Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) is a Gram-negative microbe generally associated with community and hospitalacquired infections. Due to its clinical significance, we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165).
The environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistanceSIANI
This document summarizes the role of the environment in the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. It discusses how the environment serves as a transmission route for resistant bacteria and antibiotics select for resistance in various environmental settings like wastewater treatment plants and areas with high antibiotic production. The global scale of transmission is highlighted, with resistance genes being shared between continents through human travel and transport. Improved transparency in the drug production process is suggested to help address the issue of environmental antibiotic pollution.
Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial ResistancePranab Chatterjee
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and the role of the environment in the transmission of resistant bacteria. It begins with an overview of antibiotic resistance and how easy it is to make bacteria resistant to penicillin in the laboratory. It then discusses how improper use of antibiotics can educate bacteria to become resistant and infect others. The document notes that any antibiotic use can lead to resistance and discusses some evolutionary advantages bacteria have over humans in developing drug resistance. It also presents a hypothetical case study of a MRSA outbreak in high school students and how one would investigate such an outbreak. Finally, it discusses major drivers of antibiotic resistance in the environment, including biocides, metals, and antibiotics themselves, as well as pathways by which resistance can spread environmentally through
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165). The study was performed into three groups i.e. C (control), T1 (treatment, revived), and T2 (treatment, lyophilized). Subsequently, groups T1 and T2 were received biofield treatment and control group was remained as untreated. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/43/ for details.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance genes found in natural environments. It begins by reviewing the early discoveries of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. It then discusses how antibiotic resistance genes are often found in environmental bacteria and can spread between species through horizontal gene transfer, especially on mobile genetic elements like plasmids. The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture, aquaculture and livestock has contributed to the increased presence of these genes in natural ecosystems. Understanding the distribution and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in nature is important for evaluating antibiotic usage and policies.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotypi...albertdivis
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.
Fernando Vaquero-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrici...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusdeeptimishra10
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. aureus after biofiel d treatment. In this study, overall 37.93% biochemical reactions were altered in tested twenty nine biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment.
The environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistanceSIANI
This document summarizes the role of the environment in the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. It discusses how the environment serves as a transmission route for resistant bacteria and antibiotics select for resistance in various environmental settings like wastewater treatment plants and areas with high antibiotic production. The global scale of transmission is highlighted, with resistance genes being shared between continents through human travel and transport. Improved transparency in the drug production process is suggested to help address the issue of environmental antibiotic pollution.
Environmental Transmission of Antimicrobial ResistancePranab Chatterjee
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and the role of the environment in the transmission of resistant bacteria. It begins with an overview of antibiotic resistance and how easy it is to make bacteria resistant to penicillin in the laboratory. It then discusses how improper use of antibiotics can educate bacteria to become resistant and infect others. The document notes that any antibiotic use can lead to resistance and discusses some evolutionary advantages bacteria have over humans in developing drug resistance. It also presents a hypothetical case study of a MRSA outbreak in high school students and how one would investigate such an outbreak. Finally, it discusses major drivers of antibiotic resistance in the environment, including biocides, metals, and antibiotics themselves, as well as pathways by which resistance can spread environmentally through
Research by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi - Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization...Abby Keif
Research on Trivedi Effect - we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165). The study was performed into three groups i.e. C (control), T1 (treatment, revived), and T2 (treatment, lyophilized). Subsequently, groups T1 and T2 were received biofield treatment and control group was remained as untreated. Visit http://works.bepress.com/mahendra_trivedi/43/ for details.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance genes found in natural environments. It begins by reviewing the early discoveries of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. It then discusses how antibiotic resistance genes are often found in environmental bacteria and can spread between species through horizontal gene transfer, especially on mobile genetic elements like plasmids. The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture, aquaculture and livestock has contributed to the increased presence of these genes in natural ecosystems. Understanding the distribution and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in nature is important for evaluating antibiotic usage and policies.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotypi...albertdivis
The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.
Fernando Vaquero-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nutrici...Fundación Ramón Areces
El 29 de marzo de 2016 celebramos un Simposio Internacional sobre el 'Impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, nutrición y biotecnología'. Organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina y BioEuroLatina, abordó cómo un mejor conocimiento del genoma humano está permitiendo notables avances hacia una medicina de precisión.
Biochemical Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureusdeeptimishra10
The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. aureus after biofiel d treatment. In this study, overall 37.93% biochemical reactions were altered in tested twenty nine biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment.
Metagenomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Dairy Cow Feces follow...Partha Ray
This study examined the effects of administering the antibiotic ceftiofur to dairy cows on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in their fecal microbiome using metagenomic analysis. The researchers found that β-lactam ARGs, which provide resistance to cephalosporins like ceftiofur, were more abundant in the feces of cows treated with ceftiofur compared to untreated cows. However, the total number of ARGs was not significantly different between the groups likely due to the dominance of unaffected tetracycline ARGs. Functional analysis showed ceftiofur treatment enriched genes associated with horizontal transfer of ARGs and caused taxonomic shifts in the fecal microbiome. The
1) Castanea sativa (European chestnut) leaf extracts containing ursene and oleanene derivatives were found to block Staphylococcus aureus virulence and pathogenesis without inducing resistance.
2) The extracts inhibited all four S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles which control virulence factor production, in a concentration-dependent manner without impacting bacterial growth.
3) In vivo testing in a mouse skin infection model showed the extracts attenuated dermatopathology caused by MRSA when administered as a single dose, demonstrating potential as a non-antibiotic therapy.
Alan Lesniewicz Memorial Lecture at UIC - July 2015Cassandra Quave
This is the keynote lecture given at the University of Illinois at Chicago Garden Walk event in the department of Pharmacognosy. The objectives of the talk were:
·Discuss the role of medical ethnobotany in drug discovery efforts
·Explore state-of-the-art research techniques that examine the activity of botanical natural products with next generation antibiotic discovery efforts focused on “alternative targets”, such as bacterial communication systems
·Provide examples of current research underway by her group both in the field (especially through fieldwork in the Mediterranean) and the lab (natural product research on multidrug resistant bacteria).
