The document provides an overview of the Android operating system, including its history, version releases, and key features. It discusses the development of Android by Google in partnership with the Open Handset Alliance, starting from its beta release in 2007 up to various commercial versions named after desserts. Additionally, it presents the market performance of Android relative to iOS, highlighting its growing app market revenue and download statistics.

1. ANDROID TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED TO:
PROF.MS.LEKHA MA’AM
BY:
SAURABH A.CHAUHAN
PSM / ROLL NO.04
SUBMITTED TO:
PROF.MS.LEKHA MA’AM
BY:
SAURABH A.CHAUHAN
PSM / ROLL NO.04

2. INTRODUCTION
 ANDROID IS A LINUX-BASED OPERATING SYSTEM
 DEVELOPED BY GOOGLE IN CONJUNCTION WITH
THE OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE.
 IT IS A SOFTWARE STACK FOR MOBILE DEVICES
THAT INCLUDES AN OPERATING SYSTEM,
MIDDLEWARE AND KEY APPLICATIONS.
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3.  ANDROID, INC. WAS FOUNDED IN PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA,
UNITED STATES IN OCTOBER 2003
 BY ANDY RUBIN, RICH MINER, NICK SEARS, AND CHRIS
WHITE
 RUBIN'S WORDS "...SMARTER MOBILE DEVICES THAT ARE
MORE AWARE OF ITS OWNER'S LOCATION AND
PREFERENCES”.
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4.  ANDREW E. RUBIN IS THE CO-
FOUNDER AND FORMER CEO OF
ANDROID INC.
 RUBIN GREW UP IN CHAPPAQUA,
NEW YORK, THE SON OF A
PSYCHOLOGIST
 CURRENTLY SENIOR VICE
PRESIDENT OF MOBILE AND
DIGITAL CONTENT AT GOOGLE.
 RUBIN HAS SEVENTEEN
PATENTS FOR HIS INVENTIONS
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5. VERSION HISTORY
 THE VERSION HISTORY OF THE ANDROID OPERATING
SYSTEM BEGAN WITH THE RELEASE OF THE
ANDROID BETA IN NOVEMBER 2007.
 THE FIRST COMMERCIAL VERSION, ANDROID 1.0, WAS
RELEASED IN SEPTEMBER 2008.
 THE OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE (OHA) IS A CONSORTIUM
OF 84 FIRMS, AND HAS SEEN A NUMBER OF UPDATES.
 ESTABLISH ON 6TH
NOVEMBER 2007 LED BY GOOGLE.
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6.  IN APRIL 2009, EACH ANDROID VERSION HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED UNDER A CODENAME BASED ON
A DESSERT OR SWEET TREAT.
 THESE VERSIONS HAVE BEEN RELEASED IN
ALPHABETICAL ORDER :
 CUPCAKE – APRIL 30, 2009
 DONUT – SEPTEMBER 15, 2009
 ÉCLAIR – OCTOBER 26, 2009
 FROYO – MAY 20, 2010
 GINGERBREAD – DECEMBER 06, 2010
 HONEYCOMB – MAY 10, 2011
 ICE CREAM SANDWICH – DECEMBER 16, 2011
 JELLY BEAN - JULY 09, 2012
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7. VERSIONS OF ANDROID
ANDROID 1.0 ASTRO:
oANDROID 1.0, THE FIRST COMMERCIAL VERSION OF THE
SOFTWARE, WAS RELEASED ON SEPTEMBER 23, 2008.
oROBOT-RELATED CODENAME, "ASTRO“
oNAME CANNOT BE USED BECAUSE OF TRADEMARK.
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8. ANDROID 1.1 BENDER:
 ON FEBRUARY 9, 2009, THE ANDROID 1.1
UPDATE WAS RELEASED, INITIALLY FOR
THE HTC DREAM ONLY.
 LIKE 1.0, THIS RELEASE CONTINUED THE
ROBOT NAMING THEME, WITH "BENDER"
CHOSEN, BUT AGAIN THIS WAS USED
INTERNALLY ONLY.
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9. ANDROID 1.5 CUPCAKE
 ON APRIL 30, 2009, THE ANDROID 1.5 UPDATE WAS
RELEASED, BASED ON LINUX KERNEL 2.6.27.
 FIRST RELEASE TO USE A NAME BASED ON A DESSERT
("CUPCAKE"), A THEME WHICH WOULD BE USED FOR ALL
RELEASES HENCEFORTH. THE UPDATE INCLUDED SEVERAL
NEW FEATURES AND UI AMENDMENTS.
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10. ANDROID 1.6 DONUT
 ON SEPTEMBER 15, 2009, THE ANDROID 1.6 SDK –
DUBBED DONUT – WAS RELEASED, BASED ON LINUX
KERNEL 2.6.29
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11. ANDROID 2.0/2.1 ECLAIR
 ON OCTOBER 26, 2009, THE ANDROID 2.0 SDK –
CODENAMED ECLAIR – WAS RELEASED, BASED ON
LINUX KERNEL 2.6.29
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12. ANDROID 2.2.X FROYO
• ON MAY 20, 2010, THE ANDROID 2.2 (FROYO) SDK WAS
RELEASED, BASED ON LINUX KERNEL 2.6.32.
