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2. Anorectal malformations are defined
as an arrest of rectal descent resulting
in absence of an anal opening and
occur during the 4th -16th week of
gestation.
3. worldwide- 1 in 5000 live births
genetic predisposition in certain families
slight male preponderance
common defect in females is recto vestibular
fistula
Males- recto urethral fistula
association with certain syndromes
4. unknown
associated with several other congenital
anomalies of the urinary tract, rectal
atresia and intestines.
5. The hind gut forms and extends into the tail fold in the
2nd week of gestation
At about 13 day, a ventral diverticulum, the allentois or
primitive bladder forms
The junction of allentois and hindgut becomes the
cloaca into which the genital, urinary and intestinal
tubes empty
This is covered by a cloacal membrane
6. The urorectal septum descends to divide the common
channel into by forming the lateral ridges, which
grows in and fuse by 7th week.
Opening of posterior portion of membrane occurs in
the 8th week
Failures in any of these steps lead to anorectal
malformations.
7. Stenosis of the anus
Anal membrane atresia
Anal agencies
Rectal atresia
8. Narrowing of the anus at levels 1 to 4cm
above the anus.
9.
10. Present with only anal dimple
In female
Imperforate anus type 3 with associated fistula
Low rectovaginal fistula
High rectovaginal fistula
Recto peritoneal fistula
TYPES
16. Rectum communicate with urethra
The sphincter mechanism usually is
satisfactory; a few patients have
poor perineal muscles and a flat-
looking perineum
18. Pouch like structure in anus and rectum
Rare anorectal malformations
The defect is frequently discovered while
rectal temperature is being taken.
19. There is obstruction about 2cm
above the skin level.These patients
need protective colostomy.
20. The rectum is completely blind and is
usually found approximately 2cm above
the perineal skin.
The sacrum and the sphincteric
mechanism are usually well developed .
A colostomy is indicated during the
newborn period.
This defect is frequently associated with
down syndrome.
26. Low lesions
Newborn examination reveals absence of an
anal orifice in the correct position
Normal position of anus is halfway between
the coccyx and the scrotum or introitus
Primary symptom is constipation
Cases with anterior ectopic anus have no
symptoms
27. If no anus or fistula present, it is called
“covered anus”
After 24 hours meconium bulging may be
seen creating a blue or black appearance.
In male, the perineal fistula may track
anteriorly along the median raphe across the
scrotum and even down the penile shaft, this is
usually a thin track, with a normal rectum
often just a few millimeter from the skin
28. In females, a low lesion enters the
vestibule or fourchette.
In this case, the rectum has
descended through the sphincter
complex.
29. In a boy with high imperforate anus, the
perineum appears flat
There may be air or meconium passed via
the penis (urethra) when the fistula is
high
In rectourethral fistula, the sphincter
mechanism is satisfactory, the sacrum
may be bifid and the anal dimple is near
the scrotum
30. In retrovestibular fistulas, the sphincter
mechanism is poorly developed and
sacrum is hypoplastic or absent.
In boys with trisomy 21, all the features
may be present, but there will be no
fistula, the sacrum and sphincter
mechanisms are usually well developed
and prognosis is good.
31. In girls with high imperforate anus, there
may be the appearance of a rectovaginal
fistula.
A true rectovaginal fistula is rare. Most
fistulas to the vestibule outside the
hymen orifice.
These have a good prognosis with a
normal sacrum and anal dimple and intact
sphincter function
34. Mainly required before redo surgery.
Clearly shows the anatomy of sphincter
muscles, levator ani, muscle complex.
Delineates the rectal pouch and fistula.
Clearly shows the relationship between
intestine and surrounding muscles.
35. Provides exquisite soft tissue imaging in
all three plane.
Better than CT in soft tissue imaging and
no radiation hazard.
Scan is expanded to include pelvis ,
kidneys and spinal cord.
Clearly shows whether the pulled through
intestine is within levator ani sling or not
36. Early decision-making
IV line - fluids and antibiotics
Insertion of nasogastric tube is inserted
Meconium is usually not seen at the
perineum in a baby with a recto-perineal
fistula until at least 16–24 hours.
37. Clinical inspection of the buttocks -
flat "bottom" or flat perineum
Operation can be performed during
newborn period, and after 1year
corrective surgical repair is
performed
colostomy or an anoplasty
38. Clinical evaluation and urine analysis
X-ray, cross-table lateral film with
the baby in prone position
colostomy
39.
40. Surgically created opening between the
colon and the abdominal wall to allow
fecal elimination.
It may be temporary or permanent
diversion
TPYES
Transverse colostomy
Descending colostomy
41. DESCENDING COLOSTOMY
made from the descending portion of the
colon located in the lower-left quadrant of
the abdomen, with separated stomas . The
proximal stoma is connected to the upper
gastrointestinal tract and drains stool. The
distal stoma is connected to the rectum and
will drain small amounts of mucus material.
42.
43. Performed at 1–2 months of age
90% of male patients done anorectal repair,
while 10% require laparotomy
Rectobladder neck fistula
operation involves both a posterior sagittal
incision and an abdominal component, which
can be done with laparoscopy or laparotomy.
44. Rectovestibular fistula is the most common defect in
girls and has an excellent functional prognosis.
The diagnosis is based on clinical examination.
A meticulous inspection of the neonatal genitalia allows
the clinician to observe a normal urethral meatus and a
normal vagina, with a third hole in the vestibule, which
is the rectovestibular fistula .
45.
46. The laparoscopically-assisted anorectal
approach consists in mobilizing and bringing
the rectum through the pelvic floor sphincter
muscles through a minimal posterior
incision. Perianal dissection towards the
laparoscopic light source favours accurate
placement of a trocar to pull the rectum
through the external sphincter muscle
complex
47. o Thorough physical examination by the
attending nurse to identify anorectal
malformation
o kept nil per orally
o Colostomy care
o Start feeding after the child has recovered
from anaesthesia
48. After the diagnosis of occlusion had been
made, gastric suction may be used.
IV feeding and nasogastric suction help
prevent abdominal distension immediate
post operatively
Keep the anal site clean and dry
Diaper should not be used.
The dressing must be changed frequently
49. Wound infection and retraction
Incontinence
Strictures (rectal or vaginal)
Acquired atresias
Recurrent fistulas
Severe pelvic fibrosis
Rectal mucosal prolapsed
Constipation