Diazepam is a sedative and tranquilizer used for sedation, skeletal muscle relaxation, and as an anticonvulsant. It is supplied as an injectable or in tablet form. The dosage is 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IM or 0.1-0.5 mg/kg IV in cats and dogs. Diazepam has minimal cardiac and respiratory effects but some animals may get hyper-excited and it should not be used in early pregnancy due to potential birth defects.
General anesthesia results in reversible depression of the central nervous system, causing loss of response to external stimuli. It provides benefits like sedation, lack of awareness, muscle relaxation, suppression of reflexes, and analgesia. No single agent provides all benefits, so several drugs are used in combination for optimal anesthesia. Factors like organ function and concurrent medications must be considered when choosing anesthetic drugs to safely induce, maintain, and recover the patient from anesthesia.
This document provides information on fentanyl and sufentanil, two synthetic opioids. It begins with an introduction to opioids in general and their classification. It then discusses opioid receptors and the mechanism of action of opioids like fentanyl and sufentanil. The pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, side effects and properties of fentanyl and sufentanil are described in detail. Fentanyl is noted to be 50-100 times more potent than morphine, while sufentanil is reported to be 10 times more potent than fentanyl. Both are useful for analgesia, anesthesia and managing acute or cancer pain.
This document discusses various drugs used for anesthesia induction and maintenance. It describes common inducing agents like thiopentone sodium, methohexitone sodium, propofol, and etomidate. Slower acting drugs include benzodiazepines and ketamine. These drugs work by targeting GABA or NMDA receptors. Complications during and after anesthesia can include respiratory depression, arrhythmias, awareness, and organ toxicity.
The document discusses preoperative medication and preparation of patients for anesthesia. It describes the goals of premedication as relieving anxiety, providing sedation, amnesia, analgesia and reducing surgical requirements. Common premedicant drug classes include benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergics and antiemetics. Ideal premedication has rapid onset, is safe and clears quickly without side effects. Factors like fasting, risk of aspiration and appropriate antibiotics are also covered.
The document discusses muscle relaxants and neuromuscular blocking agents. It covers their classification, mechanisms of action, administration, and side effects. Specifically, it describes how succinylcholine causes initial muscle stimulation followed by paralysis through prolonged depolarization of motor end plates. It also notes that residual paralysis can occur in 42% of patients even after administration of reversal agents, and that a train-of-four ratio above 0.7 correlates with clinical recovery.
Thiopentone is an ultra short-acting barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, causing sedation, hypnosis and general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of 10-20 seconds when given intravenously and is redistributed and metabolized quickly, typically causing awakening within 5-15 minutes. Common uses include induction of anesthesia and treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Side effects are generally mild and related to its cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects.
Ketamine produces dissociative anesthesia and has hypnotic, analgesic, and amnesic effects. It works by binding to NMDA receptors and other sites like opioid receptors. Ketamine has a rapid onset after IV or IM administration, with effects seen within 1-5 minutes. It causes increased blood pressure and heart rate by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. Ketamine can also increase respiratory rate and salivation, dilate pupils, and has short-term side effects like confusion and out of body experiences. It has various indications like analgesia, anesthesia induction, and improving psychiatric disorders.
Atropine is a naturally occurring anticholinergic that blocks the effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. It is derived from plants like Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium. Atropine has wide distribution in the body after absorption and is metabolized in the liver. It causes decreased secretions from glands, relaxes smooth muscles, increases heart rate, and can cause CNS stimulation in high doses. Adverse effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention in elderly, and toxicity can cause hyperthermia and delirium. It is used for biliary colic, cystitis, pre-anesthesia, Parkinsonism, AV block, and urinary incontin
General anesthesia results in reversible depression of the central nervous system, causing loss of response to external stimuli. It provides benefits like sedation, lack of awareness, muscle relaxation, suppression of reflexes, and analgesia. No single agent provides all benefits, so several drugs are used in combination for optimal anesthesia. Factors like organ function and concurrent medications must be considered when choosing anesthetic drugs to safely induce, maintain, and recover the patient from anesthesia.
This document provides information on fentanyl and sufentanil, two synthetic opioids. It begins with an introduction to opioids in general and their classification. It then discusses opioid receptors and the mechanism of action of opioids like fentanyl and sufentanil. The pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, side effects and properties of fentanyl and sufentanil are described in detail. Fentanyl is noted to be 50-100 times more potent than morphine, while sufentanil is reported to be 10 times more potent than fentanyl. Both are useful for analgesia, anesthesia and managing acute or cancer pain.
This document discusses various drugs used for anesthesia induction and maintenance. It describes common inducing agents like thiopentone sodium, methohexitone sodium, propofol, and etomidate. Slower acting drugs include benzodiazepines and ketamine. These drugs work by targeting GABA or NMDA receptors. Complications during and after anesthesia can include respiratory depression, arrhythmias, awareness, and organ toxicity.
The document discusses preoperative medication and preparation of patients for anesthesia. It describes the goals of premedication as relieving anxiety, providing sedation, amnesia, analgesia and reducing surgical requirements. Common premedicant drug classes include benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergics and antiemetics. Ideal premedication has rapid onset, is safe and clears quickly without side effects. Factors like fasting, risk of aspiration and appropriate antibiotics are also covered.
The document discusses muscle relaxants and neuromuscular blocking agents. It covers their classification, mechanisms of action, administration, and side effects. Specifically, it describes how succinylcholine causes initial muscle stimulation followed by paralysis through prolonged depolarization of motor end plates. It also notes that residual paralysis can occur in 42% of patients even after administration of reversal agents, and that a train-of-four ratio above 0.7 correlates with clinical recovery.
Thiopentone is an ultra short-acting barbiturate used for induction of anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, causing sedation, hypnosis and general anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of 10-20 seconds when given intravenously and is redistributed and metabolized quickly, typically causing awakening within 5-15 minutes. Common uses include induction of anesthesia and treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Side effects are generally mild and related to its cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects.
Ketamine produces dissociative anesthesia and has hypnotic, analgesic, and amnesic effects. It works by binding to NMDA receptors and other sites like opioid receptors. Ketamine has a rapid onset after IV or IM administration, with effects seen within 1-5 minutes. It causes increased blood pressure and heart rate by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. Ketamine can also increase respiratory rate and salivation, dilate pupils, and has short-term side effects like confusion and out of body experiences. It has various indications like analgesia, anesthesia induction, and improving psychiatric disorders.
Atropine is a naturally occurring anticholinergic that blocks the effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. It is derived from plants like Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium. Atropine has wide distribution in the body after absorption and is metabolized in the liver. It causes decreased secretions from glands, relaxes smooth muscles, increases heart rate, and can cause CNS stimulation in high doses. Adverse effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention in elderly, and toxicity can cause hyperthermia and delirium. It is used for biliary colic, cystitis, pre-anesthesia, Parkinsonism, AV block, and urinary incontin
anesthesia is a vast area for study . to make it simple for paramedics some important rules of anesthesia are explained in the most simplest way. rules of anesthesia can very as per the type of anesthesia.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates cardiac, vascular and endocrine function. It was discovered in 1958 that dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter in addition to being a precursor for norepinephrine. Dopamine acts through D1 and D2 receptors in areas like the striatum, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus. At low doses, it increases blood flow and sodium excretion. At intermediate doses, it increases heart rate and contractility. At high doses, it causes vasoconstriction. Dopamine is used to treat cardiogenic and septic shock, and to prevent or reverse acute renal failure.
