2. OBJECTIVES
Enumerate the kinds of intravenous therapy and their
complications.
Identify the types of each kind of intravenous therapy
complications and describe them.
3. WHAT IS CANNULA?
A cannula is a flexible tube that
can be inserted into the body.
For medical use, there are 11
different types of cannula. The
most commonly used are the
intravenous and the nasal
cannula.
4. TYPES OF CANNULA
● Iv cannula pen-like model.
● Iv cannula with wings model.
● Iv cannula with injection part model.
● Iv cannula y-type model
13. Signs & Symptoms
● Increasing edema at the site of the infusion
● Discomfort, burning, pain at site
● Feeling of tightness at site
● Decreased skin temperature around site
● Blanching at site
● Absent backflow of blood
● Slower flow rate
14. Nursing Interventions
● Remove the device/ stop the infusion
● Apply warm soaks to aid absorption
● Elevate the limb
● Notify the doctor if severe
● Assess circulation
● Restart the infusion
15. 2-Extravasation
It occurs when fluids seep out
from the lumen of a vessel
into the surrounding tissue.
CAUSES:
● Damage to the posterior
wall of the vein.
● Occlusion of the vein
proximal to the injection
site
17. Nursing Interventions
Immediately stop the infusion and remove the device
Elevate the affected limb
Apply cold compress to decrease edema and pain
Apply moist heat to facilitate the absorption of fluid at grossly infiltrated sites
18. 3-Thrombosis
Occurs when blood flow through a vein is obstructed by a local thrombus.
Catheter-related thrombosis arises as a result of injury to the endothelial cells of the venous wall.
Signs & Symptoms
● Painful, reddened, & swollen vein
● Sluggish or stopped I.V flow
Cause: Injury to endothelial cells of vein wall, allowing platelets to adhere and thrombus form.
19. Nursing Interventions
Remove the device
Restart the infusion in the opposite limb if possible
Apply warm soaks
Watch for I.V therapy – related infection
20. 4-Thrombophlebitis
Occurs when thrombosis is accompanied by
inflammation.
Infusions allowed to continue after
thrombophlebitis develops will slow and
eventually stop, indicating progression to an
obstructive thrombophlebitis.
21. Signs & Symptoms
Local tenderness
Swelling
Induration
A red line detectable above the IV site
22. 5-Phlebitis
Injury during Venipuncture
Prolonged use of the same IV site
Irritating./incompatible IV additives
Use of vein that is too small for the flow rate
Use of needle size too large for the vein size
23. Signs & Symptoms
Pain
Vein that is sore, hard, cord like and warm to touch
Red line above the site of IV fj
Signs of infection
24. Nursing Interventions
Upon assessment of phlebitis, removal the needle
Avoid multiple insertion
Application of warm compress
Continuously monitor the patient- vital signs
25. SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS
1- Catheter Embolism
This can occur during the insertion of a catheter if appropriate placement
techniques are not strictly adhered to. The tip of the needle used during the
placement of the catheter can shear off the tip of the catheter. The catheter tip
then becomes a free-floating embolus. This can occur with both over-the-needle
and through-the-needle catheters. If this happens, cardiac catheterization may be
required to remove the embolus.
26. Signs & Symptoms
Sudden vascular collapse with the hallmark symptoms of cyanosis, hypotension,
increased venous pressures, and rapid loss of consciousness.
Respiratory distress
Unequal breath sounds
Weak pulse
27. Nursing Interventions
Discontinue the infusion
Place the patient in Trendelenburg position on his left side to allow air to enter the
right atrium and disperse through the pulmonary artery.
Administer oxygen
28. 2-Hematoma
The seepage of blood into the extravascular tissue
Causes:
● Coagulation defects
● Inappropriate use of tourniquet
● Unsuccessful insertion attempts
● Little pressure upon removal of cannula
● Discoloration of the tissue at the IV site
29.
30. Nursing Interventions
Frequent assessment of the site
Upon insertion, slowly advance the needle to prevent puncturing both vein walls
Discontinue therapy if with edema
Apply pressure for at least 5 minutes upon removal
31. 4-Systemic Infection
Is the successful transmission or encounter of host with potentially pathogenic
organism.
Major hazard - can be local or systemic (septicemia)
Caused by:
Staphylococcuaureus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
32.
33. Signs & symptoms
Fever, chills, & malaise for no apparent reason
Contaminated I.V site, usually with no visible signs of infection at site
Causes:
● Failure to maintain aseptic technique during insertion or site care
● Severe phlebitis, which can set up ideal conditions for organisms growth
● Poor taping
● Prolonged indwelling time of device
● Immunocompromised patient
34. Nursing Interventions
● Notify the doctor
● Administer medications as prescribed<
● Culture the site and the device
● Use scrupulous aseptic technique
● Secure all connections
● Change I.V solutions, tubing and venous access device at recommended
times
● Use I.V filters
35. 5-Speedshock
Rapid introduction of a foreign substance, usually a
medication, into the circulation.
Signs & Symptoms
● Flushed face
● Headache
● Tight feeling in the chest
● Irregular pulse
● Loss of consciousness
36. Nursing Interventions
● STOP the infusion
● Careful monitoring of IV flow rate and patient response. Maintain prescribed
rate.
● Know the actions and side effects of the drug being administered
● Use of IV pumps when indicated
● Begin infusion of 5% dextrose at a KVO rate in emergency cases
● Evaluate circulatory and neurologic status
● Notify the physician
37. 6-Circulatory Overload
An excess of fluid disrupting homeostasis
caused by infusion at a rate greater than the
patient’s system is able to accommodate.
39. Causes
Roller clamp loosened to allow run – on infusion
Flow rate too rapid
Miscalculation of fluid requirements
40. Nursing Interventions
Raise the head of the bed
Slow the infusion rate
Administer oxygen as needed
Notify the doctor
Administer medications as ordered
41. 7-Allergic Reaction
Maybe a Local or generalized response to tape, cleansing agent,
medication, solution or intravenous device.
Signs & Symptoms
● Runny nose
● Tearing
● Bronchospasm
● . Wheezing
● Generalized rash
● Wheal
● Redness
● Itching at the site
42.
43. Nursing Interventions
● If reaction occurs, stop the infusion immediately and infuse normal saline
solution.
● Maintain a patent airway.
● Notify the doctor.
● Administer antihistaminic steroid, anti – inflammatory, & antipyretic drugs, as
ordered.
● Give 0.2 to 0.5ml of aqueous epinephrine subcutaneously.
● Repeat at 3-minute intervals and as needed
