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Life and living things
The document provides an overview of ecosystems, their components, and the interactions between living organisms and their environment. It describes the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in energy flow, alongside plant and animal adaptations essential for survival in various habitats. Additionally, it covers soil types, fertility, and the processes of natural selection and extinction.
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Life and living things
- 1.
- 2. Dependency In Ecosystems
- 3.
- 4. Demarcated and self-supportingstable area in which all living organisms (biotic) interact with their non-living, physical environments (abiotic). Ecosystem definition Andries p 1
- 5. Andries p 1 Ecosystem definition
- 6. The sun asa source of energy in an ecosystem Ecosystem definition Andries p 1
- 7. = main energy source on Andries p 1
- 8. energy Carbon dioxide Water To make food. use This is known as Andries p 1 Photosynthesis
- 9. Chemical reaction inside cells. Andries p 1 Photosynthesis
- 10. Takes place inspecial structures of green cells, known as chloroplasts. Andries p 1
- 11. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which can trap energy. Andries p 1 Photosynthesis
- 12. Chloroplasts trap lightenergy Light energy Water enters leaf Sugar leaves leaf. Part of this is used for cell division, the rest is stored as starch. Carbon dioxide enters leaf through stomata Andries p 1 Photosynthesis
- 13. When and breathe,they release carbon dioxide, which is used by . release oxygen, which is used by . Andries p 1
- 14. purify the Andries p 2
- 15. Types of Andries p2 eaters
- 16. 1 Producers 2 Consumers 3 Andries p 2 Decomposers
- 17. 1 Only green plants are called producers because they photosynthesise. Andries p 2
- 18. 2 a Primary b Secondary c Andries p 2 Tertiary
- 19. a Feed directly off plants. Called herbivores. Andries p 2
- 20. b Feed off Feed off plants animals. and animals. Called Called carnivores. omnivores. Andries p 2
- 21. c Scavengers Feed off secondary consumers. Andries p 2 Called carnivores.
- 22. Consumers use thepotential for energy in sugar in a process called respiration to unlock energy needed to live. Andries p 2
- 23. 3 Bacteria and fungi break down the bodies of dead plants and animals. Called decomposers. Andries p 2
- 24. Energy flow Andries p 3
- 25. to to When and die, their bodies are broken up by decomposers Andries p 3
- 26. ● Food chains ● Food webs ● Pyramids Andries p 3
- 27. Transfer of energyand substances needed for life, through a to a to a. Food chains Andries p 3
- 28.
- 29. Where an organismfeeds off more than one organism. Multiple food chains Food webs Andries p 3
- 30.
- 31. Individual feeding groupsform feeding levels. Ecological pyramid Andries p 3
- 32. Level 1 : Producers – manufacture food by photosynthesis Ecological pyramid Andries p 3
- 33. Level 2 :Herbivores – eat Also omivores and decomposers Ecological pyramid Andries p 3
- 34. Level 3 : predators, scavengers – eat herbivores Also omivores and decomposers Ecological pyramid Andries p 3
- 35. Level 4 :top carnivores/predators – eat other carnivores Also omivores and decomposers Ecological pyramid Andries p 3
- 36.
- 37. Soil is the basis of life Andries p 13
- 38. Thin Superficial Covering Plants grow Animals live Soil Andries p 13
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
- 42.
- 43. O – freshand/or partially decomposed matter A – provides plants with nutrients B – denser layer C – original parent rock breaks up R - solid Andries p. 13
- 44. Characteristics ofthe different soil types Andries p. 13
- 45. Sand Large particles & spaces Low water retention Minerals dissolve and leech Dry Porous Light Not fertile Few plants Andries p. 13
- 46. Clay Very small particles & spaces Very little air High water retention Not fertile Dry: very hard and does not break easily Andries p. 13
- 47. Loam Mix small & large particles Retain water, air and minerals Fertile soil Humus The darker, the more fertile Andries p. 13
- 48.
- 49. Soil is in material needed to keep ❁ gro wing. Andries p. 13 Soil fertility
- 50. Andries p. 13 Factors of Soil fertility
- 51.
- 52. Living things in the soil Andries p. 14
- 53.
- 54. ❁ grow. Protection Habitat Andries p. 14
- 55. Form soil -weathering Roots stabilise soil Makes soil fertile Roots let air in Andries p. 14
- 56. Andries p. 13 ...and soil
- 57. safety feeding Andries p. 14
- 58. Digging animals letair in Makes soil fertile Andries p. 14
- 59. Plant adaptations In orderto survive In a habitat Andries p. 18
- 60.
- 61. Natural environment where living organisms normally occur. Andries p. 18 Habitat definition
- 62.