Halothane is a volatile liquid inhalation anesthetic that was commonly used to induce and maintain general anesthesia in both veterinary and human medicine. It has a rapid onset and offset of action, allowing for quick induction and recovery from anesthesia. However, it has been largely replaced by newer agents due to risks like malignant hyperthermia and hepatic toxicity. This document provides details on the physical and chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, dosing, uses, and adverse effects of halothane.
ANAESTHESIA: INDUCTION, MAINTENACE & REVERSAL Alex Lagoh
The document discusses induction, maintenance, and reversal of anesthesia. It describes:
- The 4 stages of anesthesia from analgesia to medullary paralysis
- Common methods of induction including intravenous and inhalational agents
- Factors that determine the minimum alveolar concentration of inhalational anesthetics
- Use of muscle relaxants during induction and maintenance
- Techniques for maintenance including inhalational and total intravenous anesthesia
- Reversal of muscle relaxation using anticholinesterase drugs and assessing neuromuscular blockade.
Propofol is an intravenous sedative used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. Propofol is formulated as a 1% aqueous solution containing soybean oil, glycerol, and egg lecithin. It has a rapid onset of 15-30 seconds, short duration of 5-10 minutes, and is metabolized in the liver. Common uses include anesthesia induction, sedation, and ventilation in ICU patients. Side effects include nausea, cough, and confusion.
This document discusses the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), including its history, design, indications, contraindications, side effects, necessary equipment, proper preparation and placement technique, verification of correct placement, securing, and potential problems. It also describes different types of LMAs such as the flexible, intubating, C-Trach, ProSeal, and classic LMAs.
Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used for intubation and muscle relaxation during surgery. It has a quaternary ammonium structure and acts by competitively binding to nicotinic receptors at the motor end plate. Atracurium has a moderately rapid onset and duration of action. It is metabolized rapidly by Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis in the liver and excreted in urine. Common side effects include hypotension, tachycardia, and potential allergic reactions.
This document summarizes three non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: atracurium, vecuronium, and pancuronium. It describes the chemical nature, mechanism of action, kinetics including metabolism and excretion, effects, problems/toxicity, and special considerations for each drug. Atracurium is metabolized primarily through Hofmann elimination and NSE hydrolysis. Vecuronium undergoes deacetylation in the liver to active metabolites. Pancuronium undergoes up to 45% hepatic metabolism with subsequent biliary excretion. All three drugs act as competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction.
This document provides information on spinal anesthesia, including:
- It involves injecting local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space to block spinal nerve roots and produce sympathetic block, sensory analgesia, and motor block.
- It is used for surgery on the lower half of the body, abdomen, perineum, lower extremities, and vaginal/C-section deliveries. Contraindications include bleeding disorders and increased intracranial pressure.
- Common drugs used are tetracaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine. The level of anesthesia is determined by factors like volume, concentration, speed of injection, and patient position. Potential complications include hypotension, nausea
The document discusses the history and use of laryngeal mask airways (LMA). It describes how Dr. Brain developed the first LMA prototype in 1981 as a supraglottic device that sits outside the trachea but provides an airway. Over time, different types of LMAs were developed including the classic LMA, ProSeal LMA, reinforced LMA, LMA-Unique, and Supreme LMA. The document outlines the features and proper insertion technique for each LMA and discusses their advantages, such as being less invasive than endotracheal tubes, as well as potential complications if not properly placed.
This document discusses Guedel's criteria for determining the depth of anesthesia. It describes the four stages and planes of anesthesia: stage 1 involves a dream-like state with normal reflexes; stage 2 involves irregular breathing and increased heart rate and blood pressure; stage 3 involves regular breathing divided into four planes involving eye and reflex changes and pupil dilation; stage 4 involves respiratory and circulatory failure leading to death if not addressed. Guedel's criteria are based on respiration, eye movements, reflexes, and other responses and provide guidance for assessing anesthesia depth during induction and recovery.
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic with the following properties:
- It acts by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, causing sedation and hypnosis.
- It has a rapid onset and context-sensitive half-life, distributing quickly throughout the body before being metabolized in the liver.
- It can be used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as well as for sedation in the ICU. Common side effects include hypotension, respiratory depression, and pain at the injection site. Rare but serious complications include propofol infusion syndrome.
Intravenous induction agents are drugs given intravenously to induce anesthesia rapidly. Ideal properties include water solubility, stability, rapid onset within one arm-brain circulation time, rapid redistribution and clearance with no active metabolites, minimal effects on vital organs, and a high therapeutic ratio. Common IV induction agents discussed are barbiturates, propofol, ketamine, etomidate, benzodiazepines, and opioids. Each drug has different effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems and potential complications.
This document provides information on spinal anesthesia techniques. It begins with a brief history of spinal anesthesia dating back to 1885. It then covers topics such as indications, contraindications, preoperative evaluation, techniques, complications and their management. Specific details are provided on patient positioning, identifying anatomical landmarks, different needle approaches, administering anesthetic solutions and factors affecting spinal block height. The document aims to guide practitioners on safe and effective spinal anesthesia procedures.
Thiopentone (also known as thiopental sodium) is a short-acting barbiturate used for inducing anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, which increases chloride conductance and inhibits neuronal activity. Thiopentone is administered intravenously as a 2.5% solution for induction of anesthesia in adults and children. Common side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and pain or tissue damage if accidentally injected into an artery. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, weight, and medical history. Thiopentone is metabolized in the liver and redistributes rapidly from the brain after administration, which allows for quick awakening.
1. The document discusses the history, pharmacological properties, advantages, and unfavorable conditions of sevoflurane.
2. It provides details on the development of sevoflurane from the 1960s onward and its approval for use in humans in the 1990s.
3. The document also examines sevoflurane's effects on various body systems and compares it to other inhalational anesthetics like isoflurane, noting sevoflurane's favorable properties like rapid induction/recovery and brain protective effects.
This document discusses breathing systems used in anesthesia. It defines a breathing system and lists its main components. The key requirements of an effective breathing system are to deliver accurate gas concentrations, eliminate carbon dioxide, minimize dead space, and have low resistance. Various configurations are described, including open, semi-open, semi-closed and closed systems. Popular breathing circuits like Mapleson A, B, C, D, E and F are explained along with the Ayre's T-piece and reservoir bag. The document provides details on how different breathing systems function during spontaneous and controlled ventilation.
Desmopressin
Lypressin
Terlipressin
Felypressin
Argipressin
ornipressin
Desmopressin: It is a selective V2-receptor agonist and is more potent than vasopressin as an antidiuretic. It has negligible vasoconstrictor action. It is administered by oral, nasal and parenteral routes. Lypressin: It acts on both V1- and V2-receptors. It is less potent but longer acting than vasopressin. It is administered parenterally. Terlipressin: It is a prodrug of vasopressin with selective V1 action. It is administered intravenously. Felypressin: It is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin. It is mainly used for its vasoconstrictor (V1 ) action along with local anaesthetics to prolong the duration of action. Felypressin should be avoided in pregnancy because of its oxytocic (uterine stimulant) activity.
