31 TO4 Tobramycin - -
32 URE Urea + +
33 VP Voges-Proskauer - -
Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on K. pneumoniae to the vital
processes occurring in living organisms -: negative; +:positive.
The results showed overall 9.09% of tested biochemical altered
reactions as compared to the control. The colistin and nitrate
biochemical showed negative reaction i.e. from (+) positive to (-)
negative as compared to the control. Cephalothin showed positive
reaction i.e. from (-) negative to (+) positive reaction. The rest of tested
biochemicals did not show any alteration in their reaction pattern after
biofield treatment. The biochemical reactions of control K.
pneumoniae were well supported with literature data [31].
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular
Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Health Med Inform 6: 206. doi:10.4172/2157-7420.1000206
Page 4 of7
twenty-eight tested antimicrobials. The sensitivity of ampicillin/
sulbactam and chloramphenicol was improved i.e. from intermediate
(I) to susceptible (S), while cephalothin showed an altered sensitivity
nature from S to I. Other tested antimicrobials did not show any
alterations of sensitivity pattern as compared to the control.
MIC results were well supported with antimicrobial sensitivity data,
as ampicillin/sulbactam and chloramphenicol showed decrease value
of MIC after the biofield treatment. Ampicillin/sulbactam (i.e. 16/8 to
≤8/4 µg/mL) and chloramphenicol (i.e. 16 to ≤8 µg/mL) showed two
folds change in MIC values as compared to the control. Cephalothin
showed an alteration in MIC value i.e. from ≤8 to 16 µg/mL after
biofield treatment. The rest of the tested antimicrobials did not show
any alteration in MIC values with respect to the control.
Efficacy of sulbactam, a β-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with
ampicillin, was well reported and a preferred treatment option against
β-lactam-resistant K. pneumoniae infections. According to Hoffman et
al. the combination of ampicillin/sulbactam was found to have
synergistic effects, which significantly decreased the severity of
pneumonia. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic findings, and extent of
macroscopic lesions in lung tissue of the noninoculated regions were
reported as compared to the individual ampicillin or sulbactam [26].
The resistance pattern of ampicillin against K. pneumoniae is because
of two types of chromosomal β-lactamase enzymes being SHV-1 and
LEN-1 [27], and results suggest that biofield treatment might alter
these enzymes and alter the sensitivity pattern. Biofield treatment on
K. pneumoniae has improved the sensitivity profile of ampicillin/
sulbactam and showed decreased MIC value by two-folds, which might
be useful in the future treatment strategy against pneumoniae lung
infection. Multi-drug therapies are another approach against β-
lactamase producing strain of K. pneumoniae, as synergy has been
frequently reported in vitro between β-lactams and aminoglycosides.
According to Jones, a synergistic effect was frequently reported in a
combination of ertapenem and ciprofloxacin [28]. Besides synergistic
effect, antibiotics such as amikacin, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, and
chloramphenicol are the preferred drug of choice with respect to cost,
side effects and many other factors in K. pneumoniae associated
infections [29]. Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on K.
pneumoniae showed improved sensitivity pattern of chloramphenicol
and simultaneously decreased the MIC value as compared to the
control. β-lactamases are enzymes that inactivates the β-lactam
containing antibiotic which is present in almost all Gram-negative
bacilli such as E. coli and Klebsiella spp. [30]. Biofield treatment might
alter the production of these enzymes which may result in the
improved sensitivity ofantimicrobials.
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5. Random Amplifted Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)analysis
RAPD has been used as a genotyping tool to that is being used to
correlate the genetic similarity or mutations between species of K.
pneumoniae [32]. DNA fingerprinting analysis of the control and
treated K. pneumoniae was identified on the basis of their different and
discriminative RAPD patterns. The simplicity and wide applicability of
RAPD analysis mainly depend on the use of short nucleotide primers,
which were unrelated to known DNA sequences of the target organism
[21]. DNA polymorphism can be efficiently detected using the PCR
primers and identify the inter-strain variations among species in the
treated samples. The degree of relatedness and genetic mapping can be
correlated between similar or different treated sample species [33].
In this experiment, DNA fingerprinting of control and treated
samples using RAPD are shown inFigure 1.
Figure 1: Random amplified polymorphic-DNA fragment patterns
of K. pneumoniae generated using five RAPD primers, RBA 5A,
RBA 10A, RBA 15A, RBA 21A and RBA 22A. 1: Control; 2: Treated
A; 3: Treated A-1; 4: Treated B; 5: Treated B-1; M: 100 bp DNA
Ladder.
