Paxil
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Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat major depressive disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. It can interact dangerously with other drugs like MAO inhibitors and should not be taken with alcohol.
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The document discusses drugs used to treat various neurodegenerative diseases. For Parkinson's disease, it describes how damage to the basal ganglia results in excessive cholinergic activity and decreased dopaminergic activity. Drugs discussed include levodopa, carbidopa, selegiline, entacapone, and dopamine receptor agonists, which aim to increase dopamine levels in the brain. For Alzheimer's disease, it notes the cholinergic deficit and mentions donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors as treatments.
16. Psych (Depression, Schizophrenia, Bipolar, ADHD, Anxiety, Sleep), Alzheim...
Unlock your potential with the ultimate NAPLEX study guide, meticulously designed to ensure you pass your pharmacy licensing exam with flying colors. This guide offers a thorough exploration of all the essential topics covered in the NAPLEX, including pharmacotherapy, pharmacy law, and medication management. Each chapter is structured to enhance your understanding, complete with clear explanations, practical examples, and review questions to test your knowledge.
The essentials of psychopharmacology.ppt
This document discusses various psychopharmacological agents used to treat psychiatric conditions. It begins by outlining the indications for antidepressants such as SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and novel agents. It then discusses guidelines for antidepressant use and classifications. Specific antidepressants are described in detail including their pros and cons. The document also discusses mood stabilizers like lithium and anticonvulsants, outlining their indications, classes, and factors to consider when selecting them. Side effects and monitoring requirements are provided for various medications.
Second Gen Anti-psychotics
Second-generation antipsychotics have fewer extrapyramidal side effects than first-generation drugs. They include risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, and clozapine. Clozapine is reserved for treatment-resistant cases due to its risk of agranulocytosis. These drugs differ in their receptor binding profiles and side effect risks like weight gain, metabolic effects, and QTc prolongation. Dosage selection depends on these factors and potential drug interactions.
Management of movement disorders
This presentation describes various movement disorders and its management strategies with particular focus of management of parkinson's disease. It gives basic overview of the drugs also.
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This document summarizes several newer antipsychotic medications introduced after 2005, including paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, lurasidone, blonanserin, and cariprazine. It describes the indication, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, dosing, and precautions for each drug. It also briefly discusses brexiprazole and several investigational antipsychotics targeting non-dopamine receptors with limited success to date, such as pomaglumetad, sarcosine, and pimaverine.
ASandler_PD_Topic Discussion_8_30.docx
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by three key points:
1) Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to decreased dopamine in the striatum and motor symptoms like bradykinesia.
2) Accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein is involved in the pathogenesis and motor symptoms result from disinhibition of movement circuits due to dopamine deficiency.
3) Treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa although long term use can cause motor fluctuations and dyskinesias which other drugs aim to reduce.
Antidepressant_073002.pptx
The document discusses antidepressants, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing responsibilities. Some key classes covered are SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs. SSRIs are most commonly prescribed and work by inhibiting serotonin reuptake. SNRIs also inhibit norepinephrine reuptake. TCAs and MAOIs have more side effects due to their broader mechanisms of action. Nurses must carefully monitor patients taking antidepressants due to risks like hypertensive crisis, seizures, and interactions with foods/medications.
Neurodegenerative Drugs Pharma.pptx
This document provides an overview of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. It discusses the pathophysiology, symptoms, and pharmacological treatments for each condition. For Parkinson's, it describes how dopamine production decreases and the resulting motor symptoms. Common drugs mentioned include levodopa, dopamine agonists, COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergics. For Alzheimer's, it outlines the amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle pathology and resulting cognitive decline. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are the major pharmaceutical therapies discussed for Alzheimer's treatment. The document concludes by mentioning some newer investigational drugs for both conditions.
Advancement in anti-depression drugs
Recent advancements have been made in antidepressant drugs. Vilazodone was approved in 2011 and targets the serotonin transporter and 5-HT1A receptors. Levomilnacipran was approved in 2013 and potently inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Desipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, is under investigation and selectively blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine while also inhibiting serotonin reuptake. Escitalopram was approved in 2002 and causes an increase in serotonin levels by preventing its reuptake. These drugs demonstrate improved mechanisms of action for the treatment of depression.