Regional anesthesia is a technique that induces loss of sensation in part of the body using local anesthetics. It has benefits like lower costs, high patient satisfaction, and decreased risks of DVT and PE compared to general anesthesia. However, it requires skills and may cause issues like hypotension. The main types are topical, intravenous, peripheral nerve blocks, plexus blocks, and neuro-axial blocks. Regional anesthesia can provide anesthesia for surgery, post-op analgesia, or chronic pain treatment. Factors like the anesthetic used, patient position, and injection speed affect its spread. Spinal and epidural blocks involve injecting anesthetic into the subarachnoid or epidural space and have risks like anaphyl
- The document discusses several drugs and their effects, including alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, bath salts, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, ketamine, Rohypnol, GHB, and nicotine.
- It notes that alcohol can damage most organs, while amphetamines and methamphetamine are powerful stimulants. Cocaine was a prominent drug of abuse in the late 1970s and 1980s that could be inhaled or injected.
- The effects of hallucinogens are highly variable and unreliable. Heroin produces euphoria and relaxation, while nicotine is an addictive stimulant found in tobacco.
THIS ppt explains in brief about general anesthesia for under graduates. It includes brief classification, mechanism of action, side effects of some important drugs. concepts like diffusion hypoxia, second gas effect, balanced anesthesia and pre- anaesthetic medication are discussed.
anesthesia is a vast area for study . to make it simple for paramedics some important rules of anesthesia are explained in the most simplest way. rules of anesthesia can very as per the type of anesthesia.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates cardiac, vascular and endocrine function. It was discovered in 1958 that dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter in addition to being a precursor for norepinephrine. Dopamine acts through D1 and D2 receptors in areas like the striatum, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus. At low doses, it increases blood flow and sodium excretion. At intermediate doses, it increases heart rate and contractility. At high doses, it causes vasoconstriction. Dopamine is used to treat cardiogenic and septic shock, and to prevent or reverse acute renal failure.
Halothane is a volatile liquid inhalation anesthetic that was commonly used to induce and maintain general anesthesia in both veterinary and human medicine. It has a rapid onset and offset of action, allowing for quick induction and recovery from anesthesia. However, it has been largely replaced by newer agents due to risks like malignant hyperthermia and hepatic toxicity. This document provides details on the physical and chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, dosing, uses, and adverse effects of halothane.
ANAESTHESIA: INDUCTION, MAINTENACE & REVERSAL Alex Lagoh
The document discusses induction, maintenance, and reversal of anesthesia. It describes:
- The 4 stages of anesthesia from analgesia to medullary paralysis
- Common methods of induction including intravenous and inhalational agents
- Factors that determine the minimum alveolar concentration of inhalational anesthetics
- Use of muscle relaxants during induction and maintenance
- Techniques for maintenance including inhalational and total intravenous anesthesia
- Reversal of muscle relaxation using anticholinesterase drugs and assessing neuromuscular blockade.
Propofol is an intravenous sedative used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. Propofol is formulated as a 1% aqueous solution containing soybean oil, glycerol, and egg lecithin. It has a rapid onset of 15-30 seconds, short duration of 5-10 minutes, and is metabolized in the liver. Common uses include anesthesia induction, sedation, and ventilation in ICU patients. Side effects include nausea, cough, and confusion.
This document discusses the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), including its history, design, indications, contraindications, side effects, necessary equipment, proper preparation and placement technique, verification of correct placement, securing, and potential problems. It also describes different types of LMAs such as the flexible, intubating, C-Trach, ProSeal, and classic LMAs.
Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent used for intubation and muscle relaxation during surgery. It has a quaternary ammonium structure and acts by competitively binding to nicotinic receptors at the motor end plate. Atracurium has a moderately rapid onset and duration of action. It is metabolized rapidly by Hofmann elimination and ester hydrolysis in the liver and excreted in urine. Common side effects include hypotension, tachycardia, and potential allergic reactions.
This document summarizes three non-depolarizing muscle relaxants: atracurium, vecuronium, and pancuronium. It describes the chemical nature, mechanism of action, kinetics including metabolism and excretion, effects, problems/toxicity, and special considerations for each drug. Atracurium is metabolized primarily through Hofmann elimination and NSE hydrolysis. Vecuronium undergoes deacetylation in the liver to active metabolites. Pancuronium undergoes up to 45% hepatic metabolism with subsequent biliary excretion. All three drugs act as competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction.
This document provides information on spinal anesthesia, including:
- It involves injecting local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space to block spinal nerve roots and produce sympathetic block, sensory analgesia, and motor block.
- It is used for surgery on the lower half of the body, abdomen, perineum, lower extremities, and vaginal/C-section deliveries. Contraindications include bleeding disorders and increased intracranial pressure.
- Common drugs used are tetracaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine. The level of anesthesia is determined by factors like volume, concentration, speed of injection, and patient position. Potential complications include hypotension, nausea
The document discusses the history and use of laryngeal mask airways (LMA). It describes how Dr. Brain developed the first LMA prototype in 1981 as a supraglottic device that sits outside the trachea but provides an airway. Over time, different types of LMAs were developed including the classic LMA, ProSeal LMA, reinforced LMA, LMA-Unique, and Supreme LMA. The document outlines the features and proper insertion technique for each LMA and discusses their advantages, such as being less invasive than endotracheal tubes, as well as potential complications if not properly placed.
This document discusses Guedel's criteria for determining the depth of anesthesia. It describes the four stages and planes of anesthesia: stage 1 involves a dream-like state with normal reflexes; stage 2 involves irregular breathing and increased heart rate and blood pressure; stage 3 involves regular breathing divided into four planes involving eye and reflex changes and pupil dilation; stage 4 involves respiratory and circulatory failure leading to death if not addressed. Guedel's criteria are based on respiration, eye movements, reflexes, and other responses and provide guidance for assessing anesthesia depth during induction and recovery.
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic with the following properties:
- It acts by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, causing sedation and hypnosis.
- It has a rapid onset and context-sensitive half-life, distributing quickly throughout the body before being metabolized in the liver.
- It can be used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, as well as for sedation in the ICU. Common side effects include hypotension, respiratory depression, and pain at the injection site. Rare but serious complications include propofol infusion syndrome.
Intravenous induction agents are drugs given intravenously to induce anesthesia rapidly. Ideal properties include water solubility, stability, rapid onset within one arm-brain circulation time, rapid redistribution and clearance with no active metabolites, minimal effects on vital organs, and a high therapeutic ratio. Common IV induction agents discussed are barbiturates, propofol, ketamine, etomidate, benzodiazepines, and opioids. Each drug has different effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems and potential complications.
This document provides information on spinal anesthesia techniques. It begins with a brief history of spinal anesthesia dating back to 1885. It then covers topics such as indications, contraindications, preoperative evaluation, techniques, complications and their management. Specific details are provided on patient positioning, identifying anatomical landmarks, different needle approaches, administering anesthetic solutions and factors affecting spinal block height. The document aims to guide practitioners on safe and effective spinal anesthesia procedures.
Thiopentone (also known as thiopental sodium) is a short-acting barbiturate used for inducing anesthesia. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors in the brain, which increases chloride conductance and inhibits neuronal activity. Thiopentone is administered intravenously as a 2.5% solution for induction of anesthesia in adults and children. Common side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and pain or tissue damage if accidentally injected into an artery. Proper dosage depends on factors like age, weight, and medical history. Thiopentone is metabolized in the liver and redistributes rapidly from the brain after administration, which allows for quick awakening.
