Anatomy Unit 2: Cardiac Conduction Notes
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The document discusses the cardiac conduction system which controls the heartbeat and pumping of the heart. It describes the path that nerve impulses travel to make the heart contract, starting from the sinoatrial node, then traveling to the atrioventricular node and down through bundles to make the atria and ventricles contract sequentially. The cardiac cycle and details of diastole and systole are explained, covering how blood passively fills the chambers during diastole before the ventricles contract to pump blood out during systole. Key components of the conduction system like the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and bundles are also defined.
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Anatomy unit 3 cardio and respiratory systems cardiac conduction notes
The document discusses the cardiac conduction system and the path of nerve impulses through the heart to cause contraction. It describes the key parts of the conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and bundles that transmit signals to make the atria and ventricles contract in the correct sequence. The cardiac cycle and details of both diastole and systole are explained, including how pressure changes and valve openings cause blood to passively fill and then be ejected from the heart.
The cardiac conduction_system
The document summarizes the flow of blood through the four chambers of the heart. It describes how deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. It then flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary valve to become oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and flows to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve to be pumped out to the body through the aorta. The blood then circulates through the arteries and returns deoxygenated to the heart through the veins to repeat the cycle.
The Cardiovascular System
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its layers, chambers, and valves. It then discusses the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, and how electrical signals cause coordinated heart contractions and relaxation. It concludes by defining cardiac output and some of the key factors that can influence it, such as heart rate, stroke volume, sympathetic tone, preload and afterload.
Parts of the Heart and Their functions
This document describes the main parts of the heart and their functions. It discusses how the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. It then explains that the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body through the aorta. The document also mentions the roles of the valves in regulating blood flow through the heart chambers.
The Study of Human Heart (PDF version)
The human heart is about the size of a clenched fist and is located in the chest. It is made of cardiac muscle and is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit oxygenates blood in the lungs, while the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body. It contracts over 70 times per minute due to electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial node that spread through the heart and cause the chambers to contract in the correct sequence, pumping blood out of the heart.
Anatomy Unit 2 Notes: Heart Dissections
The document outlines the key parts of the heart including chambers, valves, and vessels. It describes the septum separating the right and left sides. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body through the aorta.
heart cardiac cycle
1. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the vessels in a continuous circuit.
2. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then into smaller vessels called capillaries where nutrients are exchanged, before returning to the heart through veins.
3. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Cardiovascular System
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen before returning to the left side of heart to be pumped throughout the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins, and is propelled by blood pressure generated with each heartbeat.
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Anatomy unit 3 cardio and respiratory systems cardiac conduction notes
The document discusses the cardiac conduction system and the path of nerve impulses through the heart to cause contraction. It describes the key parts of the conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and bundles that transmit signals to make the atria and ventricles contract in the correct sequence. The cardiac cycle and details of both diastole and systole are explained, including how pressure changes and valve openings cause blood to passively fill and then be ejected from the heart.
The cardiac conduction_system
The document summarizes the flow of blood through the four chambers of the heart. It describes how deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. It then flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary valve to become oxygenated. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins and flows to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve to be pumped out to the body through the aorta. The blood then circulates through the arteries and returns deoxygenated to the heart through the veins to repeat the cycle.
The Cardiovascular System
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its layers, chambers, and valves. It then discusses the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, and how electrical signals cause coordinated heart contractions and relaxation. It concludes by defining cardiac output and some of the key factors that can influence it, such as heart rate, stroke volume, sympathetic tone, preload and afterload.
Parts of the Heart and Their functions
This document describes the main parts of the heart and their functions. It discusses how the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. It then explains that the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body through the aorta. The document also mentions the roles of the valves in regulating blood flow through the heart chambers.
The Study of Human Heart (PDF version)
The human heart is about the size of a clenched fist and is located in the chest. It is made of cardiac muscle and is divided into four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: the pulmonary circuit oxygenates blood in the lungs, while the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body. It contracts over 70 times per minute due to electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial node that spread through the heart and cause the chambers to contract in the correct sequence, pumping blood out of the heart.
Anatomy Unit 2 Notes: Heart Dissections
The document outlines the key parts of the heart including chambers, valves, and vessels. It describes the septum separating the right and left sides. The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body through the aorta.
heart cardiac cycle
1. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the vessels in a continuous circuit.
