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Iceland
Iceland harnesses geothermal energy for electricity generation, heating homes and buildings, aquaculture, and greenhouse agriculture. Iceland's geothermal resources have enabled it to become nearly 100% independent for electricity and heating. Recent projects like the Iceland Deep Drilling Project are tapping into high-pressure steam from magma to generate electricity. Icelandic companies are also conducting genetic research on the population to identify genes associated with diseases and develop new treatments.
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Iceland
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- 2. Recent Technological Advancements 1. Introduction 2.Geothermal Energy 3. Its Applications Electricity generation Snow melting Aquaculture Green house agriculture. 4. Present status of geothermal energy 5. Scope of geothermal energy in other countries.
- 4. Iceland isa Nordic island country located between the north Atlantic and the Arctic ocean. Geologically, Iceland was created by rifting and accumulation through volcanism along the ridge. Due to this there is widespread availability of geothermal power & hydro power which is responsible for various technological advancements in the country. The country has also invested in a few genetic engineering projects, in an attempt to discover the root causes and potential cures for the world’s worst diseases. Compact society
- 5. • Iceland :Energy Iceland is 99.99% electicity Independent -All this electricity comes from Renewable sources . Iceland is 90% heating power Independent -All this heating comes from geothermal sources . Iceland is 99% transport fuel Dependent -All this fuel are imported oil products .
- 6. 2) Geothermal Energy Definition Geothermalenergy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of materials (80%).
- 7. • Utilization ofGeothermal Energy 2014 In Iceland
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- 9. a) Electricity Generation Generating electricity with geothermal energy has increased significantly in recent years. As a result of a rapid expansion in Iceland's energy intensive industry, the demand for electricity has increased considerably. figure shows the development from 1970-2013. The installed generation capacity of geothermal power plants totalled 665 MWe in 2013 and the production was 4,600 GWh, or 24.5% of the country's total electricity production.
- 10. • Iceland DeepDrilling Project(IDDP) Initiated in the year 2000 by a group of three Icelandic companies,HS orka,Landsvirkjun(LV) and Orkuveita Reykkjavikur(OR) Aim : To investigate the economic feasibility of producing electricity from supercritical geothermal reservoirs. The Icelandic Deep Drilling Project is drilling shafts into volcanic bedrock up to 5 km (3.1 miles) deep and capturing the intense heat . IDDP-1, became the first of many wells drilled in Iceland to explore geothermal sources of energy for a power plant called Krafla .
- 11. This newmethod of using magma to generate high- pressure steam over 450 degrees celsius (842 degrees Fahrenheit) sets a world record for highest geothermal heat and it was the first time heat from molten magma was used to produce electricity . The IDDP-1 well generated about 36 megawatts of electricity, enough to power about 36,000 homes.It's more than the average wind turbine, which generate about 1 to 3 megawatts each. Green Technology : Geothermal power is both renewable and sustainable.Geothermal plants emit about 5% carbondioxide , 1% sulfurdioxide , and less than 1% of nitrous oxide and certain types of geothermal plants produce near-zero emissions.
- 13. Iceland : IDDPplants
- 14. b) Snow Melting& House Heating The total area covered by snow melting systems in Iceland is estimated to be about 740,000 m2 , of which about 460,000 m2 are in Reykjavik. Geothermal hot water is used for heating houses Geothermal water, after being used for heating houses, was released into the drain system of the city. The return water, at 32/C, contains a lot of energy. The total geothermal energy used for snow melting is estimated to be 320 GWh per year.
- 15. c) Aquaculture Aquaculturein Iceland was initially practiced in land- based plants using geothermal water at 20-50°C to heat fresh water by heat exchangers, typically from 5°C to 12°C. To elevate temperatures in the hatching and early development stages of all farmed species. Fish farming accounts for 4% of Iceland’s total geothermal energy use Cod and salmon salty or brackish moved to cold water when they reach a certain size Arctic char and algae are raised at elevated temperatures in land-based plants until harvested.