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for assessing the anti-infective potential ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation delivered at the 16th Annual Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Annual Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting from April 11-14, 2016 in Oxford, MS, USA.
Abstract:
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for Assessing the Anti-infective Potential of Natural Products in a Time of Rising Antibiotic Resistance
Quave CL1,2
1 Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 2 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the pool of viable anti-infective therapeutic options is becoming rapidly exhausted. New therapies are in high demand and natural products are a likely source of novel bioactive compounds to meet this need. In particular, botanical secondary metabolites represent a rich pool for antibiotic discovery efforts. Plants are often the primary ingredients used in traditional anti-infective therapies, and yet their activity and mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Much of the antibacterial research on botanical extracts and essential oils has focused on growth inhibitory studies using outdated methods limited in their ability to obtain an accurate assessment of bioactivity. The emergence of new molecular and bioanalytical tools for drug discovery provides a unique opportunity for application to natural products research.
Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model, tools for anti-infective testing of plant extracts will be reviewed, specifically focusing on the merits and limitations of each method. Examples include standardized methods for examining activity for the inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC, MBC), virulence (e.g., quorum sensing and toxin quantification) and pathogenesis (e.g., biofilms and antibiotic synergy). Data from our recent discoveries of novel biofilm [1] and quorum sensing [2,3] inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants (Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa and Schinus terebinthifolius) will be presented in the review of these tools.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of NCCIH or NIH.
References: [1] Quave CL, Estévez-Carmona M, et al. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7(1): e28737. [2] Quave CL, Lyles JT, et al. (2015) PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0136486. [3] Quave CL, Horswill AR (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 706.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance in bacteria that produce antibiotics. It notes that antibiotic producing bacteria have developed several mechanisms of self-resistance, including antibiotic modification, efflux, sequestration, and target modification. Environmental bacteria represent an ancient reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, and both antibiotic producing and non-producing environmental bacteria can disseminate resistance genes, though recent transfers to clinical pathogens primarily involve non-producers. The document examines evidence for exchanges between producers and pathogens as well as the role of different reservoirs in disseminating antibiotic resistance.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against bacteria. Key findings:
- Crude culture filtrate of S. ostrea showed the highest inhibitory activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on zone of inhibition tests, with the strongest effect against Bacillus subtilis. Methanol extract also inhibited bacterial growth but to a lesser degree.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of both crude extract and methanol extract was 20μl for B. subtilis and 30μl for other tested bacteria.
- Results indicate S. ostrea contains metabolites with potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties that
One of the most pressing global health issues is the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to the uncontrolled increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to higher levels of infectious diseases.
Plasmids have found important applications in biotechnology especially in recombinant DNA technology. However, most antibiotic resistant genes are transferred from one organism to the other through horizontal transfer of gene via this vehicle.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...wilhelm mendel
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been reported as the versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with the hospital infections worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on multidrug resistant clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. aerogenes. The MDR isolates of E. aerogenes (i.e., LS 45 and LS 54) were divided into two groups, i.e., control and treated. Samples were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system, on day 10 after the biofield treatment. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed 14.28% alteration out of twenty eight tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The cefotetan sensitivity changed from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamase (IB), while piperacillin/tazobactam changed from resistant to IB in the treated LS 45. Improved sensitivity was reported in tetracycline, i.e., from I to susceptible (S) in LS 45, while chloramphenicol and tetracycline sensitivity changed from R to I in treated LS 54. Four-fold decrease in MIC value was reported in piperacillin/tazobactam, and two-fold decrease in cefotetan and tetracycline in the biofield treated LS 45 as compared to the control. MIC results showed an overall decreased MIC values in 12.50% tested antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol (16 μg/mL) and tetracycline (8 μg/mL) in LS 54. The biochemical study showed an overall 45.45% negative reaction in the tested biochemical in both the treated isolates as compared to the control. A change in biotype number was reported in MDR isolates (LS 45 and LS 54), while in LS 54, altered biotype number, i.e., 0406 0374 as compared to the control (7770 4376), with identification of the new species as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with brown color as special characteristic. The study findings suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on clinical MDR isolates of E. aerogenes has the significant effect on altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, decreasing the MIC values, changed biochemical reactions, and biotype number.
1) The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
2) Crude culture filtrate showed higher inhibitory activity compared to methanol extract, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones. The crude filtrate was most effective against Bacillus subtilis and least effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae.
3) The minimal inhibitory concentration of both crude and methanol extracts was 20 μl for Bacillus subtilis and 30 μl for the other bacteria tested, indicating Stereum ostrea was most potent against Bacillus subtilis.
Biological application of new organic derivatives on bacterial growthAlexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial effects of new organic derivative complexes containing either nickel (Ni2+) or cobalt (Co2+). The complexes contained 2-2'-(1,4-phenylene bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))diacetic acid ligands. The cobalt complex showed inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria, while the nickel complex showed no effects except against one bacteria. The cobalt complex was most effective against E. coli and inhibited the growth of other bacteria at higher concentrations, suggesting it has potential as an antibacterial agent.
This document summarizes a study investigating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes between gut bacteria under conditions mimicking the human gut. Through conjugation experiments, E. coli gained chloramphenicol resistance after co-culture with B. uniformis or E. fergusonii. A transformation experiment found that A. baylyi gained chloramphenicol resistance after exposure to Bacteroidetes DNA. The results suggest HGT of antibiotic resistance genes can readily occur between gut bacteria, and that chloramphenicol resistance genes may spread most easily. Further experiments are needed to confirm the transferred genes and understand factors influencing HGT frequency in the gut.
1) A study investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 65 burn victims admitted to a hospital in Iraq over 2 months.
2) PCR and phenotypic assays found that the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates were able to form alginate biofilm and had high antibiotic multi-drug resistance.
3) Specifically, 82% of isolates were found to be positive for alginate biofilm formation by PCR and 91% by a phenotypic assay, and the isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.4.