2. Blood flows from the heart through arteries, then into smaller vessels called capillaries where nutrients are exchanged, before returning to the heart through veins.
3. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Cardiovascular System
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart and is pumped to the lungs, where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen before returning to the left side of heart to be pumped throughout the body. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, and veins, and is propelled by blood pressure generated with each heartbeat.
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Describe the structure of the heart
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List the factors that leads to the heartbeat
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The document describes several components of the cardiovascular system:
- Arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body, with the aorta being the largest artery connected to the left ventricle.
- The pulmonary artery is unique in that it carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
- Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, with the vena cava being the largest vein.
- The four chambers of the heart - left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle - work to circulate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Human heart
The document discusses the structure and function of the human heart. It describes how the heart is made up of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles separated by valves. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles along with opening and closing of valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The heart rate is controlled by a natural pacemaker and nerves from the brain that can increase or decrease the rate.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and basic function of the heart. It discusses the heart's size, location, chambers, blood flow pathways (pulmonary and systemic circulation), and electrical conduction system. It also briefly describes common cardiovascular problems like hypertension, congestive heart failure, and ischemic heart disease.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document summarizes the structure and function of the heart and cardiac cycle. It discusses the double circulatory system with pulmonary and systemic circulation. It also details the four main stages of the cardiac cycle: 1) isometric relaxation 2) rapid filling 3) atrial systole and 4) ventricular systole. Key aspects like heart chambers, blood vessels, valves, tendons, and the conduction system controlling heart rhythm are explained.
Chapter 15 cardiovascular system heart notes
The document provides information about the cardiovascular system and heart, including:
- It identifies the four chambers of the heart and their roles in pumping blood to and from the lungs and body.
- It describes the heart's conduction system which generates and propagates electrical signals to coordinate heart contractions.
- It explains the cardiac cycle and electrocardiogram (EKG) which measures the heart's electrical activity.
heart anatomy
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity surrounded by lungs. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium and has three layers - the outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium and inner endocardium. It uses a system of valves to ensure one-way blood flow through four valves into the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation oxygenates blood in the lungs and returns it to the heart's left side, while the systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body from the heart's left ventricle.
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the left and right sides of the heart. During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract to expel blood while the atria relax and fill with blood. During ventricular diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood while the atria contract to push the remaining blood into the ventricles.
The heart produces distinct lub-dubb sounds as the atrioventricular and semilunar valves close, which can be auscultated through specific areas on the chest. Abnormal valve closure sounds are called murmurs.
The heart's conduction system initiates and coordinates contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates atrial contractions
Human heart (Powerpoint Version)
These topic includes: Characteristics of the heart/Pumping of the heart/Heart Contraction/Cardiac Cycle/Electrocardiogram
Anatomy of cardiovascular system
The document provides an overview of heart anatomy including:
- The heart is located in the chest behind the sternum and is surrounded by membranes called pericardium.
- The heart walls contain three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
- Blood enters the right atrium from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins into the left atrium. It then passes through valves into the ventricles.
- The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta to supply the systemic circulation while the right ventricle pumps to the pulmonary artery to supply the lungs.
Detailed Parts of the Heart (The Circulatory System)
The circulatory system is a system that controls the flow of the blood and maintain good life balance with some help of some particular organs.
Ron Soria (Creator) pass to maam dumago
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The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the heart valves, conducting system, blood supply, innervation, and applied anatomy. It notes that the heart contains two pairs of valves - atrioventricular and semilunar - which ensure one-way blood flow. The right and left atrioventricular valves have different numbers of cusps. The aortic and pulmonary valves are semilunar in shape. The conducting system initiates and spreads cardiac impulses, while the coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Applied anatomy discusses common causes of ischemic heart disease.
The Human Heart
The human heart is a vital organ that functions as a pump to provide continuous blood flow through the body via cardiac cycles. It has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles - and is enclosed in the pericardium for protection. The heart has three layers - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It works through a cardiac cycle of atrial systole, ventricular systole, and relaxation to pump blood through the body and lungs. Diseases like coronary heart disease and arrhythmias can affect the heart. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include age, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking.