• GOOGLE'S NEXUS ONE WAS THE FIRST SMART PHONE TO
RECEIVE ANDROID 2.2 FROYO
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13. ANDROID 2.3.X GINGERBREAD
 ON DECEMBER 6, 2010, THE ANDROID 2.3
(GINGERBREAD) SDK WAS RELEASED, BASED ON
LINUX KERNEL 2.6.35
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14. ANDROID 3.0 HONEYCOMB
 ANDROID 3.0 IS A NEW VERSION - SPECIFICALLY OPTIMIZED FOR
DEVICES WITH LARGER SCREEN SIZES, PARTICULARLY TABLETS.
 A NEW "HOLOGRAPHIC" USER INTERFACE AND INTERACTION
MODEL -- WHAT WE'VE SEEN ON THE MOTOROLA XOOM.
 HIGH-PERFORMANCE 2D AND 3D GRAPHICS.
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15. ANDROID 4.0X ICE CREAM SANDWICH
 THE SDK FOR ANDROID 4.0.1 (ICE CREAM SANDWICH), BASED ON
LINUX KERNEL 3.0.1, WAS PUBLICLY RELEASED ON OCTOBER 19,
2011.
 GOOGLE'S GABE COHEN STATED THAT ANDROID 4.0 WAS
"THEORETICALLY COMPATIBLE" WITH ANY ANDROID 2.3.X
DEVICE IN PRODUCTION AT THAT TIME.
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16. ANDROID 4.1x JELLY BEAN
 ON JUNE 27, 2012, AT THE GOOGLE CONFERENCE, GOOGLE
ANNOUNCED ANDROID 4.1 (JELLY BEAN). BASED ON
LINUX KERNEL 3.1.10.
 JELLY BEAN IS AN INCREMENTAL UPDATE WITH THE
PRIMARY AIM OF IMPROVING THE USER INTERFACE,
BOTH IN TERMS OF FUNCTIONALITY AND PERFORMANCE.
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17. ANDROID 4.4 KIT KAT
 KIT KAT IS THE UPCOMING VERSION IN ANDROID WHICH WAS
CONFORMED BY SUNDAR PICHAI HEAD OF BOTH ANDROID AND
CHROME.
 KIT KAT, IS THE TRADEMARKED NAME OF THE CHOCOLATE
CANDY BAR MADE BY NESTLE.
 THIS VERSION GOT TRI-CORE PROCESSOR.
 IT IS A CLOUD BASED.
 EDGE TO EDGE DISPLAY
 COMPATIBLE WITH MOST OF THE SMART
PHONES.
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18. ANDROID 4.4 KIT KAT FEATURES
 FULL EMPHASIS ON BATTERY, PERFORMANCE AND
SECURITY FEATURES.
 POSSIBLE TRI-CORE CPU SUPPORT JUST LIKE KITKAT'S
WAFER DESIGN.
 THE CLOUD FOR UNBELIEVABLE TASTE SENSATION.
 WIDER GLOBAL COVERAGE SO YOU CAN TAKE IT
LITERALLY ANYWHERE AND MORE FEATURES.
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19. MINIMUM MOBILE
SPECIFICATION FOR ANDROID
 CPU TYPICALLY RUNS 500-600 MHZ
 RAM AVAILABLE TO AN APP MAY ONLY BE A FEW MEGABYTES
 LIFECYCLE - APPS MUST PAUSE/QUIT OFTEN, AND RESTORE TO
GIVE THE ILLUSION THAT THEY ARE ALWAYS RUNNING
 UI DESIGN
 TYPICAL SCREEN MAY BE HVGA (320X480)
 MAY BE IN PORTRAIT OR LANDSCAPE
 VERY HIGH DPI - SMALL TEXT MAY NOT BE READABLE
 TOUCH RESOLUTION IS VERY LOW (~25 PIXEL)
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20. MERITS
 HIGHLY CUSTOMIZABLE
 SERVICES CAN RUN IN THE BACKGROUND
 NOTIFICATIONS LET YOU KNOW OF
BACKGROUND EVENTS
 MULTITASKING
 WIDGET
 EASY ACCESS TO THOUSANDS OF APPLICATIONS
VIA THE GOOGLE ANDROID APP MARKET
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21. DEMERITS
 ADVERTISING
 CONTINUOUS INTERNET CONNECTION
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22. ANDROID MARKET
 REVENUE WILL REACH AN ESTIMATED $6.8 BILLION BY
THE END OF THIS YEAR.
 THE REVENUE IS ALMOST THE DOUBLE OF ITS 2012
REVENUE.
 HIGHER SALES OF SMARTPHONES WITH THE
ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM.
 THE REVENUE GAP BETWEEN THE IOS AND ANDROID
IS CLOSING DAY BY DAY.
 PLAY STORE HAS REACHED 48 BILLION APP INSTALLS .
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23. IOS VS ANDROID STATISTICS
 GOOGLE PLAY PASSED THE IOS MARKET IN APP
DOWNLOAD VOLUME BY 10%.
 APPLE APP STORE LEADS THE GOOGLE PLAY BY NEARLY
130 PERCENT WHEN IT COMES TO REVENUES.
 GOOGLE COULD GENERATE $500 MILLION IN PLAY STORE
PROFITS IN 2014.
 GOOGLE IS TALKING TO SOUTH KOREAN CARRIERS TO
INCREASE PLAY STORE REVENUE.
 RATIO BETWEEN THE ANDROID & IOS DEVICES HAS
COME UP TO 3:1.
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24. QUERIES
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25. INDIAN MARITIME UNIVERSITY