Antibiotics and its importance. Antimicrobials are substances naturals or synthetics that attack infections. In this PPT we are going to talk about antibiotics and introducing to antibiotic resistance.
Mitochondrial Complex 1is Important for Plant Tolerance to Fungal Biotic StressSryahwa Publications
Environmental constraints, such as biotic stress, are detrimental for plant productivity, survival and reproduction. Although plants have evolved metabolic mechanisms to tolerate environmental challenges, our knowledge on the importance of mitochondrial metabolism in biotic stress responses is still fragmentary. This study examined the effects of mutations in mitochondrial complex I (CI) and determined major stress-responsive metabolites associated with decreased tolerance to fungal infection.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a topic that is causing increasing concern in the health community. Antibiotics are a necessary drug to help protect and heal us from pathogenic infections that our immune system is unable to successfully combat on its own. However, bacteria are very adept at utilizing evolutionary processes to develop antibiotic resistance in order to promote their own survival, reproduction and persistence. The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria is occurring at an alarming rate. Researchers are investigating the mechanisms that confer resistance on bacteria. With techniques for genomic sequencing now readily available, understanding of genetic mechanisms of resistance and evolution as a whole has been advancing rapidly. Researchers have found that bacteria are very adept at gene mutation and horizontal gene transfer. New insights regarding pleiotrophy and epistasis have been provided through these techniques. A possible result of this research will be the discovery of new antibiotic therapies. However, as the research is demonstrating, even if we develop new antibiotics, bacteria will develop resistance to them. Thus, important considerations to be taken from the research include finding ways to slow the development of resistance as we will most likely never be able to stop it entirely.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and a new antibiotic called teixobactin. It summarizes that teixobactin is produced by Eleftheria terrae bacteria and has a novel mechanism of action that may be able to evade antibiotic resistance. The document outlines the objectives and methods used to study teixobactin, including cultivating the producing strain, determining its genetic sequence, describing its antimicrobial mechanism and testing its efficacy against resistant bacteria. It concludes that new technologies like iChip will enable discovery of new microbes and antibiotics, teixobactin promises to save lives by being effective against resistant bacteria, and collaborations are needed to address the threat of antibiotic resistance.
Host-pathogen Interactions, Molecular Basis and Host Defense: Pathogen Detect...QIAGEN
Host–pathogen interactions are strikingly complex during infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the molecular basis of these intricate interactions: the impact of microbiota on innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and insulin resistance and host defense mechanisms. Various research tools will be introduced to simplify and streamline each step of studying the host response, enabling detection of pathogens, analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Atlanta Botanical Garden Science Cafe: Medicines from Nature - 2014Cassandra Quave
This document provides an overview of Dr. Cassandra Quave's work in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. It discusses her early adventures studying medicinal plants used by indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest and Southern Italy. It then describes her ethnobotanical research methods which include interviews, plant collection and extraction. Several case studies are presented on plants from Southern Italy and Albania that were found to have anti-biofilm and antimicrobial properties. The document emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of ethnobotany and the importance of collaboration in furthering the field's contributions to drug discovery and local health.
An Effect of Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant B. cepacia. Clinicalsample of B. cepacia was divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control. The following parameters viz. susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical studies and biotype number of both control and treated samples were measured by MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The results showed an overall change of 37.5% in susceptibility pattern and 39.4% in biochemical study while 33.3% changes in MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment. Further, the treated group of S. maltophilia has also shown a significant change in biochemical reactions followed by its biotype number as compared to control group. Biochemical reactions of treated group showed negative reaction to acetamide and positive reactions to colistin, glucose, adonitol, melibiose, arabinose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, and Voges-Proskauer as compared with control. The biofield treatment showed an alteration in MIC values of amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotetan, ticarcillin/K-clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Altogether, data suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials and biotype number against multidrug resistant strain of S. maltophilia.
Metagenomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Dairy Cow Feces follow...Partha Ray
This study examined the effects of administering the antibiotic ceftiofur to dairy cows on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in their fecal microbiome using metagenomic analysis. The researchers found that β-lactam ARGs, which provide resistance to cephalosporins like ceftiofur, were more abundant in the feces of cows treated with ceftiofur compared to untreated cows. However, the total number of ARGs was not significantly different between the groups likely due to the dominance of unaffected tetracycline ARGs. Functional analysis showed ceftiofur treatment enriched genes associated with horizontal transfer of ARGs and caused taxonomic shifts in the fecal microbiome. The
1) Castanea sativa (European chestnut) leaf extracts containing ursene and oleanene derivatives were found to block Staphylococcus aureus virulence and pathogenesis without inducing resistance.
2) The extracts inhibited all four S. aureus accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles which control virulence factor production, in a concentration-dependent manner without impacting bacterial growth.
3) In vivo testing in a mouse skin infection model showed the extracts attenuated dermatopathology caused by MRSA when administered as a single dose, demonstrating potential as a non-antibiotic therapy.
Alan Lesniewicz Memorial Lecture at UIC - July 2015Cassandra Quave
This is the keynote lecture given at the University of Illinois at Chicago Garden Walk event in the department of Pharmacognosy. The objectives of the talk were:
·Discuss the role of medical ethnobotany in drug discovery efforts
·Explore state-of-the-art research techniques that examine the activity of botanical natural products with next generation antibiotic discovery efforts focused on “alternative targets”, such as bacterial communication systems
·Provide examples of current research underway by her group both in the field (especially through fieldwork in the Mediterranean) and the lab (natural product research on multidrug resistant bacteria).
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for assessing the anti-infective potential ...Cassandra Quave
This is a presentation delivered at the 16th Annual Conference on the Science of Botanicals and 5th Annual Interim American Society of Pharmacognosy Meeting from April 11-14, 2016 in Oxford, MS, USA.
