This document discusses genetic variation and different mating systems used in livestock production. It begins by explaining that most economically important traits are controlled by multiple gene pairs and are quantitatively measured, showing continuous variation. Different mating systems like inbreeding, linebreeding, outcrossing and crossbreeding are then described. Inbreeding can both increase homozygosity but also reveal desirable and undesirable genes, while outbreeding takes advantage of heterosis and breed complementarity. Various crossbreeding systems like two-breed and terminal rotations are outlined. The role of selection, EPDs, and forming new composite breeds is also summarized.
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traitsILRI
Presented by Aynalem Haile and Mourad Rekik (ICARDA) at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
This PowerPoint presentation is from the third webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
Genetic basis and improvement of reproductive traitsILRI
Presented by Aynalem Haile and Mourad Rekik (ICARDA) at the EIAR-DBARC-ICARDA-ILRI (LIVES)-FAO Training Workshop on Reproduction in Sheep and Goat, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 13-15 October 2014
This presentation by Susan Schoenian is the first from a five-part webinar series on "Breeding Better Sheep & Goats." The topic of this presentation is "Genetics 101."
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Designing and implementation of community-based breeding programs for adapted...ILRI
Presented by Haile, A., Duguma, G., Mirkena, T., Tibbo, M., Iñiguez, L., Rischkowsky, B., Okeyo, M., Wurzinger, M. and Sölkner, J. at the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010
After brooding stage, grower stage happens to every poultry species. many parallel manage-mental events is undertaken to make the birds good layers. feeding is the most essential part in this stage
Methods of selection in animal genetics and breedingDr. Jayesh Vyas
Simultaneous selection for many traits can be applied based on individuals own performance by adopting any of the procedure of selection.
One may wish to adopt tandem selection or ICL methods or one may evaluate the individuals on the value for each of the traits selected for and then sum of these values to give a total value for all the traits.
The animal with the highest score is then selected.
These procedure are known as methods of selection.
Role of livestock in national economy and population dynamics.
Provide livelihood to 2-3rd of rural community.
Also provides employment to 8.8% of the population in India.
20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
Livestock contribute to 16% to the income of small farm households.
Contributes to 4.11% of GDP and 25.6% of total agriculture GDP.
Improving breeding&reproductive performance of dairy animalsArab Khan
I gave presentation on this topic. Actually, this topic was difficult to search and to concise but have lot of knowledge that's why I selected it for my presentation.
Jennifer Patterson - Improving Efficiencies of Replacement Gilt ManagementJohn Blue
Improving Efficiencies of Replacement Gilt Management - Jennifer Patterson, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
This presentation by Susan Schoenian is the first from a five-part webinar series on "Breeding Better Sheep & Goats." The topic of this presentation is "Genetics 101."
Major economic traits of cattle and buffalopratee5
Selection and judging of the breeding stocks are the first and foremost steps to start with any breeding programme. For this, a no. of phenotypic and behavioral traits are taken into consideration. Breeding plans for cattle and buffalo should aim to meet the quantitative and qualitative demands of milk and meat in the country. From a practical standpoint, traits with a measurable or at least readily recognizable economic value are generally to be given the most emphasis.The economic traits are typically those that affect either the income obtained or the costs of production. So, a thorough understanding of economic traits of livestock is of utmost importance.
Designing and implementation of community-based breeding programs for adapted...ILRI
Presented by Haile, A., Duguma, G., Mirkena, T., Tibbo, M., Iñiguez, L., Rischkowsky, B., Okeyo, M., Wurzinger, M. and Sölkner, J. at the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010
After brooding stage, grower stage happens to every poultry species. many parallel manage-mental events is undertaken to make the birds good layers. feeding is the most essential part in this stage
Methods of selection in animal genetics and breedingDr. Jayesh Vyas
Simultaneous selection for many traits can be applied based on individuals own performance by adopting any of the procedure of selection.
One may wish to adopt tandem selection or ICL methods or one may evaluate the individuals on the value for each of the traits selected for and then sum of these values to give a total value for all the traits.
The animal with the highest score is then selected.
These procedure are known as methods of selection.
Role of livestock in national economy and population dynamics.
Provide livelihood to 2-3rd of rural community.
Also provides employment to 8.8% of the population in India.
20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
Livestock contribute to 16% to the income of small farm households.
Contributes to 4.11% of GDP and 25.6% of total agriculture GDP.
Improving breeding&reproductive performance of dairy animalsArab Khan
I gave presentation on this topic. Actually, this topic was difficult to search and to concise but have lot of knowledge that's why I selected it for my presentation.
