The document provides an overview of CT anatomy of the abdomen. It describes the boundaries and contents of the abdomen, including major blood vessels and nerves. It outlines the nine regions scheme used to localize abdominal anatomy, describing the structures contained within each region. Finally, it presents example axial, coronal, and sagittal CT images showing abdominal anatomy.
Purpose of this presentation is to educate non radiologist about basic CT anatomy of abdominal viscera and basic interpretation of very common diseases
A detailed description of ct coronary angiography and calcium scoring with various aspects regarding the preparation, procedure, limitations and a short review regarding post CABG imaging.
Purpose of this presentation is to educate non radiologist about basic CT anatomy of abdominal viscera and basic interpretation of very common diseases
A detailed description of ct coronary angiography and calcium scoring with various aspects regarding the preparation, procedure, limitations and a short review regarding post CABG imaging.
65 year old female presents with a 2 week history of lower abdominal pain and dysuria.
A CT Abdomen and Pelvis with oral and IV contrast was performed. What is the major pathology present in this study which would explain this patient's symptoms? What is the most likely cause?
The significant abnormality in this scan involves the bladder. There is bladder wall thickening, most marked on the lateral aspect where it measures up to 20mm. Additionally, there is significant perivesical stranding and gas within the bladder lumen and wall. The kidneys are normal in appearance. There is no evidence of diverticular disease involving the adjacent sigmoid colon.
These radiological features are consistent with anaerobic cystitis.
Incidentally, did you note the surgical staple line along the stomach wall?
65 year old female presents with a 2 week history of lower abdominal pain and dysuria.
A CT Abdomen and Pelvis with oral and IV contrast was performed. What is the major pathology present in this study which would explain this patient's symptoms? What is the most likely cause?
The significant abnormality in this scan involves the bladder. There is bladder wall thickening, most marked on the lateral aspect where it measures up to 20mm. Additionally, there is significant perivesical stranding and gas within the bladder lumen and wall. The kidneys are normal in appearance. There is no evidence of diverticular disease involving the adjacent sigmoid colon.
These radiological features are consistent with anaerobic cystitis.
Incidentally, did you note the surgical staple line along the stomach wall?
Celiaco Mesenteric Trunk - A Case ReportIOSR Journals
Variations in the branching pattern of abdominal aorta are quite common, knowledge of which is
required to avoid complications during surgical interventions involving GIT and posterior abdominal wall.
Celiac trunk & Superior mesenteric Arteries, the ventral aortic branches usually arise independently from
Abdominal Aorta , one just above the other. Occasionally they arise from a common aortic origin. This study
describes the anomalous origin of these ventral or pre aortic branches of abdominal aorta in the light of
embryological and surgical basis. Knowledge of such variations has important clinical significance in
abdominal operations like Small and large bowel surgeries , laparoscopic surgery, and radiological
procedures in the upper abdomen or invasive arterial procedures.
Atomic structure refers to the organization and composition of atoms, which are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Atoms are incredibly small and consist of several subatomic particles, primarily protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding atomic structure is essential in the field of chemistry and forms the basis for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Ct anatomy of abdomen
1. CT ANATOMY OF ABDOMEN
MAAJID MOHI UD DIN MALIK
LECTURER COPMS ADESH UNIVERSITY
BATHINDA PUNJAB
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
2. INTRODUCTION
The abdomen (commonly called the belly) is the body space between the thorax
(chest) and pelvis. The diaphragm forms the upper surface of the abdomen. At
the level of the pelvic bones, the abdomen ends and the pelvis begins.