1. The document discusses the history, pharmacological properties, advantages, and unfavorable conditions of sevoflurane.
2. It provides details on the development of sevoflurane from the 1960s onward and its approval for use in humans in the 1990s.
3. The document also examines sevoflurane's effects on various body systems and compares it to other inhalational anesthetics like isoflurane, noting sevoflurane's favorable properties like rapid induction/recovery and brain protective effects.
This document discusses breathing systems used in anesthesia. It defines a breathing system and lists its main components. The key requirements of an effective breathing system are to deliver accurate gas concentrations, eliminate carbon dioxide, minimize dead space, and have low resistance. Various configurations are described, including open, semi-open, semi-closed and closed systems. Popular breathing circuits like Mapleson A, B, C, D, E and F are explained along with the Ayre's T-piece and reservoir bag. The document provides details on how different breathing systems function during spontaneous and controlled ventilation.
Desmopressin
Lypressin
Terlipressin
Felypressin
Argipressin
ornipressin
Desmopressin: It is a selective V2-receptor agonist and is more potent than vasopressin as an antidiuretic. It has negligible vasoconstrictor action. It is administered by oral, nasal and parenteral routes. Lypressin: It acts on both V1- and V2-receptors. It is less potent but longer acting than vasopressin. It is administered parenterally. Terlipressin: It is a prodrug of vasopressin with selective V1 action. It is administered intravenously. Felypressin: It is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin. It is mainly used for its vasoconstrictor (V1 ) action along with local anaesthetics to prolong the duration of action. Felypressin should be avoided in pregnancy because of its oxytocic (uterine stimulant) activity.
Regional anesthesia is a technique that induces loss of sensation in part of the body using local anesthetics. It has benefits like lower costs, high patient satisfaction, and decreased risks of DVT and PE compared to general anesthesia. However, it requires skills and may cause issues like hypotension. The main types are topical, intravenous, peripheral nerve blocks, plexus blocks, and neuro-axial blocks. Regional anesthesia can provide anesthesia for surgery, post-op analgesia, or chronic pain treatment. Factors like the anesthetic used, patient position, and injection speed affect its spread. Spinal and epidural blocks involve injecting anesthetic into the subarachnoid or epidural space and have risks like anaphyl
- The document discusses several drugs and their effects, including alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, bath salts, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, ketamine, Rohypnol, GHB, and nicotine.
- It notes that alcohol can damage most organs, while amphetamines and methamphetamine are powerful stimulants. Cocaine was a prominent drug of abuse in the late 1970s and 1980s that could be inhaled or injected.
- The effects of hallucinogens are highly variable and unreliable. Heroin produces euphoria and relaxation, while nicotine is an addictive stimulant found in tobacco.
THIS ppt explains in brief about general anesthesia for under graduates. It includes brief classification, mechanism of action, side effects of some important drugs. concepts like diffusion hypoxia, second gas effect, balanced anesthesia and pre- anaesthetic medication are discussed.
This document provides information on general anaesthetics including their cardinal features, history, stages of anaesthesia, measurement of potency, mechanisms of action, classification, inhalational anaesthetics, intravenous anaesthetics, and conscious sedation. It discusses key figures and discoveries in the history of anaesthesia such as Humphry Davy, Horace Wells, William Morton, and John Snow. It also summarizes the stages of anaesthesia, factors that determine anaesthetic potency including oil-gas and blood-gas partition coefficients, and the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of various inhalational and intravenous anaesthetic agents.
Intravenous induction agents are drugs that cause rapid loss of consciousness when given intravenously. Some of the most commonly used agents are thiopental, propofol, etomidate, and ketamine. Thiopental was the first agent introduced in the 1930s and provided rapid induction but was unsuitable for maintenance. Propofol provides pleasant sedation and recovery but causes hypotension. Etomidate offers hemodynamic stability but can cause excitation. Ketamine produces dissociative anesthesia and analgesia with cardiorespiratory stability but may cause emergence reactions. Each agent has advantages and disadvantages depending on the surgical situation and patient characteristics.
The document discusses various types of general anaesthetics including inhalational agents like nitrous oxide, halothane, and isoflurane as well as intravenous agents like thiopental and ketamine. It describes the stages of anaesthesia, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, effects on different body systems, and toxicity considerations for different anaesthetic drugs. Balanced anaesthesia using a combination of drugs is emphasized to achieve the desired effects of anaesthesia while minimizing disadvantages of individual agents.
This document discusses various anesthetic drugs used for general anesthesia. It begins by defining general anesthesia and its key effects. It then describes the stages of anesthesia from analgesia to surgical anesthesia to paralysis. Various inhalational anesthetics are discussed such as nitrous oxide, ether, halothane, isoflurane, and desflurane. Intravenous induction agents like thiopentone are also summarized. The document provides details on the properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of each anesthetic drug.
General anesthetics are drugs that induce reversible loss of consciousness and sensations during surgery. They work by depressing the central nervous system in stages, starting with cortical centers and ending with the medulla. There are two main types - inhalational gases administered through masks or intravenous drugs given through injections. A balanced anesthesia approach uses multiple drugs to induce unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Precise drug combinations and dosages are tailored for each patient and procedure type. The goal is to smoothly induce and rapidly recover from anesthesia with minimized risks and side effects.
This document summarizes the practice of anesthesia. It discusses preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management. Preoperative management includes taking a patient history, performing an examination, ordering relevant investigations, and administering premedication drugs. Intraoperative management involves monitoring the patient, choosing a position and type of anesthesia, inducing and maintaining anesthesia, administering fluids, and extubating the patient. Postoperative management consists of transferring the patient to the ward or ICU, providing pain management, and treating any complications.
General anesthetics are drugs that produce reversible loss of sensation and consciousness to facilitate surgery. They act primarily by enhancing the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABAA receptors, causing chloride channels to open. This hyperpolarizes neurons and reduces neuronal excitability. The main stages of general anesthesia include induction, maintenance, and recovery. Drugs are administered via inhalation or intravenous routes to induce unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and amnesia in a safe and controlled manner.
This document provides information on endotracheal intubation in pets. It discusses the uses of endotracheal tubes, including maintaining an open airway and facilitating oxygen administration. It describes the materials tubes are made from and appropriate sizes for dogs and cats. Steps for the intubation procedure are outlined, including preparing the tube, positioning the patient, visualizing the larynx, and properly placing and securing the tube. The document also covers checking proper tube placement and potential complications like laryngospasms.
Local anesthesia and nerve blocks in large animals.GangaYadav4
Local anesthesia involves the reversible loss of sensation in a limited area of the body using chemical agents without loss of consciousness. It is useful for reducing pain and stress during surgery. The document discusses various local anesthetics used in veterinary practice like lidocaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine. It also covers the mechanisms of action, classifications, advantages, disadvantages and methods of administering local anesthesia like infiltration, regional and intravenous regional anesthesia. Toxicities can occur if the anesthetic is absorbed systemically. Proper technique and dose are important for safe use of local anesthesia.