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Blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the lungs for oxygenation before returning to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. The left atrium pumps the now-oxygenated blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, which then pumps it through the aortic valve and into the aorta to be distributed throughout the body.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle refers to the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart's chambers during one heartbeat. It involves two main phases: systole, when the ventricles contract, and diastole, when the ventricles relax and refill with blood. The cycle is precisely coordinated by electrical signals from the heart's conduction system and involves the opening and closing of valves between the chambers.
Cardiac cycle (Human Heart)
The cardiac cycle consists of one heartbeat with contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles. During contraction (systole), the ventricles pump blood out of the heart through the arteries. During relaxation (diastole), the ventricles fill with blood from the atria as the valves between the chambers open. The cycle repeats as the heart pumps blood through the two circulations - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body.
Cardiovascular notes heart
The cardiovascular system chapter describes the layers of the heart including the outer pericardium, middle myocardium and inner endocardium. It notes the heart contains 4 chambers - 2 atria that receive blood and 2 ventricles that pump blood. Septums divide the chambers to prevent mixing. Valves including the tricuspid, bicuspid and semilunar valves regulate blood flow. The conduction system controls heart rhythm starting from the sinoatrial node and propagating through the atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles. Heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and chemicals like epinephrine.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. It has four chambers - right and left atria and ventricles separated by valves. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system also contains a conduction system that initiates and regulates the heartbeat, starting with the sinoatrial node. Blood vessels have three layers - tunica intima, media, and externa - that vary in thickness and composition between arteries and veins.
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In this ppt, Cardiac cycle and it's working principle is explained. This will be useful for 8th to 10th grade students.
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Conduction System of the Heart
The conduction system of the heart is initiated by the sinoatrial node, which acts as the dominant pacemaker. It is located in the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava and is innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Conduction then proceeds through the atrioventricular node, which slows conduction to allow for ventricular filling, and the bundle of His divides into left and right bundle branches to stimulate the ventricles.
Anatomy of Cardiac Conduction System
This document summarizes the anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. It describes the locations and functions of the key components, including the sinus node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It also discusses the histological characteristics that define the conduction system and how impulses are conducted through each component to coordinate ventricular depolarization.
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The document describes several components of the cardiovascular system:
- Arteries transport oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body, with the aorta being the largest artery connected to the left ventricle.
- The pulmonary artery is unique in that it carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
- Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart, with the vena cava being the largest vein.
- The four chambers of the heart - left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle - work to circulate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Human heart
The document discusses the structure and function of the human heart. It describes how the heart is made up of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles separated by valves. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles along with opening and closing of valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The heart rate is controlled by a natural pacemaker and nerves from the brain that can increase or decrease the rate.
Heart Anatomy & Basic Function
The document summarizes the anatomy and basic function of the heart. It discusses the heart's size, location, chambers, blood flow pathways (pulmonary and systemic circulation), and electrical conduction system. It also briefly describes common cardiovascular problems like hypertension, congestive heart failure, and ischemic heart disease.
BiologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document summarizes the structure and function of the heart and cardiac cycle. It discusses the double circulatory system with pulmonary and systemic circulation. It also details the four main stages of the cardiac cycle: 1) isometric relaxation 2) rapid filling 3) atrial systole and 4) ventricular systole. Key aspects like heart chambers, blood vessels, valves, tendons, and the conduction system controlling heart rhythm are explained.
Chapter 15 cardiovascular system heart notes
The document provides information about the cardiovascular system and heart, including:
- It identifies the four chambers of the heart and their roles in pumping blood to and from the lungs and body.
- It describes the heart's conduction system which generates and propagates electrical signals to coordinate heart contractions.
- It explains the cardiac cycle and electrocardiogram (EKG) which measures the heart's electrical activity.
heart anatomy
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity surrounded by lungs. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out of the heart. The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium and has three layers - the outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium and inner endocardium. It uses a system of valves to ensure one-way blood flow through four valves into the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation oxygenates blood in the lungs and returns it to the heart's left side, while the systemic circulation pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body from the heart's left ventricle.
section 2, chapter 15: conduction of the heart
The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the left and right sides of the heart. During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract to expel blood while the atria relax and fill with blood. During ventricular diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood while the atria contract to push the remaining blood into the ventricles.
The heart produces distinct lub-dubb sounds as the atrioventricular and semilunar valves close, which can be auscultated through specific areas on the chest. Abnormal valve closure sounds are called murmurs.