Abstract:
Answering the Call to Arms: Tools for Assessing the Anti-infective Potential of Natural Products in a Time of Rising Antibiotic Resistance
Quave CL1,2
1 Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 550 Asbury Circle, Candler Library 107, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. 2 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, the pool of viable anti-infective therapeutic options is becoming rapidly exhausted. New therapies are in high demand and natural products are a likely source of novel bioactive compounds to meet this need. In particular, botanical secondary metabolites represent a rich pool for antibiotic discovery efforts. Plants are often the primary ingredients used in traditional anti-infective therapies, and yet their activity and mechanisms of action are often poorly understood. Much of the antibacterial research on botanical extracts and essential oils has focused on growth inhibitory studies using outdated methods limited in their ability to obtain an accurate assessment of bioactivity. The emergence of new molecular and bioanalytical tools for drug discovery provides a unique opportunity for application to natural products research.
Using Staphylococcus aureus as a model, tools for anti-infective testing of plant extracts will be reviewed, specifically focusing on the merits and limitations of each method. Examples include standardized methods for examining activity for the inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC, MBC), virulence (e.g., quorum sensing and toxin quantification) and pathogenesis (e.g., biofilms and antibiotic synergy). Data from our recent discoveries of novel biofilm [1] and quorum sensing [2,3] inhibitors isolated from medicinal plants (Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa and Schinus terebinthifolius) will be presented in the review of these tools.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01 AT007052). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of NCCIH or NIH.
References: [1] Quave CL, Estévez-Carmona M, et al. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7(1): e28737. [2] Quave CL, Lyles JT, et al. (2015) PLoS ONE, 10(8): e0136486. [3] Quave CL, Horswill AR (2014) Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 706.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance in bacteria that produce antibiotics. It notes that antibiotic producing bacteria have developed several mechanisms of self-resistance, including antibiotic modification, efflux, sequestration, and target modification. Environmental bacteria represent an ancient reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, and both antibiotic producing and non-producing environmental bacteria can disseminate resistance genes, though recent transfers to clinical pathogens primarily involve non-producers. The document examines evidence for exchanges between producers and pathogens as well as the role of different reservoirs in disseminating antibiotic resistance.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against bacteria. Key findings:
- Crude culture filtrate of S. ostrea showed the highest inhibitory activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on zone of inhibition tests, with the strongest effect against Bacillus subtilis. Methanol extract also inhibited bacterial growth but to a lesser degree.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of both crude extract and methanol extract was 20μl for B. subtilis and 30μl for other tested bacteria.
- Results indicate S. ostrea contains metabolites with potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties that
One of the most pressing global health issues is the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to the uncontrolled increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to higher levels of infectious diseases.
Plasmids have found important applications in biotechnology especially in recombinant DNA technology. However, most antibiotic resistant genes are transferred from one organism to the other through horizontal transfer of gene via this vehicle.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...wilhelm mendel
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been reported as the versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with the hospital infections worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on multidrug resistant clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. aerogenes. The MDR isolates of E. aerogenes (i.e., LS 45 and LS 54) were divided into two groups, i.e., control and treated. Samples were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system, on day 10 after the biofield treatment. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed 14.28% alteration out of twenty eight tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The cefotetan sensitivity changed from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamase (IB), while piperacillin/tazobactam changed from resistant to IB in the treated LS 45. Improved sensitivity was reported in tetracycline, i.e., from I to susceptible (S) in LS 45, while chloramphenicol and tetracycline sensitivity changed from R to I in treated LS 54. Four-fold decrease in MIC value was reported in piperacillin/tazobactam, and two-fold decrease in cefotetan and tetracycline in the biofield treated LS 45 as compared to the control. MIC results showed an overall decreased MIC values in 12.50% tested antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol (16 μg/mL) and tetracycline (8 μg/mL) in LS 54. The biochemical study showed an overall 45.45% negative reaction in the tested biochemical in both the treated isolates as compared to the control. A change in biotype number was reported in MDR isolates (LS 45 and LS 54), while in LS 54, altered biotype number, i.e., 0406 0374 as compared to the control (7770 4376), with identification of the new species as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with brown color as special characteristic. The study findings suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on clinical MDR isolates of E. aerogenes has the significant effect on altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, decreasing the MIC values, changed biochemical reactions, and biotype number.
1) The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
2) Crude culture filtrate showed higher inhibitory activity compared to methanol extract, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones. The crude filtrate was most effective against Bacillus subtilis and least effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae.
3) The minimal inhibitory concentration of both crude and methanol extracts was 20 μl for Bacillus subtilis and 30 μl for the other bacteria tested, indicating Stereum ostrea was most potent against Bacillus subtilis.
Biological application of new organic derivatives on bacterial growthAlexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial effects of new organic derivative complexes containing either nickel (Ni2+) or cobalt (Co2+). The complexes contained 2-2'-(1,4-phenylene bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene))diacetic acid ligands. The cobalt complex showed inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria, while the nickel complex showed no effects except against one bacteria. The cobalt complex was most effective against E. coli and inhibited the growth of other bacteria at higher concentrations, suggesting it has potential as an antibacterial agent.
This document summarizes a study investigating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes between gut bacteria under conditions mimicking the human gut. Through conjugation experiments, E. coli gained chloramphenicol resistance after co-culture with B. uniformis or E. fergusonii. A transformation experiment found that A. baylyi gained chloramphenicol resistance after exposure to Bacteroidetes DNA. The results suggest HGT of antibiotic resistance genes can readily occur between gut bacteria, and that chloramphenicol resistance genes may spread most easily. Further experiments are needed to confirm the transferred genes and understand factors influencing HGT frequency in the gut.
1) A study investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 65 burn victims admitted to a hospital in Iraq over 2 months.
2) PCR and phenotypic assays found that the majority of P. aeruginosa isolates were able to form alginate biofilm and had high antibiotic multi-drug resistance.
3) Specifically, 82% of isolates were found to be positive for alginate biofilm formation by PCR and 91% by a phenotypic assay, and the isolates showed resistance to many antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.4.
Antibiotics and its importance. Antimicrobials are substances naturals or synthetics that attack infections. In this PPT we are going to talk about antibiotics and introducing to antibiotic resistance.
