This document provides information about different views of the skull: - The norma frontalis view shows features of the frontal bone and maxillary bones including the frontal process, zygomatic process, and alveolar process. - The norma lateralis view outlines the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa, separated by the zygomatic arch, and their contents like muscles and nerves. - The pterygo-palatine fossa is also described as a small space medial to the infratemporal fossa containing blood vessels and nerves.

2. 1- NORMA FRONTALIS
2- NORMA OCCIPITALIS
3- NORMA LATERALIS
4- LATERAL VIEW
Lecture 2

3. NORMA FRONTALIS

5. SKULL SEEN FROM ANTERIOR ASPECT; NORMA FRONTALIS:
- frontal bone.
-superciliary arch and the glabella.
-supraorbital margin and notch
-frontonasal sutures.
-The point at which the
frontonasal and internasal sutures
meet is the nasion.
-Each orbital opening is
approximately quadrangular.

7. -The central part of the face is
occupied mainly by the maxillary
bones, and the anterior nasal
aperture lies between them.
-Maxillary bone:
-Contributes to the upper jaw, the bridge of
the nose, the floor of the orbital
cavity, the nasal aperture and
the bone of the cheek.
Canine eminence
Canine fossa
Incisive fossa
-The infra-orbital foramen
-The maxillary alveolar process
contains sockets for the upper
teeth.
Three process extendingg from the maxiall
1. Frontal process
2. Zygomatic process
3. Alveolar process

8. -The anterior nasal aperture:
is piriform, wider below, its upper
boundary of the aperture is formed
by the nasal bones; the remainder is
formed by the maxillary bones.
Zygomatic bone:
Form inferior and lateral margin of
the orbit

9. Norma occipitalis

10. Norma occipitalis

11. NORMA LATERALIS

13. SKULL SEEN FROM LATERAL ASPECT; NORMA LATERALIS:
-The lateral view of the skull
consists of the lateral wall of
the cranium, which includes
1Lateral portions of the calvaria:
including; the frontal, parietal,
occipital, sphenoid, and
temporal bones.
2Parts of the facial skeleton:
including; the nasal, maxilla,
& zygomatic bones.
3The mandible forms the
visible part of the lower jaw.
-The skull, viewed from the side,
can be subdivided into 3zones:
face (anterior); temporal +
infratemporal fossae &
zygomatic arch (intermediate);
occipital region (posterior).

14. The temporal lines often
present anteriorly as distinct
ridges, but fading as they arch
across the parietal bone.
-The inferior temporal line
becomes distinct forming a
supramastoid crest at the base
of the mastoid process.

17. -The frontal, parietal bones, the
greater wing of sphenoid & the
squamous part of the temporal
bones meet on each side at an
H-shaped junction of sutures
termed the pterion.
Zygomatic arch:
Form mandibular fossa and
tubercle inferiorly and
supramastoid crest superiorly
temporal and infratemporal
fossae communicate via the gap
thus created.
External auditory meatus:
Mastoid part of temporal bone:

18. -The suture between the
temporal and parietal bones is
called the squamosal suture.
-The mastoid process is a small
inferior projection of the
temporal bone, which lies
postero-inferior to the external
acoustic meatus.
-The styloid process lies anterior
and medial to the mastoid
process and gives attachment
to several muscles and ligaments.

19. LATERAL VIEW

20. -SKULL
TEMPORAL AND INFRATEMPORAL REGION
( LATERAL VIEW)
1- Temporal fossa:-
-A shallow hollow on
each side of the skull
between superior
temporal line & zygomatic
arch + frontal process
of zygomatic
bone anteriorly.
-Commumicates
with the infra-
temporal fossa
through a gap medial to the zygomatic arch.
*contents :-1)Temporalis muscle and fascia.
3)Deep temporal nerve & vessels.
2)Superifical temporal vessels.
4)Auriculotemporal nerve.

21. 2- Infratemporal fossa:-
-Repressents the wider space behind the maxilla and below the base of the skull.
*Boundaries:
•Anteriorly - posterior surface of maxilla.
•Posteriorly- styloid process & mastoid process.
•Medially
•Laterally
- lateral pterygoid plate.
- ramus of mandible.
•Superiorly - infra-temporal crest of greater wing
of sphenoid.
*Communications:
1 Supero-laterally with the temporal fossa.
2 Supero-medially with orbit through infra-obital
fissure.
3 Medially -pterygo palatine fossa by ptergyo –
maxillary fissure.
*Contents:-
1) Pterygoid muscles (medial and lateral ).
3) Mandibular nerve and related ganglion.
5) Chorda tympani nerve.
2) Pterygoid plexus of veins.
4)Maxillary artery and its branches.
*N.B. : Lateral pterygoid(m) is an important structure in dividing the contents of the
infratemporal fossa into superficial and deep structures in relation to the muscle itself.

22. 3)Pterygo - palatine fossa:-
-A small inverted 4 walls pyramid present medial
to infratemporal fossa.
*Its ant. wall - is the posterior surface of maxilla.
*Its post. wall - is the root of pterygoid process
of sphenoid.
*Its medial wall - prependicular plate of palatine
bone.
*Its lateral wall- is pterygomaxillary fissure
connecting it with infra-temporal fossa.
-It has many foramina in its 3 walls and apex.
*Contents:-
1 Maxillary artery.
2 Maxillary nerve + pterygo-palatine ganglion.

23. Thank you …