Anestheticdrugs 12728477828086-phpapp02

 Indicated uses – Acepromazine is a
phenothiazine tranquilizer with no direct
analgesic properties. It can be used alone, as
a premedicant, but is more effective when
used in combination with an opioid narcotic
agent. The addition of an opioid reduces
acepromazine dose, and therefore also
reduces the likelihood of hypotension or
sustained, excessive sedation that can occur.
Use of acepromazine as a sole agent is not
recommended.

 How Supplied – Injectable or tablet. Each mL
contains 10 mg Acepromazine Maleate.
 Dosage – The dosage should be
individualized, depending upon the degree of
tranqulization required. As a general rule,
the dosage requirement in mg/lb of body
weight decreases as the weight of the animal
increases. Dogs: 0.25-0.5 mg/lb of body
weight. Cats: 0.5-1 mg/lb of body weight.
 Administration Routes - IM, IV, SQ.

 When to Administer – 1 hour prior to surgery.
Allow 15 minutes for onset of action.
 Duration of Effect – Up to 3 hours from onset of
action, depending on the particular animal.
 Effects on Fetus – Safe for use in pregnancy, but
use caution and don’t use near full term.
 Cardiac Effects – Any tranquilizer should be
administered in smaller doses and with greater
care to animals exhibiting cardiac disease.
Hypotension can occur after rapid intravenous
injection causing cardiovascular collapse. Also
may cause bradycardia.

 Respiratory Effects – None.
 Other Effects – Tranquilizers are potent
central nervous system depressants and they
can cause marked sedation with suppression
of the sympathetic nervous system.
Tranquilizers can produce prolonged
depression or motor restlessness when given
in excessive amounts or when given to
sensitive animals.

 Drug Contraindications – Phenothiazines may
potentiate the toxicity of organophosphates and
the activity of procaine hydrochloride.
Therefore, do not use Acepromazine Maleate
Injection to control tremors associated with
organic phosphate poisoning. Do not use in
conjunction with organophosphorous vermifuges
or ectoparasiticides, including flea collars. Do
not use with procaine hydrochloride.
Epinephrine is contraindicated for treatment of
acute hypotension produce by phenothiazine-
derivative tranquilizers since further depression
of blood pressure can occur. Also, animals may
require lower dosages of general anesthetics
following Acepromazine.

 Disease Contraindications – Use caution with
administration to animals exhibiting cardiac
disease. Acepromazine maleate, like other
phenothiazine derivatives, is detoxified in
the liver; therefore, it should be used with
caution on animals with a previous history of
liver dysfunction or leukopenia.
 Reversal – Doxapram.
 Affects on the Pupil – None.

 Indicated Uses – As a pre-anesthetic adjuvant or
to reduce salivation, bronchial secretion or
internal peristalsis associated with colic or
diarrhea.
 How Supplied - Available in several
concentrations.
 Dosage – Available in several concentrations.
Suggested dose for Atropine Sulfate: 1 mL for 20
lbs of body weight.
 Administration Routes – IM, IV, SQ.
 When to Administer – 20-30 minutes before
anesthetic induction.
 Duration of Effect – 60-90 minutes.

 Effects on Fetus – May cause fetal
tachycardia; safe if used with caution.
 Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia, reduced
cardiac output, heart rate increase.
 Respiratory Effects – Bronchodilation.
 Other Effects – Blocks stimulation of vagus
nerve, reduces salivation, reduces
gastrointestinal activity, mydriasis, reduces
tear secretions.

 Drug Contraindications - The following drugs may
enhance the activity of atropine and its
derivatives: antihistamines, procainamide,
quinidine, meperidine, benzodiazepines,
phenothiazines. The following drugs may
potentiate the adverse effects of atropine and
its derivatives: primidone, disopyramide,
nitrates, long-term corticosteroid use (may
increase intraocular pressure). Atropine and its
derivatives may enhance the actions of
nitrofurantoin, thiazide diuretics,
sympathomimetics. Atropine and its derivatives
may antagonize the actions of metoclopramide.

 Disease Contraindications – Tachycardia (heart
rate over 140 bpm in dogs and over 180 bpm in
cats), constipation or obstruction, shock, seizure
disorders, head trauma, hypothermia, cesarean
section, neonatal patients, cardiovascular or
respiratory disease, debilitated animals,
neonates and geriatrics, pregnant animals, large
dogs prone to bloat, spinal cord or chest injury.
 Reversal – Overdose can be treated with
physostigmine..
 Affects on the Pupil – Dilates pupils.

 Indicated Uses – Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid
of moderately long duration depending on dose.
It has an agonistic effect at mu opioid receptor.
Extremely high receptor affinity gives
buprenorphine an antagonistic effect when
mixed with pure mu opioids like hydromorphone,
oxymorphone, morphine, or fentanyl which may
be a strategic advantage. Dose has significant
influence on duration of effect but no influence
on degree of analgesia. Minimal sedation,
limited reversibility, and moderate cost make
this less attractive as a single agent premed.