The heart's conduction system initiates and coordinates contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates atrial contractions
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These topic includes: Characteristics of the heart/Pumping of the heart/Heart Contraction/Cardiac Cycle/Electrocardiogram
Anatomy of cardiovascular system
The document provides an overview of heart anatomy including:
- The heart is located in the chest behind the sternum and is surrounded by membranes called pericardium.
- The heart walls contain three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
- Blood enters the right atrium from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins into the left atrium. It then passes through valves into the ventricles.
- The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta to supply the systemic circulation while the right ventricle pumps to the pulmonary artery to supply the lungs.
Detailed Parts of the Heart (The Circulatory System)
The circulatory system is a system that controls the flow of the blood and maintain good life balance with some help of some particular organs.
Ron Soria (Creator) pass to maam dumago
Heart anatomy
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the heart valves, conducting system, blood supply, innervation, and applied anatomy. It notes that the heart contains two pairs of valves - atrioventricular and semilunar - which ensure one-way blood flow. The right and left atrioventricular valves have different numbers of cusps. The aortic and pulmonary valves are semilunar in shape. The conducting system initiates and spreads cardiac impulses, while the coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Applied anatomy discusses common causes of ischemic heart disease.
The Human Heart
The human heart is a vital organ that functions as a pump to provide continuous blood flow through the body via cardiac cycles. It has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles - and is enclosed in the pericardium for protection. The heart has three layers - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It works through a cardiac cycle of atrial systole, ventricular systole, and relaxation to pump blood through the body and lungs. Diseases like coronary heart disease and arrhythmias can affect the heart. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include age, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking.
Blood Flow Through the Heart
Blood enters the right atrium from the vena cavae and is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the lungs for oxygenation before returning to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. The left atrium pumps the now-oxygenated blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, which then pumps it through the aortic valve and into the aorta to be distributed throughout the body.
Cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle refers to the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart's chambers during one heartbeat. It involves two main phases: systole, when the ventricles contract, and diastole, when the ventricles relax and refill with blood. The cycle is precisely coordinated by electrical signals from the heart's conduction system and involves the opening and closing of valves between the chambers.
Cardiac cycle (Human Heart)
The cardiac cycle consists of one heartbeat with contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles. During contraction (systole), the ventricles pump blood out of the heart through the arteries. During relaxation (diastole), the ventricles fill with blood from the atria as the valves between the chambers open. The cycle repeats as the heart pumps blood through the two circulations - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body.
Cardiovascular notes heart
The cardiovascular system chapter describes the layers of the heart including the outer pericardium, middle myocardium and inner endocardium. It notes the heart contains 4 chambers - 2 atria that receive blood and 2 ventricles that pump blood. Septums divide the chambers to prevent mixing. Valves including the tricuspid, bicuspid and semilunar valves regulate blood flow. The conduction system controls heart rhythm starting from the sinoatrial node and propagating through the atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers. The cardiac cycle involves coordinated relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles. Heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and chemicals like epinephrine.
Anatomy of the Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the chest that pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. It has four chambers - right and left atria and ventricles separated by valves. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood back to the heart. The cardiovascular system also contains a conduction system that initiates and regulates the heartbeat, starting with the sinoatrial node. Blood vessels have three layers - tunica intima, media, and externa - that vary in thickness and composition between arteries and veins.
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The conduction system of the heart is initiated by the sinoatrial node, which acts as the dominant pacemaker. It is located in the junction of the right atrium and superior vena cava and is innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Conduction then proceeds through the atrioventricular node, which slows conduction to allow for ventricular filling, and the bundle of His divides into left and right bundle branches to stimulate the ventricles.
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This document summarizes the anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. It describes the locations and functions of the key components, including the sinus node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It also discusses the histological characteristics that define the conduction system and how impulses are conducted through each component to coordinate ventricular depolarization.
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The heart's electrical system, also called the cardiac conduction system, includes three main parts: the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the His-Purkinje system. The SA node generates electrical signals that travel through the heart and cause the chambers to contract and pump blood through the body in a coordinated, rhythmic manner called sinus rhythm. Electrical signals pass from the atria to the ventricles through the AV node, which causes a delay allowing the atria to contract and empty before the ventricles. The signals then travel through the His-Purkinje system to cause synchronized ventricular contraction and pumping of blood out of the heart.
