This document discusses various types of reproduction and mating systems in animals. It begins by defining sexual and asexual reproduction, and describes different forms of asexual reproduction like binary fission and parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis in certain species like bees, Komodo dragons, and crocodiles is discussed in more detail. The document then covers various mating systems like monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygynandry, and promiscuity. Key characteristics and examples of each system are provided. Finally, behaviors associated with mating like courtship displays, territory defense, and sexual dimorphism are briefly described.
This power point is prepared to made easy to understand the method of asexual reproduction for students.
This is a quick review which may save your time...
Enjoy... :)
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
This power point is prepared to made easy to understand the method of asexual reproduction for students.
This is a quick review which may save your time...
Enjoy... :)
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...
Mating-and-Conservation.pptx
1. Group : 10
Conservation Biology
Bsc 2076-2080 (A)
Group members
Byanjana Sharma
Biva Singh
Gaurav Rimal
Kishor Kumar Mahat
2. Reproduction
It is a process by which living organism give rise to new
offspring.
Reproduction is the only process for continuity of life on
earth.
Types of Reproduction
Sexual Asexual
3. Asexual reproduction
It involves the production of offspring without the
fusion of gametes from two parents.
It produces genetically identical offsprings.
Binary fission, Budding, Fragmentation etc. are
common among simpler organisms like bacteria, fungi
etc.
Parthenogenesis can be found in some reptiles, fishes,
birds, wasps etc.
4. Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is the type of asexual reproduction
involving the development of embryo from an
unfertilized egg.
It is not common in isogamous species.
Types :
Arrhenotoky : produces male
Thelytoky: produces female
Deuterotoky: produces male without fertilization and
produces female by fertilization
5. Parthenogenesis in bees
Honey bees usually maintain
colonies by sexual reproduction
but parthenogenesis is also
found to occur under special
circumstances.
Male are haploid and females
are diploid. So, males can be
produced by parthenogenesis
whereas the female is produced
by mating.
Queen bees produce a
pheromone which activates the
Anarchy gene (plays to
deactivate ovaries) in worker
bees. So as long as there's a
queen in the colony, worker
bees will remain sterile.
6. Parthenogenesis in Komodo
dragon
Komodo Dragons perform sexual as well as asexual(
parthenogenesis) reproduction depending on the
environment ( habitat with or without opposite sex
individuals).
7. Parthenogenesis in Crocodile (
recent case)
Scientists have discovered that female American
crocodiles can reproduce by parthenogenesis.
The newest case was found in an 18-year-old crocodile
at Parque Reptilandia in Costa Rica.
8. Sexual reproduction
It involves the production of offspring with the fusion
of gametes from two parents.
It produces genetically unidentical offsprings and is
basis of gradual evolution.
9. Mating System
A mating system is a pattern of
male–female pairings
• The mating system is an
important component of the
social system in that it
influences the size,
composition, and kin structure
of groups of interacting
individuals.
- Males and females differ
greatly in the investment each
makes to reproduce, and may
therefore approach mating
with differing strategies.
11. Monogamy
Monogamy refers to the pair bond between two
individuals of same species, typically of opposite sex,
who mate and reproduce only with eachother.
It occurs in canids like wolves, in eagles, gibbons, etc.
Serial monogamy is when an individual mates with
only one partner in one breeding season but changes
partner in another season.
12. Monogamy
From a conservation point of view monogamous
parents both take part in raising offsprings. Hence
they have higher chances of raising young ones
successfully.
For example in cases of birds like eagles, both parents
hunt and search for food to feed their young ones.
14. Polygyny
Polygyny in animals is a mating system in which one
male lives and mates with multiple females, but each
female only mates with that male.
It is most common in mammals and occurs when there
is abundance of resources and females can raise young
ones without male parents.
Types: Resource Defense polygyny, Harem, Leks
15. Resource Defence Polygyny
In resource defence polygyny, individual males
compete and form territories centered around
resources that are necessary for successful mating. And
group of females are attracted towards the resources.
16. Harem
In harem a group of females is defended by a single
male.
Males compete to take control of a group.
Initially females my associate in a group for group
defense, or they may be herded together by a male.
17. Leks
A lek is a mating system where a male (or a few males)
tries to attract female mates.
Males form leks because they attract more females
than isolated males.
Males compete to be in the centre of lek while females
choose dominant male i.e. Male at the centre.
Eg: Sage Grouse, Birds of paradise.
19. Polygyny
Polygyny can help improve genetic quality by allowing
females to choose males with good genes and high
resources.
Males benefit by increase in reproductive success due
to access to number of mates. Females also benefit by
association and mating with a strong male.
But polygyny may have negative effects due to
inbreeding depression, infanticides, etc.
21. Polyandry
It is a mating system in which a single female mates
with multiple males.
It helps female ensure reproductive success by
providing her with multiple mating options.
For eg: Honey Bees, Crickets, Emu etc.
Types: resource defence polyandry, cooperative
polyandry.
22. Resource Defence Polyandry
In Spotted Sandpiper, female controls resources which
in turn controls male mating associations.
23. Cooperative Polyandry
In this case all males in the group copulate with the
female and also take part in brood provisioning.
Galapagos Hawks exhibit cooperative polyandry.
In Saddle Backed Tamarin, the father (male) invites
another male to join the group and after the offspring
are established one of the males gets kicked out of the
group.
24. Polygynandry
Some mating system have bonding between loseer
males and females. It allows them to live together and
be less concerned about mate compititions.
Multiple females and males mate with eachother and
multiple males may take part in brooding offsprings of
a single female.
It is advantageous from female perspective as it creates
parental confusion and decreases infanticides and also
multiple male take part in brooding of offsprings.
25. Promiscuity
There is no pair bonds.
Males and females, although sometimes choosy, often
seem to mate randomly.
It occurs in species whose environmental conditions
are unpredictable.
It is beneficial to one or both sexes as it increases their
chance of successful reproduction.
Eg: Penguins, Hyenas, Sloths, etc.
27. Courtship displays
It is a set of display behaviour, in which an individual,
usually male, tries to attract a mate, and the mate
exercises choice based on the display.
It includes ritual movement (dances), vocalization,
mechanical sound production, display of beauty,
strength, etc.
28. Territory defense
Male establish and defend territories to attract
females.
They may display aggressive behaviours towards rival
males to protect their territory and prevent them from
mating with females.
This behavious is observed in various animals,
including birds, fish and mammals.
29. Nupital Gifts
It is a material presentation ( food offerings, male body
parts, salivary gland secretions, etc) from donor to
recepient during sexual intercourse in order to
improve reproductive fitness of donor and even
recepient.
31. Lekking
Aggregrate of males gathered to engage in compititive
displays and courtship rituals.
32. Sexual dimorphism
In many species, males and females exhibit distinct
physical differences known as sexual dimorphism.
It could be difference in size, colour or presence of
special features. It is associated with attracting mates
or competing for mates.
Eg: antlers of male deer.
34. Mating Systems and conservation
Mating systems are variety of strategies to achieve
reproductive success developed as solutions to
complex evolutionary problems.
35. References
Krasnec, M. O., Cook, C. N. & Breed, M. D. (2012)
Mating Systems in Sexual Animals. Nature
Education Knowledge 3(10):72
Watts, P., Buley, K., Sanderson, S. et
al. Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. Nature 444,
1021–1022 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/4441021a