2. General Anesthesia
âGlobal but reversible depression of CNS function
resulting in the loss of response to and perception of all
external stimuliâ
Characteristics
â Analgesia
â Amnesia
â Attenuation of sensory & autonomic responses
â Muscle relaxation - Immobility
â Unconsciousness (no response to external stimuli)
History: ether/chloroform/N2O/cyclopropane/halothane01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 22
3. Pre-anaesthetic MedicationPre-anaesthetic Medication
AimsAims
â Relief of anxiety and apprehensionRelief of anxiety and apprehension
â AmnesiaAmnesia
â Supplement analgesiaSupplement analgesia
â Decrease secretions and vagal stimulationDecrease secretions and vagal stimulation
â Anti-emetic effect (peri & postoperative)Anti-emetic effect (peri & postoperative)
â Decrease acidity-avoid aspiration of gastric contentsDecrease acidity-avoid aspiration of gastric contents
â Reduce dose of gen. anestheticsReduce dose of gen. anesthetics
Timing & Route of administration (30 m-1h prior, I/V)Timing & Route of administration (30 m-1h prior, I/V)01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 33
8. Anti HistaminesAnti Histamines
âDiphenhydramine
âDimenhydrinate
Characteristics (anti-emetics, sedatives,Characteristics (anti-emetics, sedatives,
anxiolytics & anti-cholinergics)anxiolytics & anti-cholinergics)
Used in combinations according to:Used in combinations according to:
1. patientâs requirement1. patientâs requirement
2. patientâs clinical status2. patientâs clinical status
3. type of operation3. type of operation
4. duration of operation4. duration of operation
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 88
9. Classification of General AnaestheticsClassification of General Anaesthetics
Inhalational Anaesthetics
Volatile Liquids
Halothane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane,
Methoxyflurane, Desflurane, Enflurane,
Ethyl chloride, Trichloroethylene,
Chloroform
Gases
Nitrous Oxide, Cyclopropane
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 99
11. Stages ofStages of General AnesthesiaGeneral Anesthesia
GGuedelâs Signs â with Ether (not newer agents)
Stage-I Stage Of Analgesia
(no pain, drowsy, reflexes intact, no amnesia,
HR/BP normal, pupil size normal)
Stage-II Stage Of Excitement-most dangerous
(excited, delirious, RR inc., jerky movements â
injury, rapid eye movements, vagal stimulation
-cardiac arrest, catecholamines - arrhythmias)
Stage-III Stage Of Surgical Anesthesia
â Plane-I : pupils constricted, inc. regular resp.,
muscles relax, corneal/conjunctival reflexes lost01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 1111
12. Stages ofStages of General AnesthesiaGeneral Anesthesia
â Plane-II : pupils dilate, dec. regular resp., eye-
balls fixed, dec. muscle tone, abdominothoracic
resp., no light reflex
â Plane-III : thoracic resp. ceases, pupils dilated,
muscles relaxed, laryngeal/pharyngeal reflexes
dec. â surgery performed in this plane
â Plane-IV : abdominal resp. ceases, all reflexes
lost â warning sign
Stage-IV Stage Of Medullary Paralysis (CVS &
resp. centers suppr â CVS collapse + Resp. failure)
Monitoring by anesthetist01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 1212
13. Inhalational AnestheticsInhalational Anesthetics
Mode of Delivery
â Open Drop method - Ether
â Anaesthetic machines assisted methods
Open System â accurate
Closed System â sodalime
- Trichloroethylene
Semiclosed System
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 1313
14. Depth of anesthesiaDepth of anesthesia
â PotencyPotency
Dose-response characteristicsDose-response characteristics
MACMAC â definitionâ definition
- example- example**
-- Partial Pressure (PP) in brainPartial Pressure (PP) in brain
Inhalational AnestheticsInhalational Anesthetics
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 1414
15. Pathway for General AnestheticsPathway for General Anesthetics
INDUCTION
RECOVERY
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 1515
16. PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
Administration, Uptake, distribution & eliminationAdministration, Uptake, distribution & elimination
Induction & RecoveryInduction & Recovery******
â Rate of change of PPRate of change of PP
FACTORSFACTORS
Related to drugRelated to drug
â Concentration in inspired airConcentration in inspired air
Fickâs lawFickâs law