 How Supplied – Available as injectable but
usually prescribed as an oral spray or liquid.
 Dosage – Dogs and cats 0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg;
the dose influences the duration of effect
but not the degree of analgesia.
 Administration Routes – IM, IV, or can be
absorbed through the veins under the tongue
(sublingual).

 When to Administer – For post-operative pain,
give after surgery. When given IV the onset is 15
minutes, when given IM the onset is 40 minutes.
 Duration of Effect – One dose lasts approximately
6 hours in cats (depending on dose). Will last
longer if given IM.
 Effects on Fetus – Buprenorphine crosses the
placental barrier, therefore it should not be
given during pregnancy or nursing.
 Cardiac Effects – Can cause a drop in heart rate
as well as blood pressure.
 Respiratory Effects - Respiratory depression is a
possible side effect.

 Other Effects – Excitement, hypersalivation,
excessive sedation, panting, sensitivity to sound,
urinary retention, nausea, and vomiting.
 Drug Contraindications – The sedation effect is
more severe if this medication is used in
conjunction with other medications that have a
sedating side effect including antihistamines.
Buprenorphine should not be used with selegiline
or any other monoamine oxidase inhibitor. A 2-
week waiting period is recommended if
buprenorphine or any other narcotic is to be
used in a patient on such a drug.

 Disease Contraindications – Should not be used in
patients with respiratory compromise, including
heart failure or head trauma. Buprenorphine is
removed from the body via the liver, therefore
patients with liver disease will have prolonged
effects from this drug. Buprenorphine is
contraindicated in patients with hypothyroidism,
renal insufficiency, or Addison’s disease. Also
contraindicated in geriatric or debilitated
patients.
 Reversal – Naloxone.
 Effect on the Pupil – Mydriasis (dilation).

 Indicated Uses – Mixed agonist/antagonist
opioid with short duration and very mild
sedative effects. Agonistic effect at kappa
and sigma opioid receptors. Antagonistic
effect at the mu receptor which may be a
strategic advantage. Reversibility is a subject
of debate
 How Supplied – Injectable and tablets; 2 mg
base activity per mL.
 Dosage – Dogs and cats 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg.
Increased dosages are NOT associated with
an increase in analgesia.

 Administration Routes – IM, IV, or SQ.
 When to Administer – For IV, onset is 15 minutes. For
IM, onset is 40 minutes.
 Duration of Effect – 45 to 60 minutes in the dog; 60 to
90 minutes in the cat.
 Effects on Fetus – Safety has not been tested,
therefore use in pregnant animals is not
recommended.
 Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia, blood pressure
decrease, decreased cardiac output.
 Respiratory Effects – Respiratory depression (ceiling
effect)
 Other Effects – Excitement, hypersalivation,
excessive sedation, panting, sensitivity to sound,
urinary retention, nausea, and vomiting.

 Drug Contraindications – Should be used with
caution with other sedative analgesic drugs
as these are likely to produce additive
effects.
 Disease Contraindications – None.
 Reversal – None.
 Effects on the Pupil – Mydriasis.

 Indicated Uses – Rimadyl is indicated for the
relief of pain and inflammation associated with
osteoarthritis and for the control of
postoperative pain associated with soft tissue
and orthopedic surgeries in dogs.
 How Supplied – Injectable or tablets. Available in
25, 75, or 100 mg tablets.
 Dosage – The recommended dosage for oral
administration to dogs is 2 mg/lb of body weight
daily. The total daily dose may be administered
as 2 mg/lb of body weight once daily or divided
and administered as 1 mg/lb twice daily.

 Administration Routes – PO, SQ, IV, IM.
 When to Administer – Approximately 2 hours
before the painful procedure (or whenever the
doctor advises).
 Duration of Effect – This depends on the dose
and form given.
 Effects on Fetus – Safety has not been
established.
 Cardiac Effects – Not recommended in dogs with
bleeding disorders (e.g. Von Willebrand’s
disease). Potential for dysrhythmia.
 Respiratory Effects – Potential for apnea.

 Other Effects – Vomiting, diarrhea/soft stool,
bilirubinuria, ketonuria, gastric ulceration, renal
toxicity, hepatocellular toxicosis, renal hypoxia,
acute renal failure.
 Drug Contraindications – Do not use in patients
under anesthesia.
 Disease Contraindications – Don’t use in patients
with GI disorders, congestive heart failure,
hemostatic disorders such as thrombocytopenia,
or in animals who are dehydrated. Do not use in
patients receiving corticosteroids, animals with
low blood pressure, or animals who have
undergone trauma.
 Reversal – IV fluids.
 Effects on the Pupil – None.

