Thrombophilias are hypercoagulable conditions that can be acquired or inherited. Most important hypercoagulable conditions =, testing procedures, duration of anticoagulation will be discussed here. Useful for Internal Medicine Boards and Hematology boards. Some aspects on duration of anticoagulation, HIT are high-yield for USMLE exams.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Thrombophilia are hereditary and/or acquired conditions that predispose patients to thrombosis.
The association between thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has become an undisputed fact.
Women with heritable or acquired thrombophilic disorders have significantly increased risks of pregnancy loss
Thrombophilias are hypercoagulable conditions that can be acquired or inherited. Most important hypercoagulable conditions =, testing procedures, duration of anticoagulation will be discussed here. Useful for Internal Medicine Boards and Hematology boards. Some aspects on duration of anticoagulation, HIT are high-yield for USMLE exams.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Thrombophilia are hereditary and/or acquired conditions that predispose patients to thrombosis.
The association between thrombophilia and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has become an undisputed fact.
Women with heritable or acquired thrombophilic disorders have significantly increased risks of pregnancy loss
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Thrombocytopenia is most frequently encountered Hematological problem in hospitalized patients. The most common causes and differential diagnosis of In-patient and Outpatient presentations of Thrombocytopenia is discussed here. Useful for Internal Medicine Boards . Archer Internal Medicine Board review lectures will be released soon.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Thrombocytopenia is most frequently encountered Hematological problem in hospitalized patients. The most common causes and differential diagnosis of In-patient and Outpatient presentations of Thrombocytopenia is discussed here. Useful for Internal Medicine Boards . Archer Internal Medicine Board review lectures will be released soon.
Hello Docs ! My name is Maharshika It's my small presentation on hemorrhagic syndromes, hemostasis and It's Disorder i hope you guys likes it. Please like it and share it and keep studying 🙂
Factor v deficiency is rare
first described in a Norwegian patient in 1943, Identified by Dr. Paul Owren .
Fewer than 200 cases of congenital factor V deficiency have been reported worldwide since 1943.
inheritance of factor V deficiency is autosomal recessive.
usually only needed for severe bleeds or before surgery.
there is no concentrate containing only factor V.
fresh plasma or (FFP) infusions are used to correct the deficiency temporarily and should be given daily during a bleeding episode.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
6. The Role of Platelets in Hemostasis
Collagen Other
factorsTF
Thrombin
Activated
platelet
Activated
platelet
Activated
platelet
Adhesion
Aggregation
Contraction
Secretion
Primary
Hemostasis
=
Activated
platelet
Activated
platelet
Activated
platelet
Activated
platelet
This plug of activated platelets, localised to the site of injury, provides the
phospholipid surface upon which Secondary Hemostasis takes place
7. Coagulation Cascade
XII XIIa
XI XIa
IX
VIII VIIIa
X
Xa
Intrinsic Pathway Extrinsic Pathway
Endothelial activation or
exposure of subendothelium
Tissue Factor
VIITF/VIIa
Kallikrein
HMWK
Prekallikrein
IIaII
Ca2+
PL
Va V
Organized
Fibrin/Platelet
thrombus
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Ca2+
PLCa2+
Cross-linked
fibrin polymer
XIIIa
Ca2+
IXa
9. Coagulation Cascade:
Regulation
• Antithrombin (III)
– Regulates activity of all serine proteases
– Inhibitory activity enhanced by heparin
• Protein C and Protein S
– Regulate the activity of co-factors of coagulation
Va/VIIIa
10. The Cell-based Model of Coagulation
VIIIa
IXa
+ activates various
factors
APC/PS
TFPI
Antithrombin
11. What is a Thrombus?
Intravascular mass of fibrin and blood cells
Arterial thrombi (White thrombi)
– High shear rates
– Primarily platelet aggregates + fibrin strands
Venous Thrombi (Red thrombi)
– Low shear rates
– Primarily red cells and fibrin strands (few
platelets)
12. LDL
LDL
Mackness MI et al. Biochem J 1993;294:829-834.
Endothelium
Vessel LumenMonocyte
Modified LDL
Macrophage
MCP-1
Adhesion
Molecules
Cytokines
Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Foam
Cell
HDL Promote Cholesterol Efflux
Intima
HDL Inhibit
Oxidation
of LDL
17. Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis
Acquired
Pregnancy
Advancing age
Prior thrombosis
Immobilization
Major surgery
Malignancy
Estrogens (OCP, HRT< SERMs)
APA syndrome
Myeloproliferative disorders, IBD
HIT
Prolonged air travel
Inherited
Antithrombin
Deficiency
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Factor V Leiden (FVL)
Prothrombin G20210A
Dysfibrinogenemias
(rare)
Mixed/Unknown
Homocysteine
Factor VIII, IX, XI
APC resistance in the
absence of FVL
Free TFPI
PAI-I, PAI-II
18. Site of Thrombosis vs. Coag. Defect
Abnormality Arterial Venous
Factor V Leiden - +
Prothrombin G20210A - +
Antithrombin deficiency - +
Protein C deficiency - +
Protein S deficiency - +
Hyperhomocysteinemia + +
Lupus Anticoagulant + +
19. Type I (non immune mediated)
The more common form,
May occur in up to 15% of patients receiving
therapeutic doses of heparin
Benign and self limiting side effect.
Rarely causes severe thrombocytopenia
Usually doesn't require heparin discontinuation.
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
(HIT)
20. Type II (immune type of HIT)
Pathogenesis involves the formation of antibodies
(usually IgG) against the heparin-platelet factor 4
(PF 4) complex. The HIT Abs trigger procoagulant
effect serious arterial and venous
thrombosis
22. The incidence of HIT is about 3-5% in
patients exposed to UFH, the incidence is
much lower with the use of LMWH.
In patients with de novo exposure to heparin a
fall in the platelet count in those with HIT
occurs between day 5 and 14.
23. Suspicion
• Fall in platelet count by 50% following heparin
exposure
The clinical spectrum
• Isolated HIT
• HIT (T), that may be arterial (Stroke, MI, PAD)
or venous in nature.
25. Treatment
Stopping Heparin and
Direct thrombin inhibitors Argatorban
Platelet transfusion should be avoided
Once the platelet count is > 100.000/CC warfarin may be
started at low dose.
