Discussing many types of anesthesia vaporizer, the old and the new , the modern and advanced vaporizers. also the mechanism of action of each type. The properties of different types of vaporizers. how to select your favorite vaporizer.?

1. Anesthesia Vaporizers
In Brief
Mahmood Hasan Taha
HD/ Anesthesia
Zakho General H.
Sept/ 2022

2. Highlights
Anesthesia vaporizers used to deliver
volatile anesthetics , have evolved from the
simple mask used for Ether anesthesia
(Etherizer), to the present day modern and
electronically controlled vaporizers designed to
deliver:
Safe and reliable concentrations of volatile
agent to the patient.

3. This encouraged big companies and
industries, in U.K, Germany and U.S.A, to
work for decades; to solve the problems
with old vaporizers and introduce a new,
modern and advanced vaporizers to
deliver safe and accurate volatile
anesthesia to the patient via well
designed, convenience, maintenance free
and affordable vaporizers.

4. Old design:
Goldman Vaporizers.
Designed by an English physician Dr. Victor
Goldman (1903b. – 1994d.) tow models: 1956 -
1962.
It is neither temperature compensated nor
accurately calibrated.
Halothane concentration is usually low and its
output is mainly influenced by flow rate.

5. Goldman Halothane Vaporizer (made in England)

6. Advantages:
• Small and cheap.
• Simple to use and service.
• Lightweight and portable.
• Restricted output prevents Halothane
overdosing.

7. Disadvantages:
• Variable output that is difficult to measure.
• No temperature compensation.
• There is risk of agent spilling into the
breathing system.

8. TEC 2
Problems with the original “Fluotec” were
discovered soon after its release around 1957;
“Cyprane” quickly recalled the Fluotec and began
advertising the Fluotec Mark ll (Tec 2) , 1958.
In Tec2 vaporizer, The Thymol preservative causes
the strip to stick; result in a poor concentration
calibration, especially at low flow ,less than 4L/min,
and low dial setting.

9. Figure1: TEC 2 diagram
Bimetallic strip decreases flow through the vaporizing
chamber when temperature increases.

10. TEC 2 Cyprane Fluotec Vaporizer

11. Modern and New designs:
Specifically calibrated plenum vaporizers
e.g.(TEC 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7, Dräger Vapor (19.1,
2000, 3000), Blease Datum, Penlon (Delta
Sigma, Alpha Sigma), Ohio.
The term plenum is used to describe a
pressurized chamber in which the internal
resistance is high requiring FGF above
atmospheric pressure.

12. Characterized by:
• Variable bypass:
(Fresh gas splits into bypass gas and
carrier gas).
• Temperature compensated:
(Equipped with automatic devices that ensure
steady vaporizer output over a wide range of
ambient temperature).
• Concentration calibrated.
• Agent specific - Color coded.

13. Effect of flow rate:
The output of all current variable bypass
vaporizers is relatively constant over the range
of FGF from approximately 250 mL to at least
10 L /min.
All the Sevoflurane vaporizers are less
accurate due to the low vapor pressure of
Sevoflurane , at higher FGF >10L/min. and high
concentration dial , typical after induction ,
then they deliver less than setting and more
accentuated if the vaporizer is nearly empty.

14. Effect of ambient temperature:
The output of modern vaporizers is linear
from 20-35°C ± 5, due to:
• Automatic temperature compensation strip.
• Wicks in direct contact with vaporizer
chamber wall.
• Constructed of metals with high specific heat
and thermal conductivity.

15. Effect of intermittent back pressure:
Back pressure transmitted from breathing
circuit to the vaporizer due to:
• Intermitted positive pressure ventilation.
• Oxygen flush.
It can increase the output .
Modern vaporizers are relatively immune.

16. Effect of altitude:
The effect of altitude on vaporizers
performance is controversial , one should
consult the operator’s manual.
• The user manual of some variable bypass
vaporizers limit the use of Halothane and
Isoflurane to altitude of more than 1450 to
3000 m above sea level.
• Tec6 vaporizer affected by high altitude due
to the low boiling point of Desflurane.
• N2O is non useful in high altitude due to
Hypoxia

17. Figure2: Schematic showing Modern vaporizers
mechanism

18. TEC 3
• Introduced in the late 1960s, it replaced the Tec2 to
improve output accuracy especially at low dial
setting.
• Long carrier gas channel reduce the issues
associated with back pressure.
• Was the most popular vaporizer through the
1990s.
• Both types: out of circuit and within the circuit.