Conduction of the heart
The conduction system of the heart comprises the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The sinoatrial node initiates heartbeats and determines heart rate by firing electrical impulses that spread through the atria. The atrioventricular node is located near the atrioventricular valve and delays electrical signals to the ventricles to ensure the atria fully contract before the ventricles. The atrioventricular bundle then divides into right and left bundle branches to conduct impulses to the Purkinje fibers and throughout the ventricles.
Conduction system of heart
This document provides an overview of the conduction system of the heart. It begins with the development of the primitive cardiac tube and differentiation of heart structures. It then describes the specialized conduction tissues including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. It discusses impulse conduction through the heart and characteristics of cardiac conduction cells. Finally, it covers conduction defects, implications for congenital heart anomalies like ASD and VSD, and considerations for cardiac surgery.
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is made up of four main structures that stimulate contraction of the heart muscle in a coordinated way. The sinoatrial node acts as the pacemaker and initiates electrical impulses throughout the heart. The atrioventricular node receives impulses from the atria and slows conduction to allow for proper atrial contraction before ventricular contraction. Impulses then travel through the atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers to coordinate simultaneous contraction of the ventricles. An electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart and detect any abnormalities.
The Heart
The heart is a muscular pump located slightly left of the breastbone between the lungs. It is slightly larger than a fist and weighs between 200-425 grams. The heart has 4 chambers - upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles - separated by muscular walls. Blood flows through the heart, entering the right atrium from the body and exiting into the pulmonary artery to the lungs, then entering the left atrium from the lungs and exiting into the aorta to the body. Valves prevent backflow, and the conduction system generates electrical signals that coordinate heart contractions.
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Dilated cardiomyopathy is defined as dilatation and impaired contraction of the left ventricle not caused by ischemic or valvular heart disease. The document discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, genetics, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Key points include:
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Anatomy Unit 2: Cardiac Conduction Notes
- 1. UNIT 2 NOTES: Cardiac Conduction System
- 2. (1) Conduction System of Heart • Conduction System = Heart Beat & Pumping • Cardiac Contractions = Unconscious – Autonomic Nervous System decrease or increase heart rate depending on circumstance
- 3. (2) Depolarization Path of the Heart • Describes the path the nerve impulses travel to make the heart contract and pump blood. • The Path: 1. SA Node AV Node 2. Atria Contract 3. (Delay) AV Bundle 4. Ventricles Contract (Blood ejected out of arteries, leaving heart)
- 4. (3) Nodes & Bundles • Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – Right atrium – Starts each heart beat & sets rate – “Pacemaker” • Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) = Left atrium • AV Bundle = – Bundle Branches (along septum) – Purkinje Fibers (along entire muscular wall of heart)
- 6. (4) Cardiac Cycle Phase 1- Diastole (Relaxation) – Blood passively filling atria. – All valves exiting ventricles closed. Phase 2-Systole (Contraction) – Ventricles contract and blood ejected out of heart. – All AV valves must be closed.
- 8. (5) Diastole Details 1. Ventricles relax 2. Semilunar valves closed 3. Ventricular Presure < Atrial Pressure – AV valves open – Ventricles fill with blood 4. Atria contract and force blood remaining in chambers into ventricles
- 10. (6) Systole Details 1. Pressure increases in ventricles - Filled with blood 1. AV valves close 3. Pressure in ventricles > Arteries leaving heart - Semilunar valves open - Blood rushes out of ventricles 4. Atria are relaxed and begin to fill back up
- 12. (7) Cardiac Conduction Summary • Diastole: – Semilunar valves are closed. – AV valves are open. – Blood passively pouring into atria, and down into ventricles. – Only slight contraction of atria at the end to empty atria. – AV valves swing shut when ventricles full. • Systole: – AV valves are closed. – Ventricles contract and pump/eject blood out of heart. – Blood exits out Semilunar Valves (which must open). – Semilunar Valves close back up at end, and AV valves open back up.
- 13. (8) Heart Beat • You hear something like “lub” “dup” – “lub” = closing of AV valves • During ventricular systole – “dup” = closing of semilunar valves • During early diastole • You should NOT hear blood flow – You’ll hear it if flow is interrupted by blockage
- 14. (9) Starling’s Law • Starling’s Law of the Heart: – Degree of cardiac muscle extension before contraction – Increase Extension = Stronger Contraction – Degree of Extension result of percent filling of ventricles