 Indicated Uses – Alpha-2 agonist; medetomidine
can be used alone, however it is often combined
with an opioid for a synergistic effect. Addition
of an opioid allows a reduction of the
medetomidine dose and reduces the likelihood of
the more dramatic negative cardiovascular
effects that alpha-2 agonists can cause. Potent
sedative and analgesic; substantially reduces
induction agent need.
 How Supplied – Injectable, 1 mg/mL.
 Dosage – Dogs and cats 0.002 to 0.04 mg/kg.
 Administration Routes – IV, IM.

 When to Administer – Allow 20-30 minutes for
drug to take full effect.
 Duration of Effect – NA.
 Effects on Fetus – This drug is not
recommended for dogs used for breeding
purposes or pregnant dogs.

 Cardiac Effects – Blood pressure is initially
increased due to peripheral vasoconstriction and
thereafter drops to normal or slightly below
normal levels. The initial vasopressor response is
accompanied by a compensatory marked
decrease in heart rate. A transient change in the
conductivity of the cardiac muscle may occur, as
evidenced by atrioventricular blocks.
Cardiovascular changes (such as profound
bradycardia and second degree heart block)
equally affect both heartworm negative and
asymptomatic heartworm positive dogs. There is
a possibility for bradycardia, decreased cardiac
output, and death from circulatory failure.

 Respiratory Effects – Respiratory responses
include an initial slowing of respiration
within a few seconds to 1-2 minutes after
administration, increasing to normal within
120 minutes. An initial decrease in tidal
volume is followed by an increase. There is a
possibility of cyanosis, hypoxia, apnea, and
severe congestion of the lungs.
 Other Effects – Vomiting, depression.
 Drug Contraindications – None.

 Disease Contraindications – Do not use in
animals with cardiovascular disease,
respiratory disorders, liver or kidney
diseases. Also should not be used in dogs
with shock, dogs which are severely
debilitated, or dogs which are stressed due
to extreme heat, cold, or fatigue.
 Reversal – Antisedan.
 Effect on the Pupil – None.

 Indicated Uses – Sedation and tranquilization
of patients for easy handling; skeletal muscle
relaxation, anticonvulsant, appetite
stimulant, behavior modification.
 How Supplied – Injectable. Also available in 2
mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg tablets.
 Dosage – Use to effect. IM: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg; IV:
0.1-0.5 mg/kg in cats and dogs.
 Administration Routes – IV, IM, SQ.
 When to Administer – Within 1 hour before
surgical procedures.

 Duration of Effect – Depends on the route given.
 Effects on Fetus – Diazepam should not be used
in early pregnancy as birth defects have been
reported.
 Cardiac Effects – Minimal.
 Respiratory Effects – Minimal.
 Other Effects – Some animals may get hyper-
excited on diazepam. In cats, cases of liver
failure have been reported after several days use
of diazepam. Liver issues do not seem to be a
problem with use of brand name Valium. Also
sometimes used as an appetite stimulant.

 Drug Contraindications – May have a stronger than
expected effect if used in conjunction with
cimetidine (Tagamet), erythromycin, ketoconazole,
or propranolol. Antacids may slow the onset of effect
of diazepam. The use of diazepam may increase the
effect of digoxin. Diazepam should not be used in
conjunction with amitraz (Mitaban) dips for mange,
or in conjunction with ivermectin.
 Disease Contraindications – Urine dipsticks that
measure glucose may be falsely negative in patients
taking diazepam. Some veterinarians avoid use after
C-sections. Use caution in animals with known liver
dysfunction.
 Reversal – Flumazenil.

 Indicated Uses – Ketaset may be used in cats for
restraint or as the sole anesthetic agent for
diagnostic or minor, brief, surgical procedures
that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation.
 How Supplied – Injectable, 100 mg/mL
 Dosage – In cats, a dose of 11 mg/kg (5 mg/lb) is
recommended to produce restraint. Dosages
from 22-33 mg/kg (10-15 mg/lb) produce
anesthesia that is suitable for diagnostic or
minor surgical procedures that do not require
skeletal muscle relaxation.
 Administration Routes – IM, IV.

 When to Administer – Onset is 90 seconds
when given IV and 2-4 minutes when given
IM.
 Duration of Effect – 4-5 hours.
 Effects on Fetus – Has been shown to be safe
for use in pregnant animals.
 Cardiac Effects – Cardiac arrest is rare but a
possible side effect.
 Respiratory Effects – Respiratory depression
or dyspnea may occur following
administration of high doses of ketaset.

 Other Effects – Emesis, salivation, vocalization,
erratic recovery and prolonged recovery, spastic
jerking movements, convulsions, muscular
tremors, hypertonicity, opisthotonos, dyspnea
and cardiac arrest. Death has been reported.
 Disease Contraindications – Ketaset is detoxified
by the liver and excreted by the kidneys;
therefore, any pre-existent hepatic or renal
pathology or impairment of function can be
expected to result in prolonged anesthesia;
related fatalities have been reported.
 Reversal – Atipamezole.