Barbiturates such as thiopental and methohexital act as central nervous system depressants by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. Thiopental is commonly used for induction of general anesthesia due to its rapid onset and short duration of action. It has a narrow therapeutic index, so proper dosing is important to achieve hypnosis without causing respiratory depression or cardiovascular complications. While barbiturates can provide neuroprotective effects at high doses, their use remains controversial except for certain clinical scenarios like incomplete brain ischemia. Potential adverse effects include hypotension, apnea, allergy, and tissue damage if injected intra-arterially rather than intravenously.
Barbiturates are depressants that were once commonly prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures but are now less so due to risk of addiction and overdose. They are categorized into schedules by their abuse and dependence potential, with schedule II having the highest risk. Withdrawal from long-term barbiturate use can cause severe, even life-threatening symptoms. While they still have medical uses, penalties for illegal possession and trafficking can include prison time and large fines.
This document discusses pre-anesthetic medication, which refers to drugs administered before general anesthesia to make anesthesia safer. The objectives are sedation to relieve anxiety, pain relief before and after surgery, inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease secretions and prevent laryngospasm, acting as an anti-emetic, decreasing gastric acid secretion, and having synergistic effects with general anesthetics. Common pre-anesthetic medications mentioned include benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergic drugs, anti-emetics, and drugs to decrease gastric acid production and prevent reflux.
This document provides information on various emergency drugs including atropine, adrenaline, mephentermine, ephedrine, and xylocard. It describes the class, mechanism of action, indications, dosing, administration, and side effects of each drug. Atropine is an anticholinergic that acts as a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Adrenaline is a direct-acting sympathomimetic that interacts with both alpha and beta receptors to increase heart rate, contractility and blood pressure. Mephentermine and ephedrine are both sympathomimetic amines that cause increased cardiac output through alpha and beta receptor stimulation. Xylocard is a class IB antiarrhythmic sodium channel block
Preanaesthetic medication & general anaestheticsswarnank parmar
This document provides information on pre-anaesthetic medication, general anaesthetic agents, and their mechanisms and uses. It discusses drugs administered before anaesthesia like benzodiazepines to reduce anxiety and opioids for analgesia. It also describes the history of commonly used general anaesthetics like ether, nitrous oxide, halothane and newer intravenous agents. The stages of anaesthesia and how anaesthetic potency is measured by MAC values is summarized. Complications of general anaesthesia like respiratory depression are also mentioned.
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants and were one of the first intravenous anesthetic agents used clinically, with thiopental and methohexital being two examples that are ultra short-acting and can be used for anesthetic induction. Barbiturates work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain and have a variety of clinical uses but also potential adverse effects like respiratory depression if overdosed.
Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid that act as central nervous system depressants. They have multiple mechanisms of action in the brain involving GABA receptors and ion channels. Barbiturates are classified based on their duration of action and include long, intermediate, short, and ultrashort-acting varieties. While once widely used as sedatives, hypnotics, and for anesthesia, barbiturates have significant disadvantages like low therapeutic index, drug interactions, abuse potential, and severe withdrawal syndrome. Newer agents like benzodiazepines, buspirone, zolpidem, and zaleplon have replaced barbiturates for most indications due to safer profiles
This document provides information on the uses, dosages, administration, and side effects of several common veterinary drugs including: acepromazine, atropine, buprenorphine, butorphanol, carprofen, diazepam, medetomidine, and ketamine. It describes each drug's indicated uses, how they are supplied, dosages, when to administer, duration of effects, contraindications, and potential side effects on cardiac, respiratory, and other bodily systems. The document is an informative reference for veterinary professionals.
The document discusses various preanaesthetic agents used to prepare animals for anesthesia. It describes different classes of preanaesthetics including anticholinergics, tranquilizers, sedatives, and alpha-2 agonists. It provides examples of specific drugs from each class and discusses their mechanisms of action, effects, dosages, and cautions. The purpose of preanaesthetics is to sedate the animal, reduce stress, and facilitate safe and effective induction and recovery from anesthesia.
This document summarizes different types of analgesics. It is divided into sections on opioid analgesics like morphine, codeine, tramadol, and pethidine. It also discusses non-opioid analgesics and NSAIDs like aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, piroxicam, ketorolac, nimesulide, and rofecoxib. Each drug is described in terms of its pharmacological actions, uses, dosages, and adverse effects. Paracetamol is highlighted as a commonly used over-the-counter analgesic that is generally well tolerated and safe.
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This document discusses the role of analgesics in exodontics, or tooth extraction procedures. It classifies analgesics as either opioid/narcotic analgesics or non-opioid analgesics. Some common opioid analgesics discussed are morphine, codeine, pethidine, dextropropoxyphene, and pentazocine. Common non-opioid analgesics discussed include aspirin, paracetamol, phenacetin, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, analgin, apazone, ibuprofen, naproxen, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, diclofenac, and tolmetin. For each analgesic, the document outlines its mechanism of action
This document summarizes information about anti-epileptic drugs. It discusses the classification of seizures including generalized seizures like tonic-clonic and absence seizures, as well as partial seizures. Common anti-epileptic drugs are also described, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects. Barbiturates like phenobarbital, hydantoins like phenytoin, and succinimides like ethosuximide represent older drug classes, while newer drugs include valproic acid, benzodiazepines, lamotrigine, gabapentin, topiramate, and levetiracetam. The choices of first, second, and alternative
This document defines and compares various terms related to sedation, analgesia, and premedication in veterinary anesthesia. It discusses the goals and components of premedication, and describes several classes of premedicants commonly used, including anticholinergics, tranquilizers, and sedatives. Specific drugs from each class are explained in detail, covering their mechanisms of action, properties, dosages, and clinical uses. Reversal agents are also mentioned. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of concepts and agents for sedation and pain management prior to anesthesia procedures in veterinary patients.
This document discusses medications used for pediatric resuscitation and rapid sequence intubation (RSI). It reviews sedatives like etomidate, midazolam, thiopental and ketamine, analgesics like fentanyl, paralytics like succinylcholine, rocuronium and vecuronium, and pre-medications like atropine and lidocaine. For each drug, it provides information on pharmacology, dosing, indications, side effects and special considerations in pediatrics. The goal is to discuss best practices for medication selection and administration during pediatric resuscitations and RSI.
Emetics & Anti-emetics are used to induce or treat nausea and vomiting. There are various classifications and mechanisms of action. Emetics like apomorphine and ipecacuanha act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting. Anti-emetics from different classes like antihistamines, antimuscarinics, dopamine antagonists, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and glucocorticoids are used to treat nausea and vomiting through various receptor mechanisms with some adverse effects. Combination therapy provides better efficacy with lower adverse effects.
Diazepam Injection USP 10mg/2ml Taj Pharma is an injectable benzodiazepine sedative used to treat anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It works by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain to produce a calming and sleep-inducing effect. The document provides information on the proper use of this medication, including dosing, administration, side effects, drug interactions, and warnings. It should not be used by pregnant women, those with breathing problems, or those allergic to benzodiazepines. Precautions are outlined for use with other medications and alcohol due to risk of increased sedation.
How to reduce fever, pain and inflammation in toddlers?avanlimedia
Profinal suspension is a specially formulated, alcohol free, non-steroidal, anti inflammatory (NSAID) pediatric oral suspension. It is sweet, palatable, fast acting, ibuprofen based and well tolerated by children.