Mitochondrial Complex 1is Important for Plant Tolerance to Fungal Biotic StressSryahwa Publications
Environmental constraints, such as biotic stress, are detrimental for plant productivity, survival and reproduction. Although plants have evolved metabolic mechanisms to tolerate environmental challenges, our knowledge on the importance of mitochondrial metabolism in biotic stress responses is still fragmentary. This study examined the effects of mutations in mitochondrial complex I (CI) and determined major stress-responsive metabolites associated with decreased tolerance to fungal infection.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a topic that is causing increasing concern in the health community. Antibiotics are a necessary drug to help protect and heal us from pathogenic infections that our immune system is unable to successfully combat on its own. However, bacteria are very adept at utilizing evolutionary processes to develop antibiotic resistance in order to promote their own survival, reproduction and persistence. The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria is occurring at an alarming rate. Researchers are investigating the mechanisms that confer resistance on bacteria. With techniques for genomic sequencing now readily available, understanding of genetic mechanisms of resistance and evolution as a whole has been advancing rapidly. Researchers have found that bacteria are very adept at gene mutation and horizontal gene transfer. New insights regarding pleiotrophy and epistasis have been provided through these techniques. A possible result of this research will be the discovery of new antibiotic therapies. However, as the research is demonstrating, even if we develop new antibiotics, bacteria will develop resistance to them. Thus, important considerations to be taken from the research include finding ways to slow the development of resistance as we will most likely never be able to stop it entirely.
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Host-pathogen Interactions, Molecular Basis and Host Defense: Pathogen Detect...QIAGEN
Host–pathogen interactions are strikingly complex during infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the molecular basis of these intricate interactions: the impact of microbiota on innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and insulin resistance and host defense mechanisms. Various research tools will be introduced to simplify and streamline each step of studying the host response, enabling detection of pathogens, analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Atlanta Botanical Garden Science Cafe: Medicines from Nature - 2014Cassandra Quave
This document provides an overview of Dr. Cassandra Quave's work in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. It discusses her early adventures studying medicinal plants used by indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest and Southern Italy. It then describes her ethnobotanical research methods which include interviews, plant collection and extraction. Several case studies are presented on plants from Southern Italy and Albania that were found to have anti-biofilm and antimicrobial properties. The document emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of ethnobotany and the importance of collaboration in furthering the field's contributions to drug discovery and local health.
An Effect of Biofield Treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: ...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant B. cepacia. Clinicalsample of B. cepacia was divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is a Gram-negative bacillus, an opportunistic pathogen, particularly among nosocomial infections. Multi-drug resistant strains are associated with very high rate of morbidity and mortality in severely immunocompromised patients. Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control. The following parameters viz. susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical studies and biotype number of both control and treated samples were measured by MicroScan Walk-Away® system. The results showed an overall change of 37.5% in susceptibility pattern and 39.4% in biochemical study while 33.3% changes in MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment. Further, the treated group of S. maltophilia has also shown a significant change in biochemical reactions followed by its biotype number as compared to control group. Biochemical reactions of treated group showed negative reaction to acetamide and positive reactions to colistin, glucose, adonitol, melibiose, arabinose, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, and Voges-Proskauer as compared with control. The biofield treatment showed an alteration in MIC values of amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotetan, ticarcillin/K-clavulanate, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Altogether, data suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials and biotype number against multidrug resistant strain of S. maltophilia.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...albertdivis
The document discusses an evaluation of the effects of biofield treatment on the susceptibility pattern of multidrug resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The key findings of the study are:
1) Biofield treatment led to changes in the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and minimum inhibitory concentration values of several antimicrobials against S. maltophilia.
2) 37.5% of the tested antimicrobials showed changes in susceptibility patterns and 33.3% showed changes in MIC values after biofield treatment.
3) Biofield treatment also resulted in 39.4% changes in biochemical reactions of S. maltophilia and changed its biotype number leading to identification as Enterobacter aerogenes rather
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Susceptibility Pattern of Multidrug Re...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment against multidrug resistant S. maltophilia. Clinical sample of S. maltophilia was collected and divided into two groups i.e. control and biofield treated which were analyzed after 10 days with respect to control.
An Impact of Biofield Treatment: Antimycobacterial Susceptibility Potential U...albertdivis
The aim was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment modality on mycobacterial strains in relation to antimycobacterials susceptibility. Mycobacterial sensitivity was analysed using 12 B BACTEC vials on the BACTEC 460 TB machine in 39 lab isolates (sputum samples) from stored stock cultures.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Typi...wilhelm mendel
Pathogenic isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), particularly the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains, are mostly associated with the failure of antibiotic therapy in nosocomial infections. The present work was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of K. pneumoniae. The strain of K. pneumoniae bearing ATCC 15380 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from the Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment and analyzed for the antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, and biotyping using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system. Further, the effect of biofield treatment was also evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in order to determine their epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics of biofield treated K. pneumoniae samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed an improve sensitivity (i.e. from intermediate to susceptible) of ampicillin/sulbactam and chloramphenicol, while altered sensitivity of cephalothin (i.e. from susceptible to intermediate) was also reported as compared to the control sample. The MIC value showed two-fold decrease in MIC value of ampicillin/sulbactam (i.e. 16/8 to ≤8/4 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (i.e. 16 to ≤ 8 μg/mL) as compared to the control. The cephalothin showed two-folds change (i.e. ≤ 8 to 16 μg/mL) in the MIC value as compared with the control. Biofield treatment showed 9.09% alterations in biochemical reactions followed by a change in biotype number (7774 4272) in the treated group with respect to the control (7774 4274). Genetic fingerprinting was performed on control and treated samples using RAPD-PCR biomarkers, which showed an average range of 11 to 15% of polymorphism among the treated samples with respect to the control. These results suggested that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has a significant impact on K. pneumoniae.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Typi...rachelsalk
Pathogenic isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), particularly the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains, are mostly associated with the failure of antibiotic therapy in nosocomial infections. The present work was designed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of K. pneumoniae. The strain of K. pneumoniae bearing ATCC 15380 (American Type Culture Collection) was procured from the Bangalore Genei, in sealed pack and divided into control and treated groups. Treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment and analyzed for the antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions, and biotyping using automated MicroScan Walk-Away® system. Further, the effect of biofield treatment was also evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in order to determine their epidemiological relatedness and genetic characteristics of biofield treated K. pneumoniae samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed an improve sensitivity (i.e. from intermediate to susceptible) of ampicillin/sulbactam and chloramphenicol, while altered sensitivity of cephalothin (i.e. from susceptible to intermediate) was also reported as compared to the control sample. The MIC value showed two-fold decrease in MIC value of ampicillin/sulbactam (i.e. 16/8 to ≤8/4 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (i.e. 16 to ≤ 8 μg/mL) as compared to the control. The cephalothin showed two-folds change (i.e. ≤ 8 to 16 μg/mL) in the MIC value as compared with the control. Biofield treatment showed 9.09% alterations in biochemical reactions followed by a change in biotype number (7774 4272) in the treated group with respect to the control (7774 4274). Genetic fingerprinting was performed on control and treated samples using RAPD-PCR biomarkers, which showed an average range of 11 to 15% of polymorphism among the treated samples with respect to the control. These results suggested that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment has a significant impact on K. pneumoniae.
