Aneurysms of the aorta and peripheral arteries..pptx
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An aneurysm is a bulge or ballooning in the wall of an artery. There are several types including abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), thoracic aortic aneurysms, cerebral (brain) aneurysms, and peripheral aneurysms. AAAs are the most common and occur in the abdominal portion of the aorta. Risk factors include age, male gender, smoking, family history, and certain diseases. Diagnostic tests include ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, and angiography. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include medication to lower blood pressure, open or endovascular surgery to repair the aneurysm, and lifestyle changes to prevent further damage. Complications can be life-threatening if left untreated.
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An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst, spilling blood in the area surrounding the blood vessel. The disease can occur in the aorta, in a blood vessel in the brain, or in a peripheral blood vessel.
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The document discusses acute pericarditis, which is the most common disorder of the pericardium. The pericardium is a sac surrounding the heart. Acute pericarditis can be caused by infections, cardiac issues, autoimmune diseases, metabolic problems, neoplasms, drugs, or trauma. Common symptoms include chest pain, a pericardial friction rub sound, and ECG changes showing widespread concave ST elevation. Treatment typically involves NSAIDs and colchicine, though some cases require invasive therapies like drainage. Prognosis is generally good, but risks include cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
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2) Risk factors include conditions contributing to Virchow's triad of venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and endothelial injury.
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1. Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium and is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. It can occur acutely or become chronic.
2. The main symptoms are sudden onset of sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. A pericardial friction rub may also be heard on examination.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and inflammation, usually with NSAIDs. Corticosteroids may be used for refractory cases or certain causes like connective tissue diseases.
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Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs, usually originating from deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms range from sudden shortness of breath to chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like CT scans, V/Q scans, echocardiograms and blood tests. Treatment consists of oxygen, anticoagulant drugs, and sometimes fibrinolytics for massive clots. Long term prevention focuses on continued anticoagulation and devices like IVC filters for recurrent embolisms despite treatment.
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An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an abnormal dilatation of the abdominal aorta due to weakness in the vessel wall. AAAs are usually asymptomatic but can cause back pain. Risk factors include age, hypertension, smoking and family history. Large AAAs (>5.5cm diameter) have a high risk of rupture and require surgical repair via open surgery or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) to exclude the aneurysm and prevent rupture. Ruptured AAAs have a mortality rate over 80% and are a major cause of death in older men.
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Aneurysm
introduction,
definition
types
causes etc
Management
Routine ultrasound procedures. These procedures will monitor the size and rate of growth of the aneurysm every 6 months to 12 months as part of a "watchful waiting" approach for smaller aneurysms.
Controlling or modifying risk factors. Steps such as quitting smoking, controlling blood sugar if diabetic, losing weight if overweight or obese, and controlling dietary fat intake may help to control the progression of the aneurysm.
Medication. Medication can control factors such as hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood) and/or high blood pressure.
Surgery
Aneurysm open repair. An incision is made to directly visualize and repair the aneurysm. A cylinder-like tube called a graft may be used to repair the aneurysm. Grafts are made of various materials, such as Dacron The open repair is considered the surgical standard for an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). EVAR is a procedure that requires only small incisions in the groin along with the use of X-ray guidance and specially-designed instruments to repair the aneurysm. With the use of special endovascular instruments and X-ray images for guidance, a stent-graft is inserted via the femoral artery and advanced up into the aorta to the site of the aneurysm.
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed due to plaque buildup within the arteries over many years. This reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. CAD is diagnosed using tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, echocardiograms, and heart scans. Treatment options include medications to improve blood flow, angioplasty to widen narrowed arteries using a balloon catheter, stents to prop open the arteries, or atherectomy using a tiny drill to remove plaque. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, weight control, and managing conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent and manage CAD.
Coronary Artery Disease
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Aortic disection
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Atherosclerosis
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aneurysm.pptx
DEFINITION:
An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size.
1)Abdominal aortic aneurysm:
2)Thoracic aortic aneurysm:
1)Hardening of the arteries ( Atherosclerosis).
2)Genetic conditions:
Aortic aneurysms in younger people often have a genetic cause –people who are born with Marfan syndrome.
3)Other medical conditions: Inflammatory conditions ,such as giant cell arteritis.
4)Problems with your hearts aortic valve:
Some times people who have problems with the valve.
5)Untreated infection: Such as syphilis or salmonella, and HIV.
6)Traumatic injury: Rarely ,some people who are injured in falls or motor vehicle crashes develop thoracic aortic aneurysms.
RISK FACTORS-1)Age
2)Male gender
3)Hypertension
4)Coronary artery disease
5)Family history
6)High cholesterol
7)Lower extremity
8)Carotid artery disease.
9)Previous stroke
10)Tobacco use
11)Excess weight.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS-
THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM.