Certain drugs, hormones, and compounds can increase appetite and induce hyperphagia by acting on hunger hormones like ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and orexin. While appetite enhancement can be an undesirable side effect of some medications, these appetite-stimulating substances can benefit patients with severe appetite loss or muscle wasting. Common classes of drugs that increase hunger include antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihistamines, and medications that block serotonin, adrenaline, dopamine, or corticosteroid receptors. However, some appetite-stimulating drugs like fenfluramine and sibutramine were banned due to safety issues like heart valve problems and increased risk of heart attacks.
This document provides information on sedation and analgesia in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and for procedures. It discusses pain and sedation assessment tools, pharmacology of commonly used drugs like midazolam, morphine, fentanyl, ketamine and propofol. It outlines strategies for administering sedation like using a combination of drugs titrated to specific endpoints and daily interruption of sedative infusions. Procedures requiring sedation and checklists for pre-sedation are also reviewed. Weaning, tolerance and dependence related to long-term sedation are discussed.
These drugs can induce unconsciousness when given alone but do not provide full general anesthesia effects like sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation. They must be used with other agents to achieve complete general anesthesia. Barbiturates are commonly used injectable anesthetics that act on the central nervous system to cause depression and loss of consciousness, though their use has decreased with the development of newer agents like propofol. Thiopental and pentobarbital are examples of ultra-short and short-acting barbiturates used for induction and seizure treatment, respectively.
The document discusses several newer narcotics including their origin, pharmacological properties, medical uses, and risks of abuse. Opium is obtained from the opium poppy and contains morphine along with other alkaloids. Morphine can be processed chemically to produce semi-synthetic opioids like levorphanol, an potent analgesic also used to reduce anaesthetic doses. Meperidine is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a toxic metabolite that can accumulate and cause seizures. Fentanyl is a very potent synthetic opioid related to phenylpiperidines. Sufentanil and remifentanil are even more potent synthetic opioids used in anesthesia. Methadone is an orally active opioid used to treat opioid
Drugs in obstetrics.pdf ‘’………………………………..Montdherhadi3
The document discusses several drugs commonly used in obstetrics. It describes how normal physiological changes during pregnancy can alter drug effects, requiring monitoring and dosage adjustments. It then examines specific drugs like oxytocin, ergometrine, misoprostol, dinoprostone, carboprost and mifepristone used to induce or augment labor, prevent postpartum hemorrhage, and terminate pregnancies. It also discusses tocolytic drugs like beta-mimetics and atosiban to inhibit preterm labor. Antihypertensive drugs and magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia/eclampsia are also outlined.
This document summarizes key information about several neurotransmitters and psychopharmacological drugs. It describes the functions and effects of neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and acetylcholine. It then discusses several classes of psychotropic medications like antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, benzodiazepines, and stimulants. For each drug class, it provides examples of specific medications, their indications, mechanisms of action, side effects, and important considerations for monitoring safety and efficacy.
This document discusses various drugs used in the nervous system. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including analgesics, anesthetics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antidepressants, and CNS stimulants. It then provides details on analgesics like NSAIDs, opioids, and barbiturates. It explains their mechanisms of action, examples and dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities. Sedatives and hypnotics are also summarized, focusing on benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Overall, the document concisely reviews many commonly used drugs for the nervous system.
Second-generation antipsychotics have fewer extrapyramidal side effects than first-generation drugs. They include risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, and clozapine. Clozapine is reserved for treatment-resistant cases due to its risk of agranulocytosis. These drugs differ in their receptor binding profiles and side effect risks like weight gain, metabolic effects, and QTc prolongation. Dosage selection depends on these factors and potential drug interactions.
2. Acepromazine Indicated uses – Acepromazine is a phenothiazine tranquilizer with no direct analgesic properties. It can be used alone, as a premedicant, but is more effective when used in combination with an opioid narcotic agent. The addition of an opioid reduces acepromazine dose, and therefore also reduces the likelihood of hypotension or sustained, excessive sedation that can occur. Use of acepromazine as a sole agent is not recommended.
3. acepromazine How Supplied – Injectable or tablet. Each mL contains 10 mg AcepromazineMaleate. Dosage – The dosage should be individualized, depending upon the degree of tranqulization required. As a general rule, the dosage requirement in mg/lb of body weight decreases as the weight of the animal increases. Dogs: 0.25-0.5 mg/lb of body weight. Cats: 0.5-1 mg/lb of body weight. Administration Routes - IM, IV, SQ.
4. acepromazine When to Administer – 1 hour prior to surgery. Allow 15 minutes for onset of action. Duration of Effect – Up to 3 hours from onset of action, depending on the particular animal. Effects on Fetus – Safe for use in pregnancy, but use caution and don’t use near full term. Cardiac Effects – Any tranquilizer should be administered in smaller doses and with greater care to animals exhibiting cardiac disease. Hypotension can occur after rapid intravenous injection causing cardiovascular collapse. Also may cause bradycardia.
5. acepromazine Respiratory Effects – None. Other Effects – Tranquilizers are potent central nervous system depressants and they can cause marked sedation with suppression of the sympathetic nervous system. Tranquilizers can produce prolonged depression or motor restlessness when given in excessive amounts or when given to sensitive animals.
6. acepromazine Drug Contraindications – Phenothiazines may potentiate the toxicity of organophosphates and the activity of procaine hydrochloride. Therefore, do not use AcepromazineMaleate Injection to control tremors associated with organic phosphate poisoning. Do not use in conjunction with organophosphorousvermifuges or ectoparasiticides, including flea collars. Do not use with procaine hydrochloride. Epinephrine is contraindicated for treatment of acute hypotension produce by phenothiazine-derivative tranquilizers since further depression of blood pressure can occur. Also, animals may require lower dosages of general anesthetics following Acepromazine.
7. acepromAZINE Disease Contraindications – Use caution with administration to animals exhibiting cardiac disease. Acepromazinemaleate, like other phenothiazine derivatives, is detoxified in the liver; therefore, it should be used with caution on animals with a previous history of liver dysfunction or leukopenia. Reversal – Doxapram. Affects on the Pupil – None.
8. atropine Indicated Uses – As a pre-anesthetic adjuvant or to reduce salivation, bronchial secretion or internal peristalsis associated with colic or diarrhea. How Supplied - Available in several concentrations. Dosage – Available in several concentrations. Suggested dose for Atropine Sulfate: 1 mL for 20 lbs of body weight. Administration Routes – IM, IV, SQ. When to Administer – 20-30 minutes before anesthetic induction. Duration of Effect – 60-90 minutes.
9. atropine Effects on Fetus – May cause fetal tachycardia; safe if used with caution. Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia, reduced cardiac output, heart rate increase. Respiratory Effects – Bronchodilation. Other Effects – Blocks stimulation of vagus nerve, reduces salivation, reduces gastrointestinal activity, mydriasis, reduces tear secretions.
10. atropine Drug Contraindications - The following drugs may enhance the activity of atropine and its derivatives: antihistamines, procainamide, quinidine, meperidine, benzodiazepines, phenothiazines. The following drugs may potentiate the adverse effects of atropine and its derivatives: primidone, disopyramide, nitrates, long-term corticosteroid use (may increase intraocular pressure). Atropine and its derivatives may enhance the actions of nitrofurantoin, thiazide diuretics, sympathomimetics. Atropine and its derivatives may antagonize the actions of metoclopramide.