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Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...rachelsalk
This document summarizes a study on the effects of biofield energy treatment on multidrug-resistant isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes. Two multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of E. aerogenes were divided into control and treated groups. The treated groups were subjected to biofield energy treatment by Mr. Trivedi. Antimicrobial susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration values, biochemical reactions, and biotype numbers were analyzed and compared between control and treated groups. The results showed alterations in antimicrobial susceptibility for 14.28% of antibiotics tested, decreases in MIC values for 12.5% of antibiotics, and overall 45.45% negative biochemical reactions in treated isolates compared to controls. A change in biotype number was also reported for one
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ADEREMI ALICE ADEPEJU (M. Tuberculosis and antibiotics resistance)-1.pptxSaheedAbdulbasit
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This document presents a research proposal to determine the molecular genetic basis of isoniazid and rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from clinical samples in Dutsin-Ma, Nigeria. The study aims to identify resistance genes in M. tuberculosis isolates and their association with first and second-line drug resistance through DNA sequencing. Approximately 113 sputum samples will be collected and analyzed using staining, culturing, drug susceptibility testing, DNA extraction, PCR, and electrophoresis. Ethical approval will be obtained and data analyzed to understand patterns of drug resistance in the region.
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As biofield therapy is increasingly popular in biomedical heath care, so present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of R. ornithinolytica.
Biofield Treatment: An Alternative Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Sus...albertdivis
As biofield therapy is increasingly popular in biomedical heath care, so present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of R. ornithinolytica.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: An Impact...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment for spectroscopic characterization of chloramphenicol and tetracycline using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.Methods: The study was performed in two groups (control and treatment) of each antibiotic. The control groups remained as untreated, and biofield treatment was given to treatment groups.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline: An Impact...albertdivis
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This document summarizes research on using a "BCG prime - DNA boost" vaccination strategy for tuberculosis. Key points:
- Mice vaccinated with BCG followed by a boost with DNA encoding the M. tuberculosis antigen α-crystallin had significantly reduced lung and spleen bacterial loads compared to BCG alone after airborne infection.
- The boosted mice also had less severe lung, liver and spleen pathology and granulomas.
- Protection lasted for at least 16 weeks and was associated with an increased proportion of the cytokines IL-12 and decreased IL-10 in the lungs.
- The results suggest boosting BCG with α-crystallin DNA enhances and prolongs protection against tuberculosis
The document summarizes the mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It discusses the organism's innate impermeable cell wall and efflux pumps that help it withstand antibiotics. It also describes how mutations in specific genes can confer resistance to different drugs, such as mutations in rpoB conferring rifampin resistance, and katG or inhA mutations leading to isoniazid resistance. The slow metabolism of M. tuberculosis during dormancy also enhances its natural resistance by outlasting the effects of antibiotics. Understanding these molecular mechanisms of drug resistance is important for developing new drug targets to treat tuberculosis.
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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2. Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of
Biofield Treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:4 202-205. doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000204
Volume 7(4): 202-205 (2015) - 203
J Microb Biochem Technol
ISSN: 1948-5948 JMBT, an open access journal
Collection (ATCC) 43165] were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc.,
USA. These vials were stored as per the suggested storage conditions
till the further use. The antimicrobials susceptibility study, biochemical
reactions patterns, and biotype number were evaluated on MicroScan
Walk-Away®
(Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA) using Negative
Breakpoint Combo 30 (NBPC30) panel [19]. The antimicrobials and
biochemicals used in the study were procured from Sigma-Aldrich.
Study design
The lyophilized cells of K. oxytoca were divided into three groups:
C (control), T1 (treatment, revived) and T2 (treatment, lyophilized).
The treatment groups (T1 and T2) were in sealed pack and handed over
to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr.
Trivediprovidedthetreatmentthroughhisenergytransmissionprocess
to the treated groups without touching the samples. Subsequently,
groups C and T1 were assessed on day 5 and 10, and group T2 was
assessed on day 10, for the antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical
reactions, and biotype number.
Investigationofantimicrobialsusceptibilityofmicroorganism
TheantimicrobialsusceptibilitystudywascarriedoutonMicroScan
Walk-Away®
using negative breakpoint combo 30 (NBPC30) panel, as
per manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, the standardized suspension
of K. oxytoca were inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to
incubation for 16 h at 35°C. After that, the susceptibility pattern like
susceptible (S), intermediate (I) or resistant (R); and quantitative
susceptibility in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration
showing growth inhibition [20-22]. The antimicrobials used for the
sensitivity study were amikacin, amoxicillin/K-clavulanate, ampicillin/
sulbactam, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefazolin, cefepime, cefotaxime,
cefotetan, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cephalothin,
chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem,
levofloxacin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin,
piperacillin, tazobactam, tetracycline, ticarcillin/K- clavulanate,
tobramycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Study of biochemical reaction
The study of biochemical reactions was carried out on MicroScan
Walk-Away®
system [23]. The biochemicals used in present work
were acetamide, adonitol, arabinose, arginine, cetrimide, cephalothin,
citrate, colistin, esculin hydrolysis, nitrofurantoin, glucose, hydrogen
sulfide, indole, inositol, kanamycin, lysine, malonate, melibiose,
nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, galactosidase, ornithine, oxidase,
penicillin, raffinose, rhaminose, sorbitol, sucrose, tartarate, tryptophan
deaminase, tobramycin, urea and Voges-Proskauer.
