The document summarizes the anatomy of the heart in 6 sections:
1. Size, location, and orientation of the heart in the thorax.
2. Coverings of the heart including the pericardium and layers.
3. Three layers of the heart wall - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
4. Four chambers and great vessels including atria, ventricles, and blood flow.
5. Coronary circulation supplying the heart with blood from the aorta.
6. Four heart valves - two atrioventricular and two semilunar - that regulate blood flow.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the human heart, describing the internal and external structures such as the chambers, valves, vessels, conduction system, and blood supply. Key details include the layers of the heart wall, the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, the function of the atria and ventricles, and the roles of the major arteries and veins in the cardiac circulation. The presentation aims to educate medical students on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heartbhupendra kumar
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
Classification and applied aspects of jointsMathew Joseph
This document discusses the classification and applied aspects of joints. It begins with an introduction to joints, their functions, and definitions. It then discusses the structural and functional classifications of joints. The structural classification includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. The functional classification includes synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. It further elaborates on the different types of joints like hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints. Finally, it discusses some applied aspects like dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
Cardiovascular physiology REVISION NOTES TONY SCARIA
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, specifically describing the cardiac cycle and regulation of blood pressure. It contains the following key points:
1. The cardiac cycle consists of ventricular systole and diastole. Systole includes isovolumic contraction, rapid ejection, and slow ejection phases. Diastole includes isovolumic relaxation and three filling phases.
2. Blood pressure is regulated rapidly by baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, and over longer periods by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. Factors like preload, contractility, and afterload influence stroke volume and thus cardiac output according to Frank-Starling's law.
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
The pericardium has two layers - the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is a dense connective tissue that protects the heart. The serous pericardium contains two layers that lubricate the heart and prevent friction. It also contains the pericardial cavity filled with fluid. Too much fluid in the cavity can cause compression of the heart.
The femoral triangle is an anatomical region in the upper thigh bounded laterally by the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor longus muscle. Its base is formed by the inguinal ligament and its apex points downwards. The femoral triangle contains the femoral artery and vein, branches of the femoral nerve, and deep inguinal lymph nodes. The femoral sheath encloses the upper part of the femoral vessels and is divided into three compartments. The contents of the femoral triangle are clinically relevant to femoral hernias, nerve injuries, and vascular procedures.
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These vessels form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and give rise to branches that supply different regions of the brain. The internal carotid artery splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Its branches also include the hypophysial arteries, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies motor and sensory areas while the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterior communicating artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the human heart, describing the internal and external structures such as the chambers, valves, vessels, conduction system, and blood supply. Key details include the layers of the heart wall, the differences between the right and left sides of the heart, the function of the atria and ventricles, and the roles of the major arteries and veins in the cardiac circulation. The presentation aims to educate medical students on the gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart.
the cardiovascular system and Physiology of heartbhupendra kumar
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and physiology of the heart. It describes the components of the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It explains the basic functions of these parts, including that the heart acts as a pump to circulate blood through two circuits - the pulmonary and systemic circulations. It also provides details on the anatomy and functions of the heart chambers and valves, as well as blood flow, vessels, heart sounds, and blood characteristics.
Classification and applied aspects of jointsMathew Joseph
This document discusses the classification and applied aspects of joints. It begins with an introduction to joints, their functions, and definitions. It then discusses the structural and functional classifications of joints. The structural classification includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. The functional classification includes synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. It further elaborates on the different types of joints like hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints. Finally, it discusses some applied aspects like dislocations, sprains, and arthritis.
Cardiovascular physiology REVISION NOTES TONY SCARIA
The document discusses cardiovascular physiology, specifically describing the cardiac cycle and regulation of blood pressure. It contains the following key points:
1. The cardiac cycle consists of ventricular systole and diastole. Systole includes isovolumic contraction, rapid ejection, and slow ejection phases. Diastole includes isovolumic relaxation and three filling phases.
2. Blood pressure is regulated rapidly by baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, and over longer periods by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
3. Factors like preload, contractility, and afterload influence stroke volume and thus cardiac output according to Frank-Starling's law.
Power point the cardiovascular system - anatomy and physiologyStephen Collins
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart and cardiovascular system. It describes the size and structure of the heart, including the four chambers and valves. It explains how blood flows through the heart and is pumped into the arteries and circulated throughout the body before returning to the heart through the veins. It also discusses the composition of blood and its transport of oxygen, nutrients and waste products.
The pericardium has two layers - the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium is a dense connective tissue that protects the heart. The serous pericardium contains two layers that lubricate the heart and prevent friction. It also contains the pericardial cavity filled with fluid. Too much fluid in the cavity can cause compression of the heart.
The femoral triangle is an anatomical region in the upper thigh bounded laterally by the sartorius muscle and medially by the adductor longus muscle. Its base is formed by the inguinal ligament and its apex points downwards. The femoral triangle contains the femoral artery and vein, branches of the femoral nerve, and deep inguinal lymph nodes. The femoral sheath encloses the upper part of the femoral vessels and is divided into three compartments. The contents of the femoral triangle are clinically relevant to femoral hernias, nerve injuries, and vascular procedures.
The brain receives its arterial blood supply from the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. These vessels form the Circle of Willis at the base of the brain and give rise to branches that supply different regions of the brain. The internal carotid artery splits into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Its branches also include the hypophysial arteries, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicating artery, and anterior choroidal artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies motor and sensory areas while the anterior cerebral artery forms the anterior communicