This document discusses various antimalarial agents used to treat malaria infections caused by Plasmodium parasites. It describes the mechanisms of action and side effects of different drug classes, including aminoquinolines like chloroquine; quinoline-methanols like mefloquine; artemisinin derivatives like artesunate; antifolates like pyrimethamine; and antibiotics used in combination therapy like doxycycline. The document also covers parasite life cycles, drug resistance mechanisms, and how various drugs target different parasite stages to achieve treatment and prevention of malaria.
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
macrolide antibiotics with detailed description of classification and individual drug with mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect, uses for undergraduates and post graduates
Quinolones are synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone
structure.
Active against gram-ve bacteria, newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram +ve bacteria.
First member was nalidixic acid introduced in 1960’s
Their usefulness is limited to urinary and GI tract infections because of
Low potency
Modest blood and tissue levels
Limited spectrum
High frequency of bacterial resistance
In gram negative bacteria –
Inhibition of DNA gyrase enzyme (Inhibit negative super coiling)
In gram positive bacteria –
Inhibition of Topoisomerase IV – Inhibition of nicking and separation of daughter DNA strands after DNA replication
The malformed DNA is digested by Exoneucleases
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (originally called Streptomyces erythreus), a type of soil-borne bacteria.
Antimalarial agents according to WHO guidelinesAnamika Aami
Brief explanation about Malaria with types, signs and symptoms. Antimalarial agents therapeutic classification. Treatment based on WHO guidelines.Brief note on specific treatment for complicated and uncomplicated malaria. Brief note on mechanism of action of chloroquine
Quinolones are synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone
structure.
Active against gram-ve bacteria, newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram +ve bacteria.
First member was nalidixic acid introduced in 1960’s
Their usefulness is limited to urinary and GI tract infections because of
Low potency
Modest blood and tissue levels
Limited spectrum
High frequency of bacterial resistance
In gram negative bacteria –
Inhibition of DNA gyrase enzyme (Inhibit negative super coiling)
In gram positive bacteria –
Inhibition of Topoisomerase IV – Inhibition of nicking and separation of daughter DNA strands after DNA replication
The malformed DNA is digested by Exoneucleases
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
These are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars. Erythromycin
is the first member discovered in the 1950s,
Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin and Azithromycin
are the later additions. Antimicrobial spectrum is narrow,
includes mostly gram-positive and a few gramnegative
bacteria, and overlaps considerably with
that of penicillin G. Erythromycin is highly active
against Str. pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae, N.
gonorrhoeae, Clostridia, C. diphtheriae and
Listeria, but penicillin-resistant Staphylococci
and Streptococci are now resistant to erythromycin
also.
All cocci readily develop resistance
to erythromycin, mostly by acquiring the
capacity to pump it out. Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
have been found to produce an erythromycin
esterase. Alteration in the ribosomal binding
site for erythromycin by a plasmid encoded
methylase enzyme is an important mechanism of
resistance in gram-positive bacteria. All the above
types of resistance are plasmid mediated. Change
in the 50S ribosome by chromosomal mutation
reducing macrolide binding a
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Natural compounds from the bark of the cinchona tree, most notably quinine was observed to exhibit antimalarial activity.
Until the development of synthetic derivatives (ie. 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials), quinine continued to be the first choice to treat malaria.
Quinine is associated with side effects such as diarrhœa.
4-aminoquinoline antimalarials such as amodiaquine and chloroquine largely replaced quinine because of reduced unpleasant side effects.
The life cycle of the parasite and the immunological defence mechanisms against the parasite are complex.
Part of the parasite’s life cycle involves invasion of red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The haemoglobin within the red blood cell is broken down by the parasite and is used as a source of amino acids.
The 4-aminoquinolines act at the erythrocytic stage of the parasite.
Doxycycline is a compound used in prophylaxis against plasmodial parasites.
Other compounds associated with treating malaria include halofantrine and lumefantrine, often used in combination with other drugs.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (originally called Streptomyces erythreus), a type of soil-borne bacteria.
Antimalarial agents according to WHO guidelinesAnamika Aami
Brief explanation about Malaria with types, signs and symptoms. Antimalarial agents therapeutic classification. Treatment based on WHO guidelines.Brief note on specific treatment for complicated and uncomplicated malaria. Brief note on mechanism of action of chloroquine
An antifungal medication is a pharmaceutical fungicide used to treat and prevent mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available OTC (over-the-counter).
Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism with fewer adverse effects to the host. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes. Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the biological level. This makes it more difficult to discover drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. As a consequence, many antifungal drugs cause side-effects. Some of these side-effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about antiprotozoal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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2. Introduction
Malaria is a protozoal disease, caused by
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Most of the serious complications and
death occur due to Plasmodium
falciparum.
2
4. Types of malaria
Benign
tertian
• P vivax and P ovale
• with a fever every 2nd day
Benign
quartan
• P malariae
• with a fever every 3rd day
Malignant
tertian
• P falciparum
• This type of malaria is more dangerous
because of the complications
4
10. Antimalarial therapy and the
parasite life cycle
Drugs used to
treat acute
attack
• Blood schizonticidal agents
• Quinine,mefloquine,atovaquone,Pyrimethamine,art
emether,artesunate
Drugs that effect
a radical cure
Drugs used for
chemoprophylaxis
• Tissue schinzonticidal
• Primaquine and tafenoquine
• Kill the sporozoites
• Chloroquine,mefloquine,proquanil,pyrimethamine
10
12. Inhibition of haem polymerase
Haemoglobin
convert into
haem
Haem is free
and toxic
Haem
Polymerase
Haemozoin
Parasite
Inhibition of
haem
polymerase
cause
toxicity and
death of the
parasite
12
13. Chloroquine
4-Aminoquinoline derivatives
Uncharged at neutral pH
Diffuse freely into lysosome of parasite
At acid pH of lysosome, it converted to a
protonated, membrane impermeable form
and is ‘trapped’ inside the parasite.
At high conc. It inhibits protein RNA and
DNA synthesis.
13
14. Choroquine
Drug
Mechanism of
Action
Uses
Chloroquine
phosphate
(ARALEN)
concentrating in
parasite food vacuoles
Acute malarial Pruritus,Diarrhea,
attack
Loss of appetite,
Nausea,
Suppressive
Stomach cramps,
prophylaxis
Vomiting
,Retinopathy
Tablet250mg,
500mg
preventing the
polymerization of the
hemoglobin
breakdown product
heme, into hemozoin,
Adverse Effect
Half-life- 3-5
days
parasite toxicity due
Metabolise via to the buildup of free
CYPs
heme
Other
formulation
hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Rx) - Plaquenil
Use for treatment purpose
14
15. Resistance
Plsmodium
falciparum is now resistant to
chloroquine in most of the part.
Resistance
appears to result from
enhanced efflux of the drug from parasitic
vesicles as result from enhanced efflux of
the drug from parasitic vesicles as a
mutation in plsmodium transporter genes.
(pfcrt gene)
15
16. Contraindications & Cautions
Chloroquine is contraindicated in patients with
psoriasis or porphyria, in whom it may precipitate
acute attacks of these diseases.
It should generally not be used in those with retinal
or visual field abnormalities or myopathy.
Chloroquine should be used with caution in patients
with a history of liver disease or neurologic or
hematologic disorders. The antidiarrheal agent kaolin
and calcium- and magnesium-containing antacids
interfere with the absorption of chloroquine and
should not be coadministered with the drug.
16
17. Quinoline-Methanols derivatives
Drug
Mechanism of
action
Quinine sulfate
Same as
Qaulaquine(oral) Chloroquine
8-14 hr
IV
Inhibition of
haem
Metabolise via
polymerase
CYP3A4
Contra
indication
Uses
Adverse Effects
Treatment of severe
falciparum malaria
Cinchonism, sinus
arrhythmia,
atrioventricular
block, prolonged
QT interval,
ventricular
tachycardia,
hypoglycemia
Combine with
tetracycline,
doxycycline, or
clindamycin
Digoxin therapy, warfarin therapy, patients with tinnitus or
optic neuritis.
Resistance- pfmdr1 point mutations can contribute to quinine resistance,
in particular the N1042D mutation. The mechanism is same as chloroquine.
17
18. Quinidine
Drug
Mechanism of
action
Uses
Adverse Effects
Quinidine
gluconate
(IV)
Same as
Chloroquine
Severe malaria,
Patient unable to
take oral medication
Combine with
tetracycline,
doxycycline, or
clindamycin
Cinchonism,
tachycardia,
prolongation of
QT intervals,
Ventricular
arrhythmias,
hypotension,
hypoglycemia
Inhibition of
haem
polymerase
18
19. Mefloquine
Drug
Mechanism of
action
Uses
Adverse Effects
Mefloquine
(LARIAM)
Same as
Chloroquine
Chemoprophylaxis and
treatment
Half life – 30
days
Inhibition of
haem
polymerase
Contraindication-
nausea, vomiting,
dizziness, sleep
and behavioral
disturbances,
epigastric pain,
diarrohea,
abdominal pain,
headache, rash,
and dizziness,
seizures and
psychosis
CYP3A4
patients with a history
of seizures, depression,
bipolar disorder and
other severe
neuropsychiatric
conditions,
19
20. Inhibit electron transfer chain
8-aminoquinoline
More active against liver hynozoites
(Tafenoquine , Etaquine and Primaquine)
Use to Prevent the transmission of
disease.
Active against P.vivax and P.ovale
20
21. Mechanism of action
Primaquine may be converted to
electrophilic intermediates that act as
oxidation-reduction mediators. Such
activity could contribute to antimalarial
effects by generating reactive oxygen
species or by interfering with
mitochondrial electron transport in the
parasite
21
22. Primaquine
Drug
Mechanism of
action
Uses
Adverse Effects
Primaquine
Inhibits electron
transport chain in
Plasmodium
active against
hepatic stages of
all human malaria
parasites.
active against
the hypnozoite
stages of P vivax
and P ovale.
For presumptive antirelapse therapy
GI disturbances,
methemoglobine
mia, hemolysis in
persons
with G6PD
deficiency
Halflife- 7 hr
metabolized by
CYP1A2
Prophylaxis for shortduration travel to
areas with principally
Radical cure of P.
vivax and P. ovale (to
eliminate
hypnozoites)
Bind with acute-phase reactant protein α1-glycoprotein in liver
22
23. G6pd defficiency
X chromosome linked genetic metabolic
condition-glucose 6-phosphate
dehydrogenase- in red cell
Red cell can’t regenerate the NADPH
Primaquine
oxidative metabolites
derivative of primaquine
decrease the
concentration of NADPH
metabolic
function of red cell impaired and
heamolysis occur…
23
24. Hydroxynaphthaoquinone Drugs
Inhibit electron transfer chain
Atavaquone is used for treatment of
malaria and can prevent its development
Resistance to atavaquone is rapid and
result from a single point mutation in the
gene of cytochrome b.
24
26. Atovaquone-proguanil
Drug
Mechanism of action Uses
Adverse Effects
Atovaquoneproguanil
MALARONE
(oral)
tablet
250mg/100mg
Atovaquone: Selective
Treatment of
inhibitor of parasite
acute attack of
mitochondrial electron malaria
transport
Proguanil: Primary effect
through metabolite
cycloguanil, a
dihydrofolate reductase
inhibitor in malaria
parasite, which leads to
disruption of
deoxythymidylate
synthesis
Abdominal pain
Transaminase
increases
Headache
Vomiting
Nausea
Half-life:
Atovaquone, 2-3
days; proguanil,
12-21 hr
26
27. Inhibit DNA replication transcription
The quinghaousu based compound are
derivative from the herb quin hao.