19. Back pressure

20. Figure3: TEC 3 diagram
Bimetallic strip increases flow through the
bypass chamber when temperature increases

21. TEC 3 Cyprane Fluotec Vaporizer (out of circuit)

22. Datex - Ohmeda TEC 3
(within the circuit) Halothane Vaporizer

23. TEC 3 Isoflurane Vaporizer (out of circuit)

24. Accoma Halothane Vaporizer
(within the circuit)
made in Japan 1980s

25. TEC 4
• Designed for ‘out-of-circuit’ use in 1983.
• Temperature compensated and pressure
compensated.
• Low flow suitability is not very good.
• It was a re-modeled Tec3. To overcome the
problems of Tec3, it incorporated internal baffle
system to reduce the danger of liquid agent
entering the bypass chamber on tilting or
inverting.

26. • Safety interlock system is added.
• Liquid capacity: 135mL when dry, 100mL
when wick is wet.
• Service is annual.

27. Ohmeda Fluotec 4 Halothane Vaporizer

29. Ohmeda Fluotec 4 Sevoflurane Vaporizer

30. Ohmeda Fluotec 4 Isoflurane Vaporizer

31. TEC 5
• Internal baffle system.
• Accurate at FGF 5L/min & dial settings < 3%.
• Greatest accuracy is at gas flow of 5L/min,
15C° to 35C°and dial less than 3%.
<15C° output will be less.
>35C° output will be high.
• At higher flow rates and at higher dial setting
there is a decrease in output.
• Low flow suitability is good.

32. • Improved key filler.
• One handed dial and more obvious off
position.
• Liquid capacity increased from 135ml to
300ml (dry wick)., from 100 to 225mL (wet
wick).
• Service is triannual.

33. Datex Ohmeda Fluotec 5 Halothane Vaporizer

34. Datex Ohmeda Fluotec 5 Isoflurane Vaporizer

36. TEC7 (Datex Ohmeda) GE Healthcare
• Released in June 2007
• Concentration calibrated.
• Accommodates 300 mL dry, 225 mL wet.
• Operating temperature range from 18 to
35C°.
• Non-spill system.
• Provides consistent agent output from
200 mL/min to 15 L/min.

37. • Filling options:
Easy fil®: multi agent.
Quik fil®: Sevoflurane specific.
• URGENT MEDICAL DEVICE CORRECTION
letter sent from GE healthcare dated
October 4th, 2017 to all the customers.
• Three year warranty.

38. Datex – Ohmeda Tec7/ Halothane Vaporizer

39. Easy fil®: multi agent. Quik fil®: Sevoflurane

40. Dräger Vapor 19.1®
• Key fill or funnel fill.
• There is no outlet check valve, the tortuous
inlet arrangement protect from the pumping
effect.
• No anti- spill mechanism.
• Should not be tipped or tilted more than 45°.
• Low flow suitability: is not very good.

41. • Liquid capacity:
about: 200mL with dry wick.
140mL with damp or moist wick.
135mL between min. and max. mark.
• Loss of anesthetic agent when switched off:
<0.25mL/24hrs.
• Temperature range 15 to 35 °C.

42. Dräger Vapor 19.1® Halothane Vaporizer

43. Figure 4: Mechanism of Dräger 19.1® Vaporizer

44. Figure 5: Dräger 19.1® scheme
An annular valve controlling the flow through the bypass

45. Dräger Vapor 19.3®
Same features and specifications of 19.1
vapor , the only difference is in the way of
mounting to the anesthesia machine.

46. Dräger Vapor 19.3® Halothane Vaporizer

48. Dräger Vapor 19.3® Halothane Vaporizer

49. Dräger Vapor 2000®
• Filling volume: 360 mL with dry wick.
260 mL with damp wick.
• Permitted tilt free in Transport or: Tip, Tilt “T”
setting, and up to 30° in operation.
• Temperature range: 10 to 40°C.
• Flow control dial:
0.2 to 6% for both Halothane and Isoflurane.
0.2 to 8% for Enflurane and Sevoflurane.
. Very good low flow suitability, 0.15 to 15 L/ min.
• Colored control dial cap.