- 63. 1 2 3 Xerophytes Very dry areas Hydrophytes Mesophytes ● Absorb quickly ● Store ● Reduce losses Tolerate ● dehydration Andries p. 18
- 64. Xerophytes: Succulent Non-succulent Andries p. 18
- 65. The aloe Aloe transvaalensis Andries p. 19
- 66. ROOTS Widely spread Allow absorption of water over a large area Shallow Absorb dew or light rain Layer of cork Prevents dehydration Thick and fleshy Stored effectively Andries p. 19
- 67. STEM Thickand fleshy Stores water Older sections – cork Youger sections – wax Leaf base Prevents dehydration Grows vertically Minimum exposure to sun, prevents dehydration Short Prevents transpiration Andries p. 19
- 68. LEAVES Large, thick andfleshy Store large amounts Wax cover cuticle Limits transpiration Rosette shape Shadows – limit transpiration Direct water to stem and soil Stomata small, few and sunken Limit transpiration Andries p. 19
- 69.
- 70. 1 2 3 Hydrophytes Xerophytes Very wet areas Very dry areas 5 types: Mesophytes ● Absorb quickly ● Marsh plants ● Store ● Swamp plants ● Reduce losses ● Anchored, ● Tolerate with floating leaves ● Free-floating dehydration ● Submerged Andries p. 20
- 71. The water-lily nymphea Andries p. 20
- 72. ROOTS Small system Acts only as anchor, not for water absorption Poorly developed Other plant parts in the water help to absorb salt and water Andries p. 20
- 73. STEMS No strengthening tissue Watersupports the plant Rhizome Flat, horisontal – little water resistance Water and food storage Poor conducting tissue No need for water transportation Mucous layer Protective covering against bacteria Buds occur Andries p. 20 Make new plants
- 74. LEAVES Large,flat, round Float, increase absorption surface Stomata on surface encourage transpiration, gaseous exchange Waxy cuticle on surface Water runs off easily No waxy cuticle below No need to reduce water loss Long, flexible petiole Allows leaf to foat above water Andries p. 21
- 75. LEAVES Air chambers Respiration, buoyant plants – maximise photosynthesis Petiole and lower leaf – mucous layer Protective layer, reduces friction No strengthening tissue in petioles Water support leaf and petiole Andries p. 21
- 76. 1 2 3 Hydrophytes Xerophytes Very wet areas Mesophytes Very dry areas Average amount 5 types: ● Absorb quickly ● Marsh plants of water ● Store ● Swamp plants Roots in the soil ● Reduce losses ● Anchored, absorb water Stems' strengthening ● Tolerate with floating leaves tissue hold leaves up ● Free-floating dehydration Leaves' differing ● Submerged shapes and sizes Andries p. 20 for photosynthesis
- 77. Adaptations of animals with regard to feeding Andries p. 25
- 78. Need lots ofenergy for flight and body temperature maintenance d o de lo -b rm maxilla wa mandible Beak and feet indicate the diet Andries p. 25
- 79. Herbivorous birds Beaks are short and strong Maxilla > mandible Seeds are soaked in the croup Sparrow Four toes, ending in sharp, slightly rounded claws Pigeon Andries p. 25 Walking and gripping
- 80. Eagle Carnivorous birds Owl Strong, sharp, curved beaks Maxilla curves down – sharp hook Sides = sharp Cut and tear Sharp, curved, powerful Catch & hold prey + defense Andries p. 25
- 81. Duck Omnivorous birds What do you see when you look at the beak/bill of these How do their feet differ? birds? Why? Crow Andries p. 26
- 82. Constant body temperatureneeds a lot of energy from food Permanent teeth Teeth for chewing Warm blooded Baby seal Andries p. 27 Milk teeth
- 83.
- 84. Dentition of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Andries p. 27
- 85. MOLARS: Often lack well developed incisors – grind in upper jaws Dentition of Long digestive systems 2.0.3.3 1.0.2.3 Andries p. 27
- 86. Dentition of Ruminators: Partially chew food and store in first two stomachs, to be chewed again 0.0.3.3 3.1.3.3 Andries p. 28
- 87. h et te s ng one s tr o ff b Dentition of nd at o a e e rg ip m La o r t Cats: claws Sharp sense of smell, sight 3.1.4.2 and hearing 3.1.4.3 Andries p. 28
- 88. Dentition of 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Andries p. 28
- 89. Different insects have different MOUTH PARTS biting-chewing chewing-sucking piercing-sucking sucking licking-sucking Andries p. 29
- 90. Biting- chewing Labrum Mandible Maxillae insects Andries p. 29 Labium
- 91. Biting-chewing Labrum Mandibles Maxillae Andries p. 30 Labium insects
- 92. Licking-sucking No mandibles andmaxillae Labium forms proboscis insects Andries p. 30
- 93. Adaptations with regard to predation and protection Andries p. 37
- 94. Manner in whichan 's colour or blends with the environment, in order for Shape it to make itself as difficult as possible to see. Movement Colour Andries p. 37 Camouflage definition
- 95. Camouflage by imitation of , colour and behaviour of another type of . Shape Model is usually poisonous, Behaviour aggressive and conspicuous in colour Colour Andries p. 37 Mimicry definition
- 96. Natural selection and adaptation Andries p. 40
- 97. A group ofindividuals with the same characteristics. Andries p. 40 Population definition
- 98. Andries p. 40 Population definition
- 99. Individual organisms ina population are not identical copies. Andries p. 40 Variation definition
- 100.