 Indicated Uses – For the control of postoperative
pain and inflammation associated with
orthopedic surgery, ovariohysterectomy and
castration when administered prior to surgery in
cats. In dogs, indicated for the control of pain
and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.
 How Supplied – Injectable, 5 mg/mL. Also comes
in an oral suspension.
 Dosage – Dogs: 0.09 mg/lb (0.2 mg/kg) IV or SQ,
followed 24 hours later by Metacam oral
suspension at a daily dose of 0.045 mg/lb (0.1
mg/kg). Cats: 0.14 mg/lb (0.3 mg/kg) SQ. Use of
additional meloxicam or other NSAIDs is
contraindicated.

 Administration Routes – IV or SQ.
 When to Administer – 30-60 minutes prior to
painful procedure.
 Duration of Effect – 24 hours.
 Effects on Fetus – Safety in pregnant animals
has not been evaluated.
 Cardiac Effects – None.
 Respiratory Effects – None.
 Other Effects – Pain at injection site.

 Drug Contraindications – Do not give a second
dose of Meloxicam or follow with another
NSAID.
 Disease Contraindications – Meloxicam is not
recommended for use in cats with bleeding
disorders.

 Indicated Uses – A phenol in a hyperlipid
emulsion. Rapinovet is indicated for the
following in dogs and cats: as a single injection
to provide general anesthesia for short
procedures, for induction and maintenance of
general anesthesia using incremental doses to
effect, or for induction of general anesthesia
where maintenance is provided by inhalant
anesthetics.
 How Supplied – Injectable, 10 mg/mL.
 Dosage – Dogs 4 to 6 mg/kg. Cats 6 to 8 mg/kg.
 Administration Routes – IV.

 When to Administer – Immediately before
procedure.
 Duration of Effect – 2-5 minutes.
 Effects on Fetus – May be associated with
neonatal depression.
 Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia, hypotension,
cyanosis, tachycardia, and premature ventricular
contractions.
 Respiratory Effects – Panting, reverse sneezing,
and cyanosis.
 Other Effects – Paddling during recovery,
tremors, movements, excitations, seizure, pain
during injection, emesis, rubbing nose during
recovery, or vocalization.

 Drug Contraindications – No significant
adverse interactions with commonly used
drugs have been observed.
 Disease Contraindications – Use cautiously in
animals with cardiac or respiratory
insufficiency.

 Indicated Uses – Telazol is a 50/50 mixture of
a benxodiazepine and a dissociative agent.
Generally used in healthy animals in the good
to excellent category.
 How Supplied – Available in individual vials of
5 mL solution when reconstituted.
 Dosage – Dogs and cats 2 mg/kg when
unsedated. For vicious or aggressive dogs, 5
mg/kg.

 Administration Routes – IM, IV, SC.
 When to Administer – Before surgical procedure.
 Duration of Effect – NA.
 Effects on Fetus – Teratogenic potential not
known; should not be used in pregnant animals.
 Cardiac Effects – Cyanosis, cardiac arrest,
pulmonary edema, tachycardia, and either
hypertension or hypotension may occur.
 Respiratory Effects – Respiratory depression may
occur following high doses. May see transient
apnea, excessive tracheal and bronchial
secretions, cyanosis.

 Other Effects – Emesis, excessive salivation,
vocalizations, erratic recovery and prolonged
recovery, involuntary muscular twitching,
hypertonicity, and muscle rigidity. Death has
been reported in both dogs and cats.
 Disease Contraindications – Contraindicated in
patients with pancreatic disease, and
preexistent renal pathology or impairment of
renal function may be expected to result in
prolonged duration of anesthesia. Telazol should
not be used in dogs and cats with severe cardiac
or pulmonary dysfunction.

 Indicated Uses – Should be used in dogs and
cats when it is desirable to produce a state
of sedation accompanied by a shorter period
of analgesia.
 How Supplied – 20 mg/mL.
 Dosage – 0.5 mL/20 lbs.
 Administration Routes – IM, IV.
 When to Administer – Prior to surgery.
 Duration of Effect – 1-2 hours.

 Effects on Fetus – Don’t use in pregnant
animals.
 Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia with partial A-V
heart block.
 Respiratory Effects – Reduced respiratory
rate.
 Other Effects – Emesis, muscle tremors, and
increased urination in cats. Movement in
response to sharp auditory stimuli may be
observed.

 Disease Contraindications – Not
recommended for use in patients with
significantly depressed respirations, severe
pathologic heart disease, advanced liver or
kidney disease, severe endotoxic or
traumatic shock and stress conditions such as
extreme heat, cold, or fatigue.

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