- 16. d) Green HouseAgriculture Iceland's geothermal energy resources make it the perfect location for greenhouse production. Icelandic greenhouses offer opportunities to produce high-quality crops that are based on: Zero carbon footprint Pesticide-free growth Low cost production Plentiful land Main Crops potatoes, turnips, carrots, cabbage, kale, cauliflower, green peppers, tomatoes (fruit not vegetable)
- 17. Current greenhouse projects ORFGenetics Geogreenhouse.inc Advantages to country 1. Natural resources can be better used, and above all, in a sustainable and eco-compatible way, in order to obtain agricultural production even in harsh and difficult geographical contexts. 2. Exports
- 18. • CarbFix project -turningco2 into solid rock Scientists had injected hundreds of tons of water and carbon dioxide gas1,500 feet down into layers of porous basaltic rock, the product of ancient lava flows from the nearby Hengill volcano. Sandra Snaebjornsdottir, a doctoral professor was looking for signs that the CO2 had combined with elements in the basalt and become calcite, a solid crystalline mineral. Economical at large scale storage A solution to the increased Global Warming
- 19. 4. Present Statusof Geothermal Energy
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- 23. most geneticallyhomogeneous countries on earth. Iceland's great genetic experiment, an attempt to mine the gene pool of an entire country in search of the root causes of--and potential cures for--some of the world's worst diseases. Last month, deCODE announced that it had found a gene that boosts the risk of Type 2 diabetes. Genetic Innovation
- 24. deCODE Genetics,the company Stefansson co- founded in his home city of Reykjavík, has discovered more than a dozen genes linked to diseases ranging from stroke to schizophrenia. modern Reykjavík headquarters now holds blood samples from about 100,000 individuals, roughly half of Iceland's adult population. Using those samples, scientists at the company were able to zero in on their new anti-heart-attack compound. It's based on a gene known as LTA4H, first seen in mice, which governs the production of an enzyme called leukotriene A4 hydrolase. The enzyme plays a role in inflammation, a key factor in heart disease, and also encourages the buildup of cholesterol.
- 25. Icelanders witha particular variant of the LTA4H gene turn out to be 40% more likely than average to have heart attacks. Looking outside the country, deCODE scientists found the variant gene in other populations-- and discovered that in African Americans the increased risk is not 40% but a whopping 250%.That suggests the company's prospective drug could have a correspondingly large lifesaving within a few weeks, the company started the final phase of trials for a drug based on a newly identified heart-attack gene that appears to be especially dangerous in African Americans.
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- 27. most geneticallyhomogeneous countries on earth. Iceland's great genetic experiment, an attempt to mine the gene pool of an entire country in search of the root causes of--and potential cures for--some of the world's worst diseases. Last month, deCODE announced that it had found a gene that boosts the risk of Type 2 diabetes. Genetic Innovation
- 28. deCODE Genetics,the company Stefansson co- founded in his home city of Reykjavík, has discovered more than a dozen genes linked to diseases ranging from stroke to schizophrenia. modern Reykjavík headquarters now holds blood samples from about 100,000 individuals, roughly half of Iceland's adult population. Using those samples, scientists at the company were able to zero in on their new anti-heart-attack compound. It's based on a gene known as LTA4H, first seen in mice, which governs the production of an enzyme called leukotriene A4 hydrolase. The enzyme plays a role in inflammation, a key factor in heart disease, and also encourages the buildup of cholesterol.
- 29. Icelanders witha particular variant of the LTA4H gene turn out to be 40% more likely than average to have heart attacks. Looking outside the country, deCODE scientists found the variant gene in other populations-- and discovered that in African Americans the increased risk is not 40% but a whopping 250%.That suggests the company's prospective drug could have a correspondingly large lifesaving within a few weeks, the company started the final phase of trials for a drug based on a newly identified heart-attack gene that appears to be especially dangerous in African Americans.