- 101. A population developsproperties that will afford them a better chance of survival. Andries p. 40 Natural selection
- 102. Factors influencing natural Over production Continuous competition Variation between individuals Survival of the fittest selection Hereditary Andries p. 40
- 103. When a habitatchanges too fast, the species may not adjust and can die. Andries p. 41 Extinction
- 104.
- 105. Textbook: Andries Olivier,Grade 8 workbook, 2012 Images: attempt has been made to cknowledge all sources, it an image's source could not be found, it was acknowledged as such. Slide 1 – cairoo software Slide 2 – Encyclopedia Brittanica Slide 3 – Encyclopedia Brittanica Slide 5 – ericopincar.com Slide 6 – cairoo software Slide 10 – scientificamerican.com Slide 11 – forestry-learning,blogspot.com Slide 12 courtneystanifer.edublogs.org Slide 15 – source unknown Slide 17 – cairoo software Slide 19 – true-wildlife.blogspot.com Slide 38 – cairoo software
- 106. Slide 20 a– unknown source Slide 20 b – cairoo software Slide 21 a – gardenofeden.blogspot.com Slide 21 b – guardian.co.uk Slide 23 – hopeful-ink.blogspot.com Slide 28 – ejad.best.vwh.net Slide 30 – ejad.best.vwh.net Slide 36 – learner.org Slide 38 – cairoo software
- 107. Slide 40 a– cairoo software Slide 40 b – watersafe.co.za Slide 40 c – cairoo software Slide 40 d – cairoo software Slide 40 e – diylife.com Slide 41 a – sciencephotolibrary Slide 41 b – nunukphotos.com Slide 42 – photos.igougo.com Slide 43 – en.wikipedia.org Slide 44 – source unknown Slide 45 – hdwallpapersdepot.com Slide 46 – source unknown Slide 47 – informedfarmers.com Slide 48 – ehow.com Slide 50 a – photographyblogger.net Slide 50 b – gardenofeden.blogspot.com Slide 50 c – carioo software Slide 50 d – carioo software
- 108. Slide 51 –cairoo software Slide 52 – sciencephotolibrary Slide 53 – nunukphotos.com Slide 56 - sciencephotolibrary Slide 57 – cairoo software
- 109. Slide 59 –talkrational.org Slide 60 – wildernesscollege.com Slide 62 – blog.lib.umn.edu Slide 64 a – pricklypearjuice.org Slide 64 b – nowaterriver.comm Slide 64 c – aloegardenwilderness.blogspot.com Slide 64 d – picasaweb.google.com Slide 64 e – chellem.com Slide 64 f – kapstadt.org Slide 66 – 68 – botany.uwc.ac.za Slide 69 – sydney.edu.au Slide 72 – 75 – evergreenofjohnsoncity.com Slide 77 – fwallpapers.com Slide 78 – birds.com Slide 79 a –sno-kingracingpigeon.com Slide 79 b – es.wikipedia.org
- 110. Slide 80 a– amjunk.blogspot.com Slide 80 b- dreamstime.com Slide 81 a – stanford.edu Slide 81 b – thecomicscode.weebly.com Slide 82 – ezwallpapers.com Slide 83 - yummybubby.com Slide 84 - labspace.net Slide 85 – skullsunlimited.com Slide 86 – qmuss.edu.hk Slide 87 – rawdogfood.com Slide 88 – theevolutionsotre.com Slide 89 – nevercomeashore.blogspot.com Slide 90 – mediastorehouse.com Slide 91 – 13060yurac.vacau.com Slide 92 – biology.touchspin.com Slide 93 – conservationreport.com
- 111. Slide 94 –science.howstuffworks.com Slide 95 – devpolicy.com Slide 96 – 123rf.com Slide 98 – cffet.net Slide 100 a – flickr.com Slide 100 b – sciencedaily.com Slide 104 – paleogenetics.com