11. atropine Disease Contraindications – Tachycardia (heart rate over 140 bpm in dogs and over 180 bpm in cats), constipation or obstruction, shock, seizure disorders, head trauma, hypothermia, cesarean section, neonatal patients, cardiovascular or respiratory disease, debilitated animals, neonates and geriatrics, pregnant animals, large dogs prone to bloat, spinal cord or chest injury. Reversal – Overdose can be treated with physostigmine.. Affects on the Pupil – Dilates pupils.
12. Buprenorphine (buprenex) Indicated Uses – Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid of moderately long duration depending on dose. It has an agonistic effect at mu opioid receptor. Extremely high receptor affinity gives buprenorphine an antagonistic effect when mixed with pure mu opioids like hydromorphone, oxymorphone, morphine, or fentanyl which may be a strategic advantage.Dose has significant influence on duration of effect but no influence on degree of analgesia. Minimal sedation, limited reversibility, and moderate cost make this less attractive as a single agent premed.
13. Buprenorphine How Supplied – Available as injectable but usually prescribed as an oral spray or liquid. Dosage – Dogs and cats 0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg; the dose influences the duration of effect but not the degree of analgesia. Administration Routes – IM, IV, or can be absorbed through the veins under the tongue (sublingual).
14. buprenorphine When to Administer – For post-operative pain, give after surgery. When given IV the onset is 15 minutes, when given IM the onset is 40 minutes. Duration of Effect – One dose lasts approximately 6 hours in cats (depending on dose). Will last longer if given IM. Effects on Fetus – Buprenorphine crosses the placental barrier, therefore it should not be given during pregnancy or nursing. Cardiac Effects – Can cause a drop in heart rate as well as blood pressure. Respiratory Effects - Respiratory depression is a possible side effect.
15. buprenorphine Other Effects – Excitement, hypersalivation, excessive sedation, panting, sensitivity to sound, urinary retention, nausea, and vomiting. Drug Contraindications – The sedation effect is more severe if this medication is used in conjunction with other medications that have a sedating side effect including antihistamines. Buprenorphine should not be used with selegiline or any other monoamine oxidase inhibitor. A 2-week waiting period is recommended if buprenorphine or any other narcotic is to be used in a patient on such a drug.
16. buprenorphine Disease Contraindications – Should not be used in patients with respiratory compromise, including heart failure or head trauma. Buprenorphine is removed from the body via the liver, therefore patients with liver disease will have prolonged effects from this drug. Buprenorphine is contraindicated in patients with hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency, or Addison’s disease. Also contraindicated in geriatric or debilitated patients. Reversal – Naloxone. Effect on the Pupil – Mydriasis (dilation).
17. butorphanol Indicated Uses – Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid with short duration and very mild sedative effects. Agonistic effect at kappa and sigma opioid receptors. Antagonistic effect at the mu receptor which may be a strategic advantage. Reversibility is a subject of debate How Supplied – Injectable and tablets; 2 mg base activity per mL. Dosage – Dogs and cats 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg. Increased dosages are NOT associated with an increase in analgesia.
18. butorphanol Administration Routes – IM, IV, or SQ. When to Administer – For IV, onset is 15 minutes. For IM, onset is 40 minutes. Duration of Effect – 45 to 60 minutes in the dog; 60 to 90 minutes in the cat. Effects on Fetus – Safety has not been tested, therefore use in pregnant animals is not recommended. Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia, blood pressure decrease, decreased cardiac output. Respiratory Effects – Respiratory depression (ceiling effect) Other Effects – Excitement, hypersalivation, excessive sedation, panting, sensitivity to sound, urinary retention, nausea, and vomiting.
19. butorphanol Drug Contraindications – Should be used with caution with other sedative analgesic drugs as these are likely to produce additive effects. Disease Contraindications – None. Reversal – None. Effects on the Pupil – Mydriasis.
20. Carprofen (rimadyl) Indicated Uses – Rimadyl is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis and for the control of postoperative pain associated with soft tissue and orthopedic surgeries in dogs. How Supplied – Injectable or tablets. Available in 25, 75, or 100 mg tablets. Dosage – The recommended dosage for oral administration to dogs is 2 mg/lb of body weight daily. The total daily dose may be administered as 2 mg/lb of body weight once daily or divided and administered as 1 mg/lb twice daily.
21. carprofen Administration Routes – PO, SQ, IV, IM. When to Administer – Approximately 2 hours before the painful procedure (or whenever the doctor advises). Duration of Effect – This depends on the dose and form given. Effects on Fetus – Safety has not been established. Cardiac Effects – Not recommended in dogs with bleeding disorders (e.g. Von Willebrand’s disease). Potential for dysrhythmia. Respiratory Effects – Potential for apnea.
22. carprofen Other Effects – Vomiting, diarrhea/soft stool, bilirubinuria, ketonuria, gastric ulceration, renal toxicity, hepatocellulartoxicosis, renal hypoxia, acute renal failure. Drug Contraindications – Do not use in patients under anesthesia. Disease Contraindications – Don’t use in patients with GI disorders, congestive heart failure, hemostatic disorders such as thrombocytopenia, or in animals who are dehydrated. Do not use in patients receiving corticosteroids, animals with low blood pressure, or animals who have undergone trauma. Reversal – IV fluids. Effects on the Pupil – None.
23. Medetomidine (dexamedetomidine, domitor) Indicated Uses – Alpha-2 agonist; medetomidine can be used alone, however it is often combined with an opioid for a synergistic effect. Addition of an opioid allows a reduction of the medetomidine dose and reduces the likelihood of the more dramatic negative cardiovascular effects that alpha-2 agonists can cause. Potent sedative and analgesic; substantially reduces induction agent need. How Supplied – Injectable, 1 mg/mL. Dosage – Dogs and cats 0.002 to 0.04 mg/kg. Administration Routes – IV, IM.
24. dexamedetomidine When to Administer – Allow 20-30 minutes for drug to take full effect. Duration of Effect – NA. Effects on Fetus – This drug is not recommended for dogs used for breeding purposes or pregnant dogs.
25. dexamedetomidine Cardiac Effects – Blood pressure is initially increased due to peripheral vasoconstriction and thereafter drops to normal or slightly below normal levels. The initial vasopressor response is accompanied by a compensatory marked decrease in heart rate. A transient change in the conductivity of the cardiac muscle may occur, as evidenced by atrioventricular blocks. Cardiovascular changes (such as profound bradycardia and second degree heart block) equally affect both heartworm negative and asymptomatic heartworm positive dogs. There is a possibility for bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, and death from circulatory failure.
26. dexamedetomidine Respiratory Effects – Respiratory responses include an initial slowing of respiration within a few seconds to 1-2 minutes after administration, increasing to normal within 120 minutes. An initial decrease in tidal volume is followed by an increase. There is a possibility of cyanosis, hypoxia, apnea, and severe congestion of the lungs. Other Effects – Vomiting, depression. Drug Contraindications – None.
27. dexamedetomidine Disease Contraindications – Do not use in animals with cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, liver or kidney diseases. Also should not be used in dogs with shock, dogs which are severely debilitated, or dogs which are stressed due to extreme heat, cold, or fatigue. Reversal – Antisedan. Effect on the Pupil – None.