The abdomen contains all the digestive organs, including the stomach, small and
large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. These organs are held together
loosely by connecting tissues (mesentery) that allow them to expand and to slide
against each other. The abdomen also contains the kidneys and spleen.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
3. CONTINUE
Many important blood vessels travel through the abdomen,
including the aorta, inferior vena cava, and dozens of their
smaller branches. In the front, the abdomen is protected by a
thin, tough layer of tissue called fascia. In front of the fascia
are the abdominal muscles and skin. In the rear of the
abdomen are the back muscles and spine.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
7. INNERVATION
Abdomen: vagus nerve (CN X), prevertebral ganglia, lower
thoracic, pelvic and lumbar splanchnic nerves; they form
plexuses: myenteric, celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior
mesenteric, superior hypogastric and inferior hypogastric
plexuses.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
8. REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN
The regions of the abdomen are theoretical divisions used by
clinicians to help localize, identify and diagnose a patients
symptoms. There are two main forms of categorization, the
first which is simpler and is mapped out by dividing
the abdomen into four quadrants, while the second method
divides it into nine segments.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
9. NINE REGION SCHEME
Principle: two vertical midclavicular lines (left and right)
cross two horizontal: subcostal (through lower edge of 10th
costal cartilage) and transtubercular (through tubercles of
iliac crests) -> nine segments: right and left hypochondrium,
epigastrium, right and left lumbar regions, umbilical region,
right and left inguinal regions, hypogastrium
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
10. SEGMENTS
Right hipochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hipochondrium
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right inguinal
Hypogastrium
Left inguinal
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
13. LEFT HYPOCHONDRIACREGION
The left hypochondriac
region contains:
The stomach
The top of the left lobe of
the liver
The left kidney
The spleen
The tail of the pancreas
Parts of the small intestine
The transverse colon
The descending colon
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
14. RIGHTHYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
The right hypochondriac region contains:
The liver
The gallbladder
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The transverse colon
The right kidney
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
15. EPIGASTRIC REGION
The epigastric region contains:
The esophagus
The stomach
The liver
The spleen
The pancreas
The right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The right and left suprarenal
glands
The small intestine
The transverse colon
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
16. LEFT LUMBAR REGION
The left lumbar region contains:
A portion of the small intestine
A part of the descending colon
The tip of the left kidney
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
17. RIGHTLUMBAR REGION
The right lumbar region contains:
The tip of the liver
The gallbladder
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The right kidney
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
18. UMBILICAL REGION
The umbilical region
contains:
The stomach
The pancreas
The small intestine
The transverse colon
The right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The cisterna chyli
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
19. LEFT INGUINAL REGION
The left inguinal region contains:
Part of the small intestine
The descending colon
The sigmoid colon
The left ovary and the left fallopian tube in females.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
20. RIGHTINGUINAL REGION
The right inguinal region contains:
The small intestine
The appendix
The cecum
The ascending colon
The right ovary and right fallopian tube in females
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
21. HYPOGASTRIC REGION
The hypogastric region
contains:
The small intestine
The sigmoid colon
The rectum
The urinary bladder
The right and left ureters
The uterus, the right and
left ovaries and the
fallopian tubes can be
found in females
The vas deferens, the
seminal vesicle and
the prostate can be found in
males
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
23. 1, Right lung. 2, Right hepatic vein. 3, Liver. 4, Left hepatic
vein. 5, Stomach. 6, Left colic flexure (splenic flexure of the
colon). 7, Spleen. 8, Left lung. 9, Aorta.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
24. 1, Right lung. 2, Aorta. 3, Left lung. 4, Left adrenal. 5, Spleen. 6, Splenic
artery. 7, Colon. 8, Portal vein. 9, Hepatic vein. 10, Liver.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
25. 1, Diaphragm. 2, Aorta. 3, Left adrenal. 4, Top of the left
kidney. 5, Spleen. 6, Splenic artery. 7, Colon. 8, Stomach. 9, Portal
vein. 10, Liver. 11, Rib.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
27. 1, Inferior vena cava. 2, Right kidney. 3, Abdominal
aorta. 4, Superior mesenteric artery. 5, Left kidney. 6, Small
bowel. 7, Colon. 8, Portal vein. 9, Liver.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
28. 1, Inferior vena cava. 2, Right kidney. 3, Origin of the right renal
artery. 4, Aorta. 5, Left kidney. 6, Left colon. 7, Superior mesenteric
artery. 8, Superior mesenteric vein. 9, Gallbladder. 10, Liver.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
29. Atlas of CT Anatomy of the Abdomen. Axial reconstruction.
1, Inferior vena cava. 2, Right kidney. 3, Aorta. 4, Left kidney. 5, Left colon. 6, Superior
mesenteric artery. 7, Superior mesenteric vein. 8, Gallbladder. 9, Liver.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
30. 1, Gallbladder. 2, Liver. 3, Inferior vena cava. 4, Right
kidney. 5, Aorta. 6, Left kidney. 7, Left colon. 8, Superior mesenteric
artery. 9, Superior mesenteric vein.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM
31. 1, Transverse colon. 2, Liver. 3, Right kidney. 4, Inferior vena
cava. 5, Aorta. 6, Lower pole of the left kidney. 7, Left
colon. 8, Rectus abdominis muscle.
MAAJIDMALIKOFFICIAL@GMAIL.COM