Jennifer Patterson - Improving Efficiencies of Replacement Gilt ManagementJohn Blue
Improving Efficiencies of Replacement Gilt Management - Jennifer Patterson, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam - Were Those the Days? Animal Ag Then & NowJohn Blue
Were Those the Days? Animal Ag Then & Now - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, Cooperative Extension Specialist, Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, University of California, Davis, From the 2018 Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit, Protect Your Roots, May 3 - 4, 2018, Arlington, VA, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9xWTLbiBMQQi8L_WHIWcjA
Were those the days? Agriculture Then and NowJohn Blue
Were those the days? Agriculture Then and Now - Dr. Alison Van Eenennaam, University of California, Davis, from the 2019 Iowa Pork Congress, January 23 - 24, 2019, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEFNbfee_Rq3AfAFTRpuCrQ
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Objectives
Understanding of the concept of genetic variation
Knowledge of quantitative vs. qualitative traits
Appreciation for genetic change in the livestock
industry
Advantages, disadvantages of linebreeding,
inbreeding, crossbreeding, and outcrossing
Describe heritability, heterosis, and calculating the
percent heterosis
Role of hybrid and composite breed formation
3. Continuous Variation & Many Pairs
of Genes
Most economically important traits controlled by
multiple pairs of genes
Estimate >100,000 genes in animals
Example 20 pairs of genes affecting yearling weight in
sheep can result in:
1 million different egg/sperm combinations
3.5 billion different genotypes
Producers often observe continuous variation
Can see large differences in performance
4. Figure 13.1 Variation or difference in weaning weight in beef cattle. The variation shown by the bell-shaped curve could be representative of a breed
or a large herd. The dark vertical line in the center is the average or the mean–in this example, 440 lb.
5. Figure 13.2 A normal bell-shaped curve for weaning weight showing the number of calves in the area under the curve (400 calves in the herd).
6. Continuous Variation & Many Pairs
of Genes
Quantitative traits
Objectively measured traits
Observations typically exist along a continuum
Example: skeletal size, speed, etc.
Qualitative traits
Descriptively or subjectively measured
Example: hair color, horned vs. polled, etc.
Often times many gene pairs control quantitative
traits while few influence qualitative traits
7. Continuous Variation & Many Pairs
of Genes
Phenotype is influenced by both genotypic
combinations and environmental influences
Many mating systems utilize formulas to minimize
variation and increase the ability to make
comparisons
Ex. Adjusted weaning weight for beef cattle
{(actual weaning wt – birth wt / age in days at weaning) *
205} + birth wt + age of dam adjustment
Predicting the outcomes of the influence of genotypes
is estimating as heritability
8. Figure 13.4 Variation in belt pattern in Hampshire swine. Courtesy of National Swine Registry.
9. Selection
Differential reproduction – prevents some animals
from reproducing while allow others to have offspring
Allows producer to select genetically superior animals
10. Selection Differential
A.k.a. – reach
Defined as superiority (or inferiority) of selected
animals to the herd average
Ex. Average weaning weight of a group of replacement
heifers is 480 lbs and the herd average is 440 lbs –
selection differential is 40 lbs
40 lb difference is due to:
Genetics
Environmental influences
11. Heritability
The portion of selection differential that is passed
from parent to offspring
If parent performance is good estimate of progeny
performance for a trait – heritability is high
Realized heritability is what is actually passed on vs.
what was selected for
Example: swine producer has average postweaning
ADG of 1.8 lb/d
He selects a group of females with PW ADG of 2.3 lb/d and
breeds them shooting for an increase of .5 lb/d increase
Their offspring average 1.95 lb/d PW ADG
12. Heritability
1.95 – 1.8 = .15 actual increase in PW ADG
.15 actual increase in PW ADG/ .50 target increase PW ADG =
.3 * 100 = 30% Heritability
Heritabilities
% Heritability Heritability
Characteristics
40% + Highly heritable traits
20-39% Medium heritability traits
<20% Low heritability traits
13. Predicting Genetic Change
Genetic change per yr = (heritability * selection
differential)/generation interval
Allows producers to calculate the amount of change
expected per generation
Generation interval
Average age of parent when offspring is born
Add average age of all breeding females to average age of all
breeding males divided by 2
Typical generation intervals:
Swine – 2 yrs
Dairy – 3-4 yrs
Beef – 5-6 yrs
14. Predicting Genetic Change
Genetic change for Multiple Trait selection
Typically, more than 1 trait affects productivity
Must take into account the number of traits in selection
program to accurately predict change
Ex. If genetic change per year for weaning weights was
4 lbs; but if there are 4 traits in the selection program
you must take that into consideration
1/√4 = ½ ----only ½ the amount of original change can be
expected…so only 2lbs/generation
15. Evidence of Genetic Change
We’ve seen many examples of marked improvements
in productivity due to genetic change…so it is not just
theoretical
Ability to produce a 22 lb dressed-wt turkey in 5 mo
11,000 lb increase in milk production of dairy cows in 50
yrs
16. Figure 13.5 Genetic trends since 1954 for the six traits presented in this sire evaluation.
17. Genetic Improvement through AI
Responsible for the greatest amount of genetic
progress
Close second is environment/management conditions
Allows producers to select genetically superior
parents to mate
18. Selection Methods
Tandem
Selection of one trait at a time
Appropriate if rapid change in one trait is needed
quickly
Can result in loss of genetic progress of other traits
Typically, not recommended
Independent Culling
Minimum culling levels for each trait in the selection
program
Second-most effective type of selection method, but
most used
19. Selection Methods
Most useful when number of traits in selection is
relatively few
Disadvantage – may cull genetically superior animals
for marginal performance of a single trait
Selection Index
Recognizes the value of multiple traits with and
economic rating related to each trait
Allows for ranking of individuals objectively
Difficult to develop
Disadvantages – shifts in economic value of some traits
over time, failure to identify defects or weaknesses
20. Basis for Selection
Effective selection requires that traits be:
Heritable
Relatively easy to measure
Associated with economic value
Genetic estimates are accurate
Genetic variation is available
Notion of measureable genetic progress is basis for
breed organizations and performance data
Today’s producers rely less of visual appraisal and more
on selection tools and data
21. Basis for Selection
Predicted Differences or Expected Progeny
Differences (EPD’s)
Calculated on a variety of traits
Use information from:
Individuals
Siblings
Ancestors
Progeny
As amount of data collected increases, accuracy of the
data increases
22. Basis for Selection
Dairy industry has been the leader, beginning data
collection in 1929
Early efforts focused on measuring individual sires,
boars, etc. for performance parameters
Now has evolved into primary testing of progeny of
those males
BLUP – Best Linear Unbiased Predictor
Data compiled and used to compare animals across herds
Poultry and dairy led the pack in its development
Swine began data collection and reporting on terminal sires
in 1995 and maternal sow lines in 1997
23. Basis for Selection
Ex. – Statistically dairy herds on DHIA have a clear
productive advantage over herds not on DHIA
24. Mating Systems
Seedstock/Purebred producers – pure lines of stock
from which ancestry can be traced via a pedigree by a
breed organization
Commercial breeders – little/no emphasis on
pedigree in selection
Three critical decisions by breeders:
Individuals selected to become parents
Rate of reproduction from each individual
Most beneficial mating system
25. Mating Systems
Two main systems:
Inbreeding
Animals more closely related than the average of the breed
Outbreeding
Animals not as closely related as the average of the
population
Producer must understand the relationship of the
animals being mated to be effective
26. Figure 14.2 Relationship of the mating system to the amount of heterozygosity or homozygosity. Self fertilization is currently not an available mating
system in animals.
27. Inbreeding
Breeder cannot control which traits will be beneficial
when there’s a close genetic relationship, and which
will be detrimental
Two forms:
Intensive inbreeding – mating animals closely related
whose ancestors have been inbred for several
generations
Linebreeding – inbreeding is kept low, while a high
genetic relationship to an ancestor or line of ancestors
is maintained
28. Inbreeding
Intensive Inbreeding results:
Usually detrimental to reproductive performance, more
susceptible to environmental stress
Less advantage from heterosis
Quickly identifies desirable and detrimental genes that
may stay hidden in heterozygote crosses
Uniform progeny
Crossing inbred lines can result in heterosis improving
productivity
29. Outbreeding
Species cross
Crossing animals of different species
Horse/donkey
Widest possible kind of outbreeding
Can you give another example?
Crossbreeding
Two reasons for crossbreeding:
1. Take advantage of breed complementation
Differences complement one another
Neither breed is superior in all production characteristics
Can significantly increase herd productivity
30. Outbreeding
2. Take advantage of heterosis
Increase in productivity above the average of either of the
two parental breeds
Marked improvement in productivity in swine, poultry, and
beef
Amount of heterosis related to heritability of the desired
traits
Superior selection will outperform crossbreeding
alone
Combination of both will result in largest improvement
Why is crossbreeding little used in the dairy industry?
32. Figure 14.11 Two-breed rotation cross. Females sired by breed A are mated to breed B sires, and females sired by breed B are mated to breed A
sires.
33. Figure 14.12 Three-breed rotation cross. Females sired by a specific breed are bred to the breed of sire next in rotation.
34. Figure 14.13 Terminal (Static) or modified-terminal crossbreeding system. It is terminal or static if all females in herd
(A × B) are then crossed to breed C Sires. All male and female offspring are sold. It is a modified-terminal system if part of females are bred to A and B
sires to produce replacement females. The remainder of the females are terminally crossed to breed C sires.
37. Forming New Lines or Breeds
A.k.a. – composite or synthetic breeds
Ex. – Brangus, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis
Hybrid boars extensively used in swine production