Artimisinin generate
carbon centered free
radical by breaking
down ferrrous
porphyrin IX
This radical cause
alkylation of protein
or damage the cell
membrane
27
28. Artesunate
Drug
Mechanism of
action
Artesunate (IV)
60mg/vial
may inhibit DNA Treatment of acute
replication &
attack of malaria
transcription
Cerebral malaria
Half-Life: 40-50
min
Uses
Adverse Effects
Cardiotoxicity
(high doses)
Neurotoxicity
observed in
animal studies
Drug induced
fever
Skin rash
28
34. Antibiotics
Doxycline and tetracycline used in acute
attack of malaria and chemopropylaxis
purpose.
Sometimes given in combination with
other drug.
Clindamycin is also used.
34
35. Tetracycline
Drug
Mechanism of Uses
action
Adverse
Effects
Doxycycline
Doryx
(oral or
IV)
Tetracycline
Inhibit the
protein
synthesis by
compettition
with tRNA for
A site
Nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea,
abdominal pain,
dizziness,
photosensitivity,
headache,staining
of teeth
Tetracycline
(oral or
IV)
Oral quinine and
Doxycycline for acute
attacks
Oral chloroquine and
Doxycycline for
chemoprophylaxis
35
37. 4-Aminoquinolone derivatives
Pyronaridine, a chloroquine relative, is being used in
combination with artesunate as a promising new
artemisinin- based combination therapy.
Pyronaridine-artesunate has been studied in Phase II and
Phase III clinical trials, and has been shown to be effective
against uncomplicated P. falciparum and blood stage P.
vivax.
Pyronaridine-artesunate is available as Pyramax® tablets
and pediatric granule formulations,and manufacture of this
compound is being undertaken by Shin Poong
Pharmaceuticals.
37
38. 8-Aminoquinolone derivatives
Tafenoquine
is a lead candidate drug
aimed at a radical cure of P. vivax, and is
being studied in a Phase II/III.
A
fixed dose artemisinin combination
therapy,
artesunate-amodiaquine
(Coarsucam) has been approved by WHO
and developed by Sanofi- Aventis.
38
39. Artemisinin derivatives
The
endoperoxide feature of artemisinins,
which confers antimalarial activity, is shared by
ozonide OZ439, a synthetic endoperoxide.
OZ439
carries the hope of providing a single
dose oral cure in humans when used in
combination.
OZ439
is a rapidly acting agent against asexual
stage parasites.This drug is currently
undergoing Phase IIa trials.
39
40. Newer target
TE3, a prodrug of a bis-ammonium
compound that acts on phospholipid
metabolism through the inhibition of de
novo
phosphatidylcholine
synthesis,
combined with a putative activity on heme
detoxification.
This new class of compounds has shown
potent in vivo antimalarial activity in the
primatemodel Aotus and is not cross
resistance in vitro with known antimalarials.
40
41. osmidomycin
osmidomycin, which inhibits the 1desoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate
reductoisomerase in the mevalonateindependent pathway of isoprenoid
synthesis in the apicoplast.
The apicoplast, a specialized parasite
organelle of algal origin, appears to be
important for lipid and heme biosynthesis.
41
42. References
1)
Rang H P. Dale M M. How drugs act:
molecular aspects, Pharmacology, Fifth
edition. Elsevier publishers. P.703-709
2)
Katzung B., Masters S., Trevor A., Basic and
clinical pharmacology, New york: Mc Graw
Hill Medical Publisher;2009;p.699-705
3)
Seth S., Seth V., Textbook of pharmacology
,New Delhi: Elsevier, publisher;2009;p.VIII.63
42