28. diazepam Indicated Uses – Sedation and tranquilization of patients for easy handling; skeletal muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant, appetite stimulant, behavior modification. How Supplied – Injectable. Also available in 2 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg tablets. Dosage – Use to effect. IM: 0.2-0.4 mg/kg; IV: 0.1-0.5 mg/kg in cats and dogs. Administration Routes – IV, IM, SQ. When to Administer – Within 1 hour before surgical procedures.
29. diazepam Duration of Effect – Depends on the route given. Effects on Fetus – Diazepam should not be used in early pregnancy as birth defects have been reported. Cardiac Effects – Minimal. Respiratory Effects – Minimal. Other Effects – Some animals may get hyper-excited on diazepam. In cats, cases of liver failure have been reported after several days use of diazepam. Liver issues do not seem to be a problem with use of brand name Valium. Also sometimes used as an appetite stimulant.
30. diazepam Drug Contraindications – May have a stronger than expected effect if used in conjunction with cimetidine (Tagamet), erythromycin, ketoconazole, or propranolol. Antacids may slow the onset of effect of diazepam. The use of diazepam may increase the effect of digoxin. Diazepam should not be used in conjunction with amitraz (Mitaban) dips for mange, or in conjunction with ivermectin. Disease Contraindications – Urine dipsticks that measure glucose may be falsely negative in patients taking diazepam. Some veterinarians avoid use after C-sections. Use caution in animals with known liver dysfunction. Reversal – Flumazenil. Effect on the Pupil – None.
31. Ketamine (ketaset) Indicated Uses – Ketaset may be used in cats for restraint or as the sole anesthetic agent for diagnostic or minor, brief, surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. How Supplied – Injectable, 100 mg/mL Dosage – In cats, a dose of 11 mg/kg (5 mg/lb) is recommended to produce restraint. Dosages from 22-33 mg/kg (10-15 mg/lb) produce anesthesia that is suitable for diagnostic or minor surgical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation. Administration Routes – IM, IV.
32. ketamine When to Administer – Onset is 90 seconds when given IV and 2-4 minutes when given IM. Duration of Effect – 4-5 hours. Effects on Fetus – Has been shown to be safe for use in pregnant animals. Cardiac Effects – Cardiac arrest is rare but a possible side effect. Respiratory Effects – Respiratory depression or dyspnea may occur following administration of high doses of ketaset.
33. ketamine Other Effects – Emesis, salivation, vocalization, erratic recovery and prolonged recovery, spastic jerking movements, convulsions, muscular tremors, hypertonicity, opisthotonos, dyspnea and cardiac arrest. Death has been reported. Drug Contraindications – None. Disease Contraindications – Ketaset is detoxified by the liver and excreted by the kidneys; therefore, any pre-existent hepatic or renal pathology or impairment of function can be expected to result in prolonged anesthesia; related fatalities have been reported. Reversal – Atipamezole. Effect on the Pupil – None.
34. meloxicam Indicated Uses – For the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery, ovariohysterectomy and castration when administered prior to surgery in cats. In dogs, indicated for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. How Supplied – Injectable, 5 mg/mL. Also comes in an oral suspension. Dosage – Dogs: 0.09 mg/lb (0.2 mg/kg) IV or SQ, followed 24 hours later by Metacam oral suspension at a daily dose of 0.045 mg/lb (0.1 mg/kg). Cats: 0.14 mg/lb (0.3 mg/kg) SQ. Use of additional meloxicam or other NSAIDs is contraindicated.
35. meloxicam Administration Routes – IV or SQ. When to Administer – 30-60 minutes prior to painful procedure. Duration of Effect – 24 hours. Effects on Fetus – Safety in pregnant animals has not been evaluated. Cardiac Effects – None. Respiratory Effects – None. Other Effects – Pain at injection site.
36. meloxicam Drug Contraindications – Do not give a second dose of Meloxicam or follow with another NSAID. Disease Contraindications – Meloxicam is not recommended for use in cats with bleeding disorders. Reversal – None. Effect on the Pupil – None.
37. propofol Indicated Uses – A phenol in a hyperlipid emulsion. Rapinovetis indicated for the following in dogs and cats: as a single injection to provide general anesthesia for short procedures, for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia using incremental doses to effect, or for induction of general anesthesia where maintenance is provided by inhalant anesthetics. How Supplied – Injectable, 10 mg/mL. Dosage – Dogs 4 to 6 mg/kg. Cats 6 to 8 mg/kg. Administration Routes – IV.
38. propofol When to Administer – Immediately before procedure. Duration of Effect – 2-5 minutes. Effects on Fetus – May be associated with neonatal depression. Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia, hypotension, cyanosis, tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions. Respiratory Effects – Panting, reverse sneezing, and cyanosis. Other Effects – Paddling during recovery, tremors, movements, excitations, seizure, pain during injection, emesis, rubbing nose during recovery, or vocalization.
39. propofol Drug Contraindications – No significant adverse interactions with commonly used drugs have been observed. Disease Contraindications – Use cautiously in animals with cardiac or respiratory insufficiency. Reversal – None. Effect on the Pupil – None.
40. Tiletamine-zolazepam (telazol) Indicated Uses – Telazol is a 50/50 mixture of a benxodiazepine and a dissociative agent. Generally used in healthy animals in the good to excellent category. How Supplied – Available in individual vials of 5 mL solution when reconstituted. Dosage – Dogs and cats 2 mg/kg when unsedated. For vicious or aggressive dogs, 5 mg/kg.
41. telazol Administration Routes – IM, IV, SC. When to Administer – Before surgical procedure. Duration of Effect – NA. Effects on Fetus – Teratogenic potential not known; should not be used in pregnant animals. Cardiac Effects – Cyanosis, cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, and either hypertension or hypotension may occur. Respiratory Effects – Respiratory depression may occur following high doses. May see transient apnea, excessive tracheal and bronchial secretions, cyanosis.
42. telazol Other Effects – Emesis, excessive salivation, vocalizations, erratic recovery and prolonged recovery, involuntary muscular twitching, hypertonicity, and muscle rigidity. Death has been reported in both dogs and cats. Drug Contraindications – None. Disease Contraindications – Contraindicated in patients with pancreatic disease, and preexistent renal pathology or impairment of renal function may be expected to result in prolonged duration of anesthesia. Telazol should not be used in dogs and cats with severe cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction. Reversal – None. Effect on the Pupil – None.
43. xylazine Indicated Uses – Should be used in dogs and cats when it is desirable to produce a state of sedation accompanied by a shorter period of analgesia. How Supplied – 20 mg/mL. Dosage – 0.5 mL/20 lbs. Administration Routes – IM, IV. When to Administer – Prior to surgery. Duration of Effect – 1-2 hours.
44. xylazine Effects on Fetus – Don’t use in pregnant animals. Cardiac Effects – Bradycardia with partial A-V heart block. Respiratory Effects – Reduced respiratory rate. Other Effects – Emesis, muscle tremors, and increased urination in cats. Movement in response to sharp auditory stimuli may be observed.
45. xylazine Drug Contraindications – None. Disease Contraindications – Not recommended for use in patients with significantly depressed respirations, severe pathologic heart disease, advanced liver or kidney disease, severe endotoxic or traumatic shock and stress conditions such as extreme heat, cold, or fatigue. Reversal – None. Effect on the Pupil – None.