Ms. Mandakini Sampat Holkar provides an overview of anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. Helminths are parasitic worms that infect humans. Anthelmintics work by stunning or killing helminths and include benzimidazoles like albendazole and mebendazole, piperazines like diethylcarbamazine, and others such as ivermectin, praziquantel, and pyrantel. The document then describes the mechanisms of action of several anthelmintics, including how they disrupt helminth cell membranes, nerve function, or other key processes to paralyze or kill the parasites.
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
This presentation is about the drugs of class Quinolones. Quinolones are broad spectrum bactericidal mainly used to treat urinary tract infection, or we can say bacterial infections. In the end of this ppt you will get a clear knowledge about the drugs of this class and their side-effects too.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
This presentation is about the drugs of class Quinolones. Quinolones are broad spectrum bactericidal mainly used to treat urinary tract infection, or we can say bacterial infections. In the end of this ppt you will get a clear knowledge about the drugs of this class and their side-effects too.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes in susceptible organism.
Subsequent to such binding, attachment
of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the acceptor (A) site of
mRNA-ribosome complex. The carrier involved
in active transport of tetracyclines is absent in
the host cells. Moreover, protein synthesizing
apparatus of host cells is less susceptible to
tetracyclines. These two factors are responsible
for the selective toxicity of tetracyclines for
the microbes.
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-fungal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes in susceptible organism.
Subsequent to such binding, attachment
of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the acceptor (A) site of
mRNA-ribosome complex. The carrier involved
in active transport of tetracyclines is absent in
the host cells. Moreover, protein synthesizing
apparatus of host cells is less susceptible to
tetracyclines. These two factors are responsible
for the selective toxicity of tetracyclines for
the microbes.
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-fungal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
Anthelmintics ppt converted
1. Ms. Mandakini Sampat Holkar
(M.Pharm)
Dept. of Pharmaceutics
Shri Vithal Education and Research Institute’s
College of Pharmacy, Pandharpur
2. 'Helminth' is a general term meaning worm. All helminths are invertebrates with
long, flat or round bodies. There are many different kinds of helminth ranging in
length from less than one millimetre to over one metre. Helminths infect a range
of hosts, including humans.
3.
4. Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel
parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either
stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host.
They may also be called vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that
kill). Anthelmintics are used to treat people who are infected by helminths, a
condition called helminthiasis. These drugs are also used to treat infected
animals.
5. Classification based upon chemical structure
Benzimidazoles-Albendazole,Mebendazole,Thiabendazole
Piperazines-Diethylcarbamazine citrate(DEC),Piperazine citrate
Heterocyclics- Oxamniquine,Praziquantel
Natural Product –Ivermectin, Avermectin
Vinyl pyrimidines- pyrantel,oxantel
Amide-Niclosamide
Nitro derivative-Niridazole
Imidazo thiazole- Levamisole
8. Albendazole
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent of the
benzimidazole type.
Albendazole, also known as albendazolum, is a medication used for
the treatment of a variety of parasitic worm infestations. It is useful
for giardiasis, trichuriasis, filariasis, neurocysticercosis, hydatid
disease, pinworm disease, and ascariasis, among others.
It is taken by mouth.
9. Mebendazole
Mebendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent of the
benzimidazole type.
Mebendazole (MBZ) is a medication used to treat a number of
parasitic worm infestations. This includes ascariasis, pinworm
disease, hookworm infections, guinea worm infections, hydatid
disease, and giardia, among others.
10. Tiabendazole
As an antiparasitic, tiabendazole is able to control
roundworms (such as those causing strongyloidiasis),
hookworms, and other helminth species which infect
wild animals, livestock, and humans
11. Mechanism of action Tiabendazole
-
It reversibly inhibits
neuromuscular
transmission in the worm
Paralysed worms
Probably by mimicking
GABA, at GABA-gated
chloride channels in
nematode muscle
Expelled alive by normal
intestinal peristaltic
movement
12.
13. Diethylcarbamazine citrate(DEC)
It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine Diethylcarbamazine
(DEC) is a medication used in the treatment of filariasis
including lymphatic filariasis, tropical pulmonary
eosinophilia, and loiasis. It may also be used for prevention of
loiasis in those at high risk. It is taken by mouth.
14.
15. Praziquantel
It is a medication used to treat a number of types of parasitic worm
infections.Specifically it is used for schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis,
opisthorchiasis, tapeworm infections, cysticercosis, hydatid
disease, and other fluke infections
16. Mechanism of action Praziquantel
Praziquantel disrupts Calcium
haemostasis in parasite
Induces an influx of ion
By binding to proteinkinase
C-binding site in beta subunit
of schistosome voltage-gated
calcium channels
Paralysis
Rapid contraction of
musculature
Death of Worm
17.
18. Ivermectin
Ivermectin is a medication used to treat many types of parasite
infestations. This includes head lice, scabies, river blindness
(onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, and
lymphatic filariasis. It can be taken by mouth or applied to the skin
for external infestations. Use in the eyes should be avoided
It works by causing the parasite's cell membrane to increase in
permeability, resulting in paralysis and death
21. Pyrantel
Pyrantel is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic
worm infections. This includes ascariasis, hookworm
infections, enterobiasis (pinworm infection),
trichostrongyliasis, and trichinellosis
22. Mechanism of action- Pyrantel
depolarizing neuromuscular
blocking agent
followed by paralysis of
worm
there by causing sudden
contraction
23.
24. Niclosamide
Niclosamide, sold under the brand name Niclocide among
others, is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestations.
This includes diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and
taeniasis.
Mechnism of action-
Niclosamide inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative
phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm
25.
26. Niridazole is a schistosomicide. It is used to treat schistosomiasis, the
helmintic disease caused by certain flatworms (trematodes) from the
genus Schistosoma
Niridazole is rapidly concentrated in the parasite and inhibits oogenesis
and spermatogenesis. The compound also inhibits the
phosphofructokinase enzyme, leading to glycogen depletion
Niridazole
28. Levamisole
Levamisole is effective in infections with the common
roundworm
Mechanism of action
It has a nicotine- like action,stimulating & subsquently blocking
the neuromuscular junctions.
Paralysed worms are then expelled in faeces.Ova are not killed.