â SolubilitySolubility
In blood â Blood:gas partition coefficientIn blood â Blood:gas partition coefficient****
- Inverse relation with induction- Inverse relation with induction
In tissues â Tissue:blood partition coefficientIn tissues â Tissue:blood partition coefficient**
- Arteriovenous conc gradient- Arteriovenous conc gradient01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 1616
26. HALOTHANE
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
POTENT NOT AN ANALGESIC
LESS IRRITANT VARIABLE MUSCLE
RELAXATION
INDUCTION SMOOTH AND
RAPID
SENSITIZES HEART TO
CATECHOLAMINES
QUICK RECOVERY HYPOTENSION
NON â INFLAMMABLE BRADYCARDIA
COMPATIBLE WITH SODA LIME HEPATITIS
BRONCHODILATOR RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
UTERINE RELAXANT SHIVERING DURING RECOVERY
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 2626
27. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
LESS INCIDENCE OF POST-
OPERATIVE NAUSEA/VOMITING
MALIGNANT HYPERPYREXIA
DOES NOT CAUSE
LARYNGOSPASM
ENZYME INDUCER
EASIER ENDOTRACHEAL
INTUBATION DUE TO
RELAXATION OF MASSETER
MUSCLES
CORRODES METALS
COST-EFFECTIVE REACTS WITH RUBBER
EQUIPMENTS
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 2727
28. ENFLURANE
Chemically it is halogenated ether
Non inflammable
Non irritant
Clear, colorless liquid with sweet odor
Blood : Gas coefficient 1.80
MAC : 0.75
Metabolism 8%
Stable with soda lime
Medium rate of onset & recovery
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 2828
29. ENFLURANE
Pharmacological actions:
CVS
Resp System
CNS
Renal System
Better Muscle Relaxant
ďProduces convulsions and involuntary movements
during induction or recovery
ďLiver damage is rare
ďNot recommended in children & epileptics
ďUSE:
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 2929
30. ISOFLURANE
Volatile liquid
Non inflammable
B:G partition coefficient; 1.4
MAC : 1.4
Metabolism: 2%
Costly
Medium rate of onset & recovery
Pharmacological Actions
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3030
31. ISOFLURANE
Most widely used volatile anesthetic.
Resemble Halothane Except:
ďLess incidence of hypotension
ďLess sensitization of heart to Catecholamines
ďLess toxic
ďPowerful Coronary vasodilator, may cause coronary
steal phenomenon
ďNo pro-convulsive properties
ďNot cost effective
ďIrritant, resp depression
USE:
Maintenance of anesthesia
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3131
32. DESFLURANE
Volatile halogenated compound
TEC 6, an apparatus required for vapourization
Non inflammable, Non explosive
Pungent smell (not for induction, but maintenance)
B:G partition coefficient: 0.42
MAC: 6-7
Metabolism: 0.05%
Rapid induction & rapid recovery (low B:G coeff)
Pharmacological actions
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3232
33. DESFLURANE
Newer drug
Chemically similar to Isoflurane
Faster induction and recovery due to lower solubility
in blood ,so preferred for use in day case surgery
No significant metabolism
Less potent due to high MAC about 6 %
Concentration used for induction is 10 %.It can cause
respiratory irritation leading to coughing, salivation
and bronchospasm
USE:
Maintenance and ideal for outdoor procedures
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3333
34. SEVOFLURANE
Clear, colourless, volatile liquid
Non inflammable, non irritant, pleasant smell
B:G 0.69
MAC: 2
Metabolism: 2-5% ( Nephrotoxic)
Rapid induction & recovery (low B:G coeff)
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3434
36. METHOXYFLURANE
Properties Same as Halothane Except:
ďGood muscle relaxation
ďGood analgesic effect
ďSlow induction & recovery
ďCause severe renal damage
ďNot used any more
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3636
39. Ethyl chloride
â Explosive, kept under pressure (low boiling point)
â Use â local anesthetic â cooling effect
- cryosurgery
Trichloroethylene
â Analgesia > Anesthesia
â Interacts with Soda lime â toxic metabolite
Chloroform (animal studies)
â Causes breath holding
â Hepatotoxic
â CVS depressant
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 3939
40. CyclopropaneCyclopropane
Potent GA
Non-irritant / explosive / flammable
(cautery couldnât be used)
Severe CV collapse - Cyclopropane shock
Rx : small amount of CO2 administered
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4040
41. Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide
Chemical and Physical PropertiesChemical and Physical Properties
â Inorganic gas (N2O)
â Odourless / colourless / heavier than air
â Non-explosive / non-inflammable / supports combustion
â Laughing gas: euphoria-small amounts, abused in past
PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
â MAC - 105
â B:G part. coef. â 0.47 at 37 C
â Rapid induction & recovery
â Not metabolized (99.9% exhaled unchanged)
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4141
42. Pharmacological Effects
â CVS / Respiratory system (depends on other agents)
â CNS (inc. CBF â inc. ICP)
â GIT / Muscles
Uses
â Analgesia (40%)
â Sedation (30-80%)
â Anesthesia â less potency
- adjuvant
- second gas effect
- short surgical procedures (dental
extraction, postoperative pain, painful dressings,
fracture manipulation, child birth)01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4242
43. Adverse effectsAdverse effects
â Diffusional hypoxia / anoxia
â Vitamin B12 deficiency (inhibits methionine
synthetase, req. for vitamin B12 synthesis)
Megaloblastic anemia
Peripheral neuropathy
â Replaces N2 in air-containing cavities (obstructed
middle ear, air embolus, pneumothorax) enlarges it
â Effect of NO2 & O2 in same cylinder (1st
insufficient
anesthesia â later-on hypoxia)
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4343
44. NITROUS OXIDE
ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
STRONG ANALGESICSTRONG ANALGESIC LESS POTENTLESS POTENT
RAPID INDUCTIONRAPID INDUCTION TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULTTRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT
RECOVERY RARELYRECOVERY RARELY
EXCEEDS 1-4 MINEXCEEDS 1-4 MIN
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT FORSPECIAL EQUIPMENT FOR
ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION
NON IRRITANTNON IRRITANT PENETERATES INTO CAVITIESPENETERATES INTO CAVITIES
NAUSSEA / VOMITINGNAUSSEA / VOMITING
UNCOMMONUNCOMMON
COCO22 ACCUMULATION ANDACCUMULATION AND
HYPOXIA ON PROLONGEDHYPOXIA ON PROLONGED
ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION
LITTLE EFFECTS ONLITTLE EFFECTS ON
CIRCULATION,CIRCULATION,
RESPIRATION, LIVER,RESPIRATION, LIVER,
KIDNEYKIDNEY
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA ONMEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA ON
PROLONGED ADMINISTRATIONPROLONGED ADMINISTRATION
POOR MUSCLE RELAXANTPOOR MUSCLE RELAXANT
COST EFFECTIVECOST EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIONAL ANOXIADIFFUSIONAL ANOXIA01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4444
45. Intravenous AnestheticsIntravenous Anesthetics
BarbituratesBarbiturates
â Thiopental / Thiopentone Sodium
Induction / Onset
Narrow therapeutic index.
Ph is 7-10
Administered rapidly by I/V line
Onset of action 60sec
DOA 5-10min
ι t1/2 3min (distr. t ½, resp. for DOA)
β t1/2 12hrs (elimination t ½, drowsiness)
PPB 85%01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4545
46. Pharmacological Effects
âCNS (dec. CMRO2 & CBF)
â CVS depressant (dec. CO & BP)
â Resp. sys depressant
âGIT
âPoor analgesia / muscle relaxation
âRenal system
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4646
48. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
RAPID AND PLEASANT
INDUCTION
INSIGNIFICANT ANALGESIC
ACTION
EASY
ADMINISTRATION
VERY SHORT DURATION OF
ACTION
NON EXPLOSIVE REPEATED DOSES ACCUMULATE
LESS INCIDENCE OF
NAUSEA / VOMITING
CAN NOT BE USED ALONE AS AN
ANESTHETIC
NON IRRITANT COUGHING, HICUP,
LARYNGOSPASM,
BRONCHOSPASM MAY DEVELOP
DURING INDUCTION
QUIET RESPIRATION MUSCLE RELAXATION IS NOT
ADEQUATE
THIOPENTONE
(CONTD)01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4848
49. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
NO SENSITIZATION OF
HEART TO
CATECHOLAMINES
PHARYNGEAL/ LARYNGEAL
REFLEXES ARE NOT
ABLOLISHED
RAPID RECOVERY IN OVER DOSAGE DEPRESSION
OF VMC, MYOCARDIUM AND
RESPIRATION
NO EXCITEMENT
DURING INDUCTION
REGURGITATION DUE TO
RELAXATION OF
GASTROESOPHAGEAL
SPHINCTER
INJECTION MAY CAUSE
NECROSIS,
THROMBOPHLEBITIS, NERVE
DAMAGE, VASOSPASM ON
INTRA â ARTERIAL INJECTION
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 4949
50. EtomidateEtomidate
Carboxylated imidazole
Pharmacokinetics
â Rapid onset / recovery
â T1/2: distributive : 2-4 min
eliminative : 2.9-5.3 h
â Metabolism (Liver)
â Excretion (78% renal, 22% biliary)