•Constant boring pain, which may occur only when the patient is in the supine position.
Dyspnea, cough( parpoxysmal and brassy).
Hoarseness , stridor ,weakness or completer loss of the voice( aphonia).
Dysphagia.
Dilated superficial veins on chest ,neck, neck or arms.
Edematous areas on chest wall.
Cyanosis
Unequal pupils.
1.Patients complaints of “ heart beating” in abdomen when lying down or a feeling of an abdominal mass or abdominal throbbing.
2.Cyanosis and mottling of the toes if aneurysm is associated with thrombus.
DIAGNOSTIC MEASURE-Chest x.ray , CT angiography ( CTA), and transesophageal electrocardiography( TEE) , are done to reveal abnormal widening of the thoracic aorta.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm : Pulsation of pulsatile mass in the middle and upper abdomen , duplex ultrasonography or CTA is used to determine the size ,length and location of the aneurysm.
Dissecting aneurysm : Arteriography ,CTA,TEE duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA).
COMPLICATION
•Rupture of an aneurysm is the most serious complication.
•If rupture occurs into the retroperitoneal space , bleeding may be controlled by surrounding anatomic structures, preventing exsanguination and death.
MEDICALMANAGEMENT
•The goal of both medical and surgical management is to prevent aneurysm rupture.
•Early detection and prompt treatment are essential .
•Conservative therapy of small asymptomatic AAA’s ( 4-5.5) is the best practice.
This consists of risk factor modification ( ceasing tobacco use , decreasing B.P, optimizing of aneurysm size using ultrasound ,CT, or MRI.
•Growth rates may be lowered with B- adrenergic blocking agents ( eg. Propranolol) , Statins ( eg. Simvastatin) and antibiotics( eg. Doxycycline).
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT-Surgical repair is recommended in patients. with asymptomatic aneurysm 5-5 cm in diameter or larger.
•Surgical procedure are
1)Open aneurysm repair (OAR)
2)Endovascular graft procedure
Neha diwan presentation on aortic aneurysm
The document discusses aneurysms and aortic dissections. It defines an aneurysm as an abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel wall due to weakening. Aortic dissections occur when the inner layer of the aorta tears, allowing blood to surge between the layers. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, genetics. Symptoms include chest pain. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment depends on location but may include open or endovascular surgery to repair or replace the damaged vessel.
Overview of an aneurysm.pdf
An aneurysm occurs when an artery's wall weakens and bulges abnormally. While they can develop anywhere, aneurysms most commonly form in the brain (cerebral aneurysm) or the aorta. A ruptured aneurysm is a medical emergency requiring immediate care. Treatment depends on the location and type of aneurysm, and may involve surgery, medications, or lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and lowering blood pressure. Preventive steps can help reduce aneurysm risk through a healthy diet, exercise, and regular medical checkups.
Aneurysm and av fistula
The document discusses different types of aneurysms including abdominal aortic, thoracic aortic, cerebral, and peripheral aneurysms. It describes the causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management options for aneurysms. For abdominal aortic aneurysms, the main treatment options are open abdominal repair surgery or endovascular repair to reinforce the weakened artery. For brain aneurysms, surgical clipping or endovascular coiling may be used to block blood flow to the aneurysm.
What is Aneurysm.pptx
In simple terms, an aneurysm is basically a protrusion in the wall of an artery. Sometimes the force or pressure of the blood passing through a weakened artery can make it bulge outward causing an aneurysm. At other times, the wall of a blood vessel is weakened due to any other reason.
Coronary heart diseases
The document discusses coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. It provides details on the topics including:
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- Treatment involves medications to reduce symptoms, risk factors and complications as well as procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery to reopen blocked arteries. Myocardial infarction is heart muscle damage from reduced blood flow and can be a
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- 1. Ministry of Health of Ukraine Donetsk National Medical University “ Department of Surgery” Aneurysms of the aorta and peripheral arteries. By: SRISHTI GUPTA Group: 503 A.m. Kropyvnytskyi 2021
- 2. Aneurysm ● An aneurysm is a distention of an artery brought by a weakening/ destruction of the arterial wall. ● An aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in an artery.
- 3. Types of Aneurysms 1. Aortic aneurysm There are two types of aortic aneurysm ● Abdominal aortic aneurysm ● Thoracic aortic aneurysm 2. Cerebral aneurysm - occurs in an artery in the brain. 3. Others: Peripheral Aneurysm
- 5. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms An aneurysm that occurs in the abdominal portion of the aorta is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Most aortic aneurysms are AAAs. Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms An aneurysm that occurs in the chest portion of the aorta (above the diaphragm) is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA).
- 6. Brain Aneurysms Aneurysms in the arteries of the brain are called cereberal aneurysms or brain aneurysms. Brain aneurysms also are called berry aneurysms because they're often the size of a small berry. Peripheral Aneurysms ● Aneurysms that occur in arteries other than the aorta and the brain arteries are called peripheral aneurysms. ● Common locations for peripheral aneurysms include the popliteal, femoral and carotid arteries.