50. • Does not require recalibration at any time
during period of use.
• Dräger vaporizers (not D-vapor) are calibrated
using air as the carrier gas.
100% O2 as FGF result in 5-10% higher than setting.
• MRI compatible.
• Not possible to switch the vaporizer on
without locking plug-in system.
• Warranty: 1 year.

51. Dräger Vapor 2000® – Halothane Vaporizer

52. Dräger Vapor 2000® / Sevoflurane Vaporizer

53. Dräger Vapor 2000® / Isoflurane Vaporizer

54. Differences between Vapor 19.n and Vapor 2000®
Vapor 19.n Vapor 2000®
Filling volume 140 mL with damp wick 260 mL with damp wick
Permitted tilt Up to 45° Free in ”T” position
Up to 30° in operation
Temperature range 15 to 35°C 10 to 40°C
Flow control range
0.2 to 5 vol.% H&I
0.2 to 7 vol.% E
0.2 to 8 vol.% S
0.2 to 6 vol.% H & I
0.2 to 8 vol.% E & S
Draining of anesthetic
prior to transportation
Yes No
Low flow suitability Good Very good
Vaporizer can be
switched on without
locking plug-in system
Possible Not possible
Control dial cap Neutral Colored
Stability 3-leg Flat ( more stable)
Vaporizer removable
when switched on
Yes No

55. Dräger Vapor 19.3® Isoflurane and Vapor ??

56. Dragär Vapor 3000®
In addition to the incorporated features from
previous models, It carries some smart
functions:
• Acoustic filling level alarms.
• Setting and filling-level illumination.

57. • The Vapor 3000 series can provide
information to the Perseus A500 anesthesia
workstation, which can be used to predict
volatile-agent concentration over a period
of up to 20 minutes.
• Reminder to refill the vaporizer.
• Warranty: 1 year.

58. Dräger Vapor 3000 mounted to the Dräger Perseus A500
anesthesia workstation.

61. Dräger Vapor 3000®/ Sevoflurane Vaporizer

62. Dräger Vapor 3000®/ Isoflurane Vaporizer

63. Setting dial illumination

64. Filling level illumination

65. Penlon-Sigma Delta® Vaporizer
• Launched in 2001
• Award winning design.
• Low body weight.
• Liquid capacity : at max mark 250mL.
• Operating flow range 0.2 to 15L/min.
• Operating temperature range 15°C to 35°C.
• Maintenance at ten years , 5 years for
Halothane.
• Both key fill and pour fill models available.

66. Penlon - Sigma Delta / Halothane Vaporizer

67. Penlon - Sigma Delta / Sevoflurane Vaporizer

69. Blease Datum® Vaporizer
• First release to the public in December
1999.
• Proven output stability over wide range of
conditions.
• No need for maintenance.
• 10-year warranty.
• Funnel fill, keyed filler, sevoflurane can
have quick-fil®.

70. • More surface area for vaporization.
• Unique ventilation compensation
system.
• Accurate in low flow anesthesia.
• Altitude: up to 2440m a.s.l

71. • Calibrated using air.
O2 FGF will increase the output slightly.
• Agent capacity 250mL.
• Should be drained prior to transport.
• MRI compatible up to 1000 gauss line.

72. Blease Datum® Vaporize
Halothane Isoflurane

74. TEC850 (Datex Ohmeda) GE Healthcare
• Agent specific for Isoflurane and
Sevoflurane.
• Release at 2017
• A non-spill system.
• Temperature: 15°C to 35°C.
• No planned factory service needed.
• Five-year warranty period.
• An ergonomic dial release allows either left-
or right-hand operation.