Lurasidone dr noor giasuddin
Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic that antagonizes the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia and mania. It also agonizes the 5-HT1A receptor to reduce depressive symptoms and antagonizes the 5-HT7 receptor to improve cognition. It is approved for treatment of schizophrenia in adults and for bipolar depression in both adults and adolescents ages 13-17 years old. Lurasidone has a favorable side effect and metabolic profile compared to other antipsychotics.
Overview of Antidepressants
Antidepressants such as SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs work by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both in the brain. SSRIs are generally first-line treatment and safer in overdose than TCAs, but TCAs may be better for severe depression. Both classes of drugs can cause side effects like dry mouth, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Antidepressants may take 10-20 days to work and should be continued for at least 6 months after symptoms improve to prevent relapse. Combining certain antidepressants can be dangerous due to increased serotonin levels.
Psychopharmacology va
Introduction to psychopharmacology - lecture prepared for clinical psychology interns at El Paso VA Department of Psychiatry.
CNS PHARMACOLOGY.pptx
The document discusses drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). It first introduces that CNS drugs are used for both medical and non-medical purposes to act on the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses the major neurotransmitters of the CNS including noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. For each neurotransmitter, it briefly describes their physiological functions. The document also provides information on drugs used for Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, outlining their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and common medications employed to treat each condition.
ssnri
The document discusses SSRIs and SNRIs as treatments for depression. It provides information on:
- How SSRIs and SNRIs work to increase serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain through inhibiting reuptake.
- Examples of common SSRIs and SNRIs including citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, duloxetine, and venlafaxine.
- Typical dosing ranges and side effects of various antidepressants.
- Special considerations for using antidepressants in certain patient populations and medical conditions.
- Guidelines from studies and organizations like NICE on treating depression and anxiety with antidepressants.
Intravenous anti epileptic drug review
The document summarizes the treatment of status epilepticus with anti-epileptic drugs. It provides guidelines for first, second, and third line treatment options including benzodiazepines, phenytoin, valproate, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and anesthetics if needed. It also reviews dosing, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug-drug interactions of common anti-epileptic drugs used such as phenytoin, valproate, levetiracetam, and phenobarbital. In particular, it notes the interaction between phenytoin and valproate given phenytoin induces liver enzymes while val
Bromocriptine
Bromocriptine is an antiparkinson and antidiabetic drug that works by stimulating dopamine receptors in the brain. It is also used to treat hyperprolactinemia and acromegaly. It has a rapid onset of around 1-2 hours, is highly protein bound, and primarily metabolized by the liver via CYP3A4 enzymes. Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and hypotension. It can interact with other drugs that are CYP3A4 inhibitors or substrates, as well as ergot alkaloids, dopamine antagonists, and medications with vasoconstrictive effects. Initial dosing is usually at bedtime to reduce potential central nervous system side effects
Psychiatry 5th year, 6th lecture (Dr. Saman Anwar)
The document discusses various psychotropic medications used in psychiatry including:
1. Antipsychotics such as first-generation antipsychotics which are dopamine receptor antagonists and second-generation antipsychotics which are serotonin-dopamine antagonists or partial dopamine agonists.
2. Antidepressants which include MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and others.
3. Mood stabilizers indicated for bipolar disorder.
4. Benzodiazepines which are commonly used as anxiolytics.
5. Anticholinergic drugs which are primarily used to treat medication-induced movement disorders.
Parkinson disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. It causes motor symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and slow movement. While there is no cure, drug therapies aim to manage symptoms by increasing dopamine levels, preventing dopamine breakdown, or stimulating dopamine receptors. Common treatments include levodopa combined with carbidopa to increase dopamine, COMT inhibitors to prevent dopamine metabolism, and dopamine agonists that directly activate dopamine receptors. However, long term drug therapy can lead to side effects, and new treatments are still needed to modify disease progression.
Parkisonism and anti parkinson's drugs
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It results from loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance. While the cause is largely unknown, risk increases with age. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, primarily through dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa and dopamine agonists. Adverse effects can include dyskinesia and psychiatric issues. Managing Parkinson's becomes more challenging over time as symptoms fluctuate and complications arise.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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