- 10. Causes Abdominal aortic aneurysm causes: ● Atherosclerosis ● Smoking ● Hypertension ● Vasculitis (infection in the aorta) ● Cocaine use Genetic factors Thoracic aortic aneurysm causes: About 1 in 4 aortic aneurysms occur in the thoracic area of the aorta (higher up in the chest). Causes are the same as with aortic aneurysms, plus the following below: ● Marfan Syndrome ● Previous aorta injury Traumatic injury
- 11. Clinical manifestations : Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms ● A throbbing feeling in the abdomen ● Deep pain in back or the side of the abdomen ● Steady, gnawing pain in the abdomen that lasts for hours or days If an AAA ruptures, symptoms may include : ● Sudden, severe pain in lower abdomen and back ● Nausea and vomiting ● Constipation ● Problems with urination ● Clammy, sweaty skin ● Light-headedness ● Rapid heart rate when standing UP ● Shock
- 12. Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms ● Pain in jaw, neck, back, or chest ● Coughing and/or hoarseness ● Shortness of breath and/or trouble breathing or swallowing ● Loss of voice If a TAA ruptures or dissects ● Sudden, severe, sharp or stabbing pain starting in the upper back and moving down into the abdomen. ● Pain in chest and arms ● Shock.
- 13. Risk factors ● Male gender - Men are more likely than women to have aortic aneurysms. ● Age - Abdominal aortic aneurysms are more likely to occur in people who are aged 65 or older. ● Smoking - Smoking can damage and weaken the walls of the aorta. ● Family history - People who have family histories of aortic aneurysms are at higher risk for the condition, and they may have aneurysms before the age of 65. ● History of aneurysms in the arteries of the legs. ● Certain diseases and conditions that weaken the walls of the aorta. Such as high BP and atherosclerosis ● Having a bicuspid aortic valve - can raise the risk of having a thoracic aortic aneurysm. A bicuspid aortic valve has two leaflets instead of the typical three. ● Car accidents or trauma - also can injure the arteries and increase the risk for aneurysms.
- 14. Diagnostic tests ● Abdominal or chest X-ray may show calcification that outline aneurysm ● Ultrasound and Echocardiography: These tests can show the size of an aortic aneurysm ● Computed Tomography Scan A computed tomography scan, or CT scan : CT scan can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. ● Magnetic Resonance Imaging: detect aneurysms and pinpointing their size and exact location. ● Angiography: This test shows the amount of damage and blockage in blood vessels.
- 19. Management The goals of management may include: ● Preventing the aneurysm from growing Preventing or reversing damage to other body structures ● Preventing or treating a rupture or dissection ● Allowing the pt. to continue doing their normal daily activities
- 20. Medical management In aortic aneurysm Medicines are used to lower blood pressure, relax blood vessels, and lower the risk that the aneurysm will rupture (burst). Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers are the medicines most commonly used.
- 21. Surgical management The two main types of surgery to repair aortic aneurysms are: 1. Open Abdominal or Open Chest Repair In aortic aneurysms, open abdominal or open chest repair. This surgery involves a major incision (cut) in the abdomen or chest. General anesthesia is used during this procedure. During the surgery, the aneurysm is removed. Then, the section of aorta is replaced with a graft made of material such as Dacronor Teflon.
- 22. 2. Endovascular Repair In endovascular repair, the aneurysm isn't removed. Instead, a graft is inserted into the aorta to strengthen it. The surgeon first inserts a catheter into an artery in the groin (upper thigh) and threads it to the aneurysm. Then, using an x ray to see the artery, the surgeon threads the graft (also called a stent graft) into the aorta to the aneurysm. The graft is then expanded inside the aorta and fastened in place to form a stable channel for blood flow. The graft reinforces the weakened section of the aorta. This helps prevent the aneurysm from rupturing.
- 25. Prevention A large percentage of aneurysms are caused by arteriosclerosis. The following steps will help prevent the development of arteriosclerosis and aneurysms: ● Quit smoking ● Keep blood pressure under control ● Keep blood cholesterol levels under control ● Eat a healthy, well balanced diet, rich in fruit and vegetables, unrefined carbohydrate, dietary fiber, good quality fats, and lean protein ● Keep bodyweight within the ideal limits for height ● Get at least 7 hours of good quality sleep each night ● Keep yourself physically active
- 26. Complications ❏ Haemorrhage leading to shock and even death ❏ Myocardial ischemia ❏ Stroke ❏ Paraplegia due to interruption of anterior spinal artery ❏ Abdominal ischemia ❏ Graft occlusion Graft infection ❏ Acute renal failure ❏ Lower extremity ischemia :