The polymorphic bands are marked by arrows in the gel image. The
RAPD patterns of treated samples showed some unique, dissimilar,
common, and polymorphic patterns. DNA polymorphism among the
different treated samples compared with the control were analyzed and
presented in Table4.
S. No. Primer
Nucleotide sequence
(5’-3’)
Total no. of
polymorphic bands
Common bands in
control andtreated
Unique band
Control TSA TSA-1 TSB TSB-1
1 RBA5A GTTTCGCTCC 18 11 1 2 1 1 2
2 RBA10A GTGGATCCGA 15 5 3 1 0 0 0
3 RBA15A GCGATCCCCA 12 8 1 1 0 0 0
4 RBA21A CCGCAGCCAA 15 13 0 0 0 0 0
5 RBA22A AAGAGCCCGT 14 5 1 1 0 2 0
Table 4: DNA polymorphism of K. pneumoniae analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, TSA: treated sample A; TSA-
1: treated sample A-1; TSB:treated sample B;TSB-1: treated sampleB-1.
The level of polymorphism between control and treated samples (A,
A1, B,and B1) are summarized in Table5.
Primer C and TSA C and TSA-1 C and TSB C and TSB-1 TSA and TSA-1 TSB and TSB-1 TSA and TSB TSA-1 and TSB-1
RBA5A 18% 12% 12% 18% 18% 18% 6% 6%
RBA10A 30% 15% 15% 23% 10% 0% 15% 8%
RBA15A 18% 27% 27% 9% 11% 0% 9% 15%
RBA21A 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6%
RBA22A 13% 6% 20% 6% 10% 20% 5% 0%
Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular
Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Health Med Inform 6: 206. doi:10.4172/2157-7420.1000206
Page 5 of7
Organism identiftcation by biotypenumber
Based on the biochemical results, alteration in biotype number was
also observed in the biofield treated K. pneumoniae as compared to the
control. The control group showed biotype number as 7774 4274, while
after treatment altered biotype number was reported as 7774 4272.
However, no change in organism was reported after biofield treatment
with respect to the control. Our research group recently reported the
significant alterations in biochemical reactions followed by the change
in biotype number that was also supported with published data
[19,20]. Biofield treatment might alter some enzymatic reactions in K.
pneumoniae, which resulted in alterations in characteristic
biochemical reactions and biotypenumber.
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6. Averagepolymorphism 15% 13% 14% 11% 9% 7% 7% 7%
Table 5: Level of polymorphism between control and treated K. pneumoniae samples. C: Control; TSA: treated sample A; TSA-1: treated sample
A-1; TSB:treated sample B;TSB-1: treated sample B-1.
Conclusion
In summary, it can be concluded that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy
treatment on K. pneumoniae has improved the antimicrobial
sensitivity and decreased the MIC value by two folds in case
ampicillin/sulbactam and chloramphenicol. Cephalothin showed
altered antibiogram after biofield treatment as compared to the
control. The biochemical study results showed the alteration of
biochemical reactions of cephalothin, colistin, and nitrate, followed by
change in the biotype number (7774 4272) after biofield treatment as
compared to the control biotype (7774 4274). Using RAPD markers,
the biofield treated samples were characterized and showed
interspecific polymorphic relationship with K. pneumoniae after
biofield treatment. Overall, it seems that Mr. Trivedi’s unique biofield
energy treatment on pathogenic microbes might be used as an
alternate approach to alter the antimicrobialsensitivity.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by Trivedi Science™, Trivedi Master
Wellness™ and Trivedi Testimonials. Authors acknowledge the
generosity and cooperation of all participating members from PD
Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab for
conduction antimicrobial studies. Authors are thankful to Bangalore
Genei Private Limited, for conducting RAPDanalysis.
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The level of polymorphism was found in an average range of 11 to
15% in the treated samples as compared to control after the biofield
treatment. The highest change in DNA sequence was observed in
treated samples with RBA 10A primer as compared to control; whereas
no change was found in treated sample with RBA 21A primer as
compared to control. Thus, results indicates that treatment samples has
genetic variability among organism. RAPD also explains the relevant
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detected genetic polymorphism throughout the genome[34].
Biofield energy as the complementary medicine is well documented
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Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Health Med Inform 6: 206. doi:10.4172/2157-7420.1000206
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Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular
Typing of Biofield Treated Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Health Med Inform 6: 206. doi:10.4172/2157-7420.1000206
Page 7 of7
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