75. • Total capacity: 300 mL dry, 225mLwet.
• Provides consistent agent output from
200 mL/min to 15 L/min.
• MR Conditional.
• Wide, centered liquid level indicator
provides a clear indication of the fill
level of the vaporizer

76. Tec850 GE
Isoflurane Sevoflurane

77. Desflurane Vaporizer
The physical properties of Desflurane:
• High vapor pressure (at 20 ℃ = 681 mmHg
at sea level (760mmHg)).
• Low boiling temperature (22 to 23°C).
Necessitate using especial vaporizer.

78. TEC6 (D-Vaporizer):
Introduced by Ohmeda around 1993
Tec6 plus® by Datex- Ohmeda 1998
Electronic vaporizer, with:
• Gas-vapor blender. (NOT A VARIABLE BYPASS
VAPORIZER).
• Electrical supply: either 100 to 120V
50/60Hz or 220 to 240V 50/60Hz, Converted
to 12V DC and 5V DC for the internal
electrical system.
• Warm up time: up to 10minute.

79. • Heating Element: two 100W heater
elements located in the base of the sump,
also two 100W heater elements located in
the upper part; heats Desflurane to
maintain constant temperature (39°C) and
vapour pressure (≈ 1300mmHg).
• A pressure reducing valve with an
electronic transducers ↓ the vapour
pressure of both FGF and the Desflurane
vapour to be the same.

80. • Single handed dial scale, 1% from 1 to 10% ,
2% from 10 to 18%.
• Liquid capacity 390mL. (425mL plus®) type.
• Non–spill system.
• On-board LED display indicates vaporizer
status: no out put, low agent, warm-up,
operational and battery low.

81. • Self test each time the vaporizer is turned
on.
• In the base of the vaporizer :
 Drain plug ’must only be removed at a
Datex Ohmeda authorized service center.
 Battery provides power to the auditory
and visual alarms only, in case of the AC
power fails.(must be replaced annually).
• MRI not compatible.

82. Figure 6: Tec6 Vaporizer illustration

83. Figure 7: Tec6 Vaporizer in case of warming - up

84. Figure 8: Tec6 Vaporizer ready

85. Figure 9: Tec6 Vaporizer in case of no output
like: AC fail or tilting

87. TEC6 plus® Datex Ohmeda
D-Vaporizer

88. TEC6 Ohmeda D-Vaporizer

89. Figure 10: Tec 6 plus® GE Vaporizer Schematic

90. Figure 11: Schematic for modern variable bypass Vaporizer

91. Penlon Sigma EVA D-Vaporizer

93. Dräger Baxter D-vapor 3000

95. Filling systems:
• Funnel fill system (Pour fill). Not specific, leak.
• Keyed fill filling system. Complicated, delayed
and leak.
• Easy fil® filling system. (2 ridges).
• Quik fil® filling system. (3 ridges) used for
Sevoflurane.
• D-filling system:
Rotating filler and Fixed filler (sterile).

96. Pour filling

97. Key-fill system

98. Multiple agent key-fill system

99. Easy-fil® Isoflurane Bottle Adapter

100. Quik-fil® Sevoflurane Bottle Adaptor

101. Quik-fil® system

103. Tec6 Vaporizer
Fixed Filler

104. Penlon - Sigma EVA Vaporizer
Piramal- Rotating Filler
O - Ring

105. Clockwise Rotation

106. Dräger D-Vapor
Fixed filling

107. Vaporizer Kg Vaporizer Kg
Ohmeda Tec4 7.6 Penlon - Sigma Delta 5
Datex - Ohmeda Tec 5 7 Datex - OhmedaTec6 , Tec6 plus® 9.5
Dräger Vapor 19.n 6.5 Datex – Ohmeda Tec7 GE 7
Dräger Vapor® 2000 8 Dräger D-Vapor ® < 7
Dräger Vapor® 3000 8 Penlon D -Vapor® Light
body
weight
Blease Datum 7.5 Datex – Ohmeda Tec850 7
Vaporizer weight

108. Features and Specifications of your favorite
vaporizer ?
 Design and System ? Ergonomic, Computed.
 Weight and Materials ? Light enough without
affecting the accuracy.
 Agent Specific.
 No maintenance needed.
 No recalibration.
 Tilting free.
 Filling System ? Sterile.
 Mount System ? Standard.
 Alarm at full and at near empty.
 Lighted at dark.
 Low Price as possible.

109. Thanks