Pharmacological Effects
-- little or no effects on CVS / Resp. sys
-- CNS (dec. CMRO2 & CBF)
-- no analgesia
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5050
51. EtomidateEtomidate
Use
â Poor cardiovascular reserve (old pts, IHD,
cardiomyopathy)
Adverse effects
â Injection site pain (Rx : lignocaine)
â Nausea, vomiting, restlessness, tremors
â Steroidogenesis inhibition esp. cortisol,by inhibiting
11B hydroxylation. This effect is transient if given for
short period but hypotension, electrolyte imbalance &
oliguria can occur on long use
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5151
52. Advantages
Minimum CVS Depression
Minimum Respiratory Depression
Larger margin of safety
Very rapid induction within seconds
Rapid recovery within 3-5 minutes
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5252
53. Disadvantages
No analgesic effect
Post operative Nausea & vomiting
Pain during injection
Myoclonus / involuntary movements during induction
Adrenocortical Suppression (with prolonged use)
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5353
56. UsesUses
â Induction & maintenance
â Ambulatory surgery (outpatient surgery)
â Sedation (less dose, endoscopy, ventilator pts)
â Dexmedetomidine *
Adverse effectsAdverse effects
â CVS / resp. sys depression
â Injection site pain (propofol + lignocaine)
â Apnea, laryngospasm, myoclonus, tremors
Children with resp. inf.â acidosis (long use)
- neurological effects on withdrawal
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5656
57. Advantages
Rapid Induction
Very rapid recovery as Compared to Thiopental,
without any significant hangover effect
Post operative nausea and vomiting is uncommon as
has antiemetic actions.
No cumulative effect.
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5757
59. KetamineKetamine
Phencyclidine congener (racemic mixture of S & R)
Pharmacological Effects
â CNS
Blocks NMDA receptors (prevents glutamate
binding)
Psychoactive drugâabused as hallucinogenic
Inc.CBF, CMRO2 & ICP (avoid in head injury)
â Stimulates CVS â sympathetic stimulation + NE
reuptake block (peak: 2-4 min, normal: 10-20 min)
â Respiratory â doesnât abolish reflexes,
bronchodilationâ sympathetic stimulation + direct eff.
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 5959
60. Pharmacokinetics
Highly lipophilic , rapidly distributed in highly vascular
organs, potent, crosses BBB rapidly
Route I/V, I/M, Oral, Rectal
Îąt1/2 15 min
βt1/2 3 hrs
Onset of effect 2 â 5 min
DOA 5-10min
Metabolism01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 6060
61. Uses
Induction smooth but recovery unpleasant
â Dissociative anesthesia: analgesia, catatonia,
amnesia, hypnosis, unresponsive to painful stimuli,
sometimes involuntary limb movements
â Analgesia: short procedures
â Old age (poor CV reserves) / children
â Topical use (arthritic pains)
â Hemodynamic stability (cardiogenic/septic shock)
â Asthma / COPD (bronchdilation)
Adverse effects
â CVS: cardiostimulatoryâavoid in IHD
â Emergence delirium: hallucinations (Rx: BZs)01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 6161
62. KETAMINE
Advantages Disadvantages
Effective by both I/V & I/M INJ No Muscle Relaxation
Anesthesia is accompanied by
profound analgesia
Tends to raise intraocular,
Intracranial BP and heart rate
Does not produce Vomiting
Hypotension, Bronchospasm
Cannot be used for surgery on
Larynx, Pharynx & Bronchi
Less respiratory complications due
to less impairment of Pharyngeal/
Laryngeal reflexes
Poor in relieving visceral pain
Useful for poor risk geriatric pts
and in unstable pts
Emergence phenomena
Used in low doses as outpatient
anesthesia01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 6262
63. NEUROLEPT ANESTHESIA
ď It is a method of IV anesthesia which combines the use of a
neuroleptic drug with a narcotic analgesic drug.
ď Administration of such a combination produces a state
which differs from the classical general anesthesia in that
the subject is conscious and is able to cooperate during the
operative procedure.
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 6363
64. The most common combination is that of Droperidol
(neuroleptic) and Fentanyl (opioid analgesic)
Fentanyl - 0.5-1 mg & Droperidol 2.5 -5mg/ml
Prep: INNOVAR Injection
NEUROLEPT ANALGESIA
01/31/1901/31/19 psppsp 6464
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