Assessment of biotype number
Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number and organism
identification were determined using MicroScan Walk-Away®
processed panel data report [20]
Results
Antimicrobial susceptibility assay
The results of antimicrobial susceptibility study and MIC values
are summarized in Table 1 and 2, respectively. The results showed
about 3.33% and 6.67% alteration in antimicrobials susceptibility in
group T1 cells on day 5 and 10, respectively, and 3.33% alteration in
antimicrobials susceptibility was found in group T2 cells on day 10 as
compared to control. Concisely, the K. oxytoca was converted from
S → I against ampicillin/sulbactam in T2 cells on day 10; and R → I
and S against cefazolin in T1 cells on day 5 and 10, respectively. The
K. oxytoca showed an alteration from S → R against tetracycline in T1
cells on day 10. The MIC data suggested about 2-folds decrease in MIC
value of cefazolin, and more than 2-folds increase in MIC value of
tetracycline in T1 cells of K. oxytoca on day 10, as compared to control.
Furthermore, the susceptibility pattern of K. oxytoca to ampicillin/
sulbactam was also changed from S → I in T2 cell on day 10 with about
2-folds increase in MIC value as compared to control (Table 2).
Identification of K. oxytoca using biochemical reactions
pattern
The biochemical reactions data are shown in Table 3. K. oxytoca
exhibited an alteration in biochemical reactions about 3.03% and
15.15% of total tested biochemicals on day 5 and 10, respectively.
The colistin, nitrofurantoin, hydrogen sulfide, and ornithine were
converted from negative (–) to positive (+) reaction in group T1 on
day 10, and tartarate was converted from positive (+) to negative
(–) reaction in group T1 on both day 5 and 10. The results showed
no change in biochemical reactions patterns of group T2 cells, as
compared to control (Table 3).
Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number
S. No. Antimicrobial C
T1
T2 day 10
day 5 day 10
1 Amikacin S S S S
2 Amoxicillin/K-clavulanate S S S S
3 Ampicillin/Sulbactam S S S I
4 Ampicillin R R R R
5 Aztreonam S S S S
6 Cefazolin R I S R
7 Cefepime S S S S
8 Cefotaxime S S S S
9 Cefotetan S S S S
10 Cefoxitin S S S S
11 Ceftazidime S S S S
12 Ceftriaxone S S S S
13 Cefuroxime S S S S
14 Cephalothin S S S S
15 Chloramphenicol S S S S
16 Ciprofloxacin S S S S
17 Gatifloxacin S S S S
18 Gentamicin S S S S
19 Imipenem S S S S
20 Levofloxacin S S S S
21 Meropenem S S S S
22 Moxifloxacin S S S S
23 Nitrofurantoin R R R R
24 Norfloxacin S S S S
25 Piperacillin S S S S
26 Tazobactam S S S S
27 Tetracycline S S R S
28 Ticarcillin/K clavulanate S S S S
29 Tobramycin S S S S
30
Trimethoprim/
sulfamethoxazole
S S S S
C: Control group; T: Treatment group; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; R: Resistant
Table 1: Effect of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca to antimicrobial susceptibility.
3. Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of
Biofield Treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:4 202-205. doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000204
Volume 7(4): 202-205 (2015) - 204
J Microb Biochem Technol
ISSN: 1948-5948 JMBT, an open access journal
S. No. Antimicrobial C
T1
T2 day
10day 5 day 10
1 Amikacin ≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16
2
Amoxicillin/K-
clavulanate
≤8/4 ≤8/4 ≤8/4 ≤8/4
3 Ampicillin/Sulbactam ≤8/4 ≤8/4 ≤8/4 16/8
4 Ampicillin >16 >16 >16 >16
5 Aztreonam ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
6 Cefazolin >16 16 ≤8 >16
7 Cefepime ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
8 Cefotaxime ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
9 Cefotetan ≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16
10 Cefoxitin ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
11 Ceftazidime ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
12 Ceftriaxone ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
13 Cefuroxime ≤4 ≤4 ≤4 ≤4
14 Cephalothin ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
15 Chloramphenicol ≤8 ≤8 ≤8 ≤8
16 Ciprofloxacin ≤1 ≤1 ≤1 ≤1
17 Gatifloxacin ≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2
18 Gentamicin ≤4 ≤4 ≤4 ≤4
19 Imipenem ≤4 ≤4 ≤4 ≤4
20 Levofloxacin ≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2
21 Meropenem ≤4 ≤4 ≤4 ≤4
22 Moxifloxacin ≤2 ≤2 ≤2 ≤2
23 Nitrofurantoin ≤32 ≤32 >64 ≤32
24 Norfloxacin ≤4 ≤4 ≤4 ≤4
25 Piperacillin ≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16
26 Tazobactam ≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16
27 Tetracycline ≤4 ≤4 >8 ≤4
28
Ticarcillin/K
clavulanate
≤16 ≤16 ≤16 ≤16
29 Tobramycin ≤4 ≤4 ≤4 ≤4
30
Trimethoprim/
sulfamethoxazole
≤2/38 ≤2/38 ≤2/38 ≤2/38
C: Control group; T: Treatment group; MIC data is presented in µg/mL
Table 2: Effect of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca to minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of tested antimicrobial.
Biotype number of K. oxytoca was determined on MicroScan
Walk-Away®
processed panel, using biochemical reactions data. The
result demonstrated an alteration in biotype number of K. oxytoca in
group T1 on day 10, as compared to control. The change in the species
from K. oxytoca to Raoultella ornithinolytica (formerly known as
Klebsiella ornithinolytica) was also found in group T1 on day 10 (Table
4), which describes the most significant impact of biofield treatment
in this study.
Discussion
Antimicrobial resistance in several microbes has been increased
vigorously in recent time. Generally, microorganisms mutate and
finally become resistant to antibiotics. Unfortunately, due to improper
or misuse of antimicrobials the incidences of antimicrobial resistance
in microbes are observing in faster rate than expected [24]. As a result,
discovery of antimicrobial drug therapy is a slow and time-consuming
process. Recently, there are reports wherein, the susceptibility of
microbe was altered from resistance to susceptible or inversely using
the biofield treatment [17,18]. Therefore, present work investigates
the effect of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca, and evaluated its impact
on susceptibility and biochemical reactions pattern to the selected
antimicrobials and biochemicals.
Recently, K. oxytoca is acquiring resistant to some cephalosporins
and fluoroquinolones antifungal drugs. K. oxytoca have an inherent
enzyme β-lactamase that confers a low-level resistance to penicillins.
It also carries the efflux pump on the cell wall that causes reduced
intracellular concentrations of antimicrobials and induces phenotypic
resistance [4,5,25-27]. The sensitivity of K. oxytoca before and
after treatment was determined by comparing the MIC value of
antimicrobial to the attainable blood or urine level as per the Clinical
and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline. The results of
antifungal sensitivity study revealed the changes in antimicrobial
sensitivity and MIC values of few tested antimicrobials like ampicillin/
sulbactam, cefazolin, and tetracycline against K. oxytoca. Cefazolin is a
first-generation cephalosporin that was initially used for wide range of
microbial infections. In the present study, K. oxytoca showed resistance
to cefazolin in control sample; however, after biofield treatment, the
sensitivity was changed from resistant to intermediate and susceptible
on 5 and 10 day, respectively. It revealed that using biofield treatment K.
oxytoca infection can be effectively overcome by cefazolin. Contrarily,
the results also showed the alteration in the sensitivity of K. oxytoca
S. No. Code Biochemical C
T1 T2 day
10day 5 day 10
1 ACE Acetamide - - - -
2 ADO Adonitol + + + +
3 ARA Arabinose + + + +
4 ARG Arginine - - - -
5 CET Cetrimide - - - -
6 CF8 Cephalothin - - - -
7 CIT Citrate + + + +
8 CL4 Colistin - - + -
9 ESC Esculin hydrolysis + + + +
10 FD64 Nitrofurantoin - - + -
11 GLU Glucose + + + +
12 H2
S Hydrogen sulfide - - + -
13 IND Indole + + + +
14 INO Inositol + + + +
15 K4 Kanamycin - - - -
16 LYS Lysine + + + +
17 MAL Malonate + + + +
18 MEL Melibiose + + + +
19 NIT Nitrate + + + +
20 OF/G
Oxidation-
Fermentation
+ + + +
21 ONPG Galactosidase + + + +
22 ORN Ornithine - - + -
23 OXI Oxidase - - - -
24 P4 Penicillin + + + +
25 RAF Raffinose + + + +
26 RHA Rhaminose + + + +
27 SOR Sorbitol + + + +
28 SUC Sucrose + + + +
29 TAR Tartarate + - - +
30 TDA
Tryptophan
Deaminase
- - - -
31 TO4 Tobramycin - - - -
32 URE Urea + + + +
33 VP Voges-Proskauer + + + +
C: Control group; T: Treatment group; - : (negative); + : (positive)
Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca to biochemical reactions.
4. Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of
Biofield Treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:4 202-205. doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000204
Volume 7(4): 202-205 (2015) - 205
J Microb Biochem Technol
ISSN: 1948-5948 JMBT, an open access journal
from susceptible to intermediate or resistant to a few antimicrobials.
The MIC values of some antimicrobials were also altered accordingly
to changes in sensitivity patterns of K. oxytoca. Overall, the result of
present study indicated that biofield treatment has the ability to alter
the susceptibility of microbes in both direction either susceptible to
resistant or resistant to susceptible.
Biochemical methods employed to identify or classify the bacterial
species based on their biochemical reactions. Several biochemical
tests like indole production, ornithine decarboxylation, and carbon
substrate assimilation tests have been reported in literature for the
identification of K. oxytoca. It usually exhibited the positive reactions
to indole, malonate, urease, Voges-Proskauer; and negative reactions to
arginine, colistin, hydrogen sulfide, and ornithin [28]. Similar reactions
patterns were also observed in this study for control sample of K.
oxytoca. However, after biofield treatment some biochemical reactions
pattern were altered like ornithine, hydrogen sulfide, colistin etc. These
biochemical were changed from negative to positive reactions in group
T1 on day 10. As well, tartarate was converted from positive to negative
reaction in group T1 on both day 5 and 10. These data suggested the
impact of biofield treatment on metabolic pathway of K. oxytoca.
Alterations in biochemical reactions were attributed to changes in
biotype number of K. oxytoca that was found in group T1 on day 10.
Wherein the biotype number and species were altogether changed and
the new species was identified as R. ornithinolytica.
Conclusions
Overall data conclude that there was an alteration in antimicrobial
sensitivity, biochemical reactions patterns, and biotype number
of biofield treated K. oxytoca. These results depicted that biofield
treatment has the ability to make some alteration at the enzymatic or
metabolic pathway and/or at genetic level of K. oxytoca. Therefore, in
future the biofield treatment could be useful as an alternative method
to prevent the infections of pathogenic microbes.
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Feature C
T1
T2 day 10
day 5 day 10
Biotype number 7775 4370 7775 4370 7777 5374 7775 4370
Organism
identification
K. oxytoca K. oxytoca R. ornithinolytica K. oxytoca
C: Control group; T: Treatment group
Table 4: Effect of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca to biotype number.
Citation: Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic
and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of Biofield
Treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:4 202-205. doi:10.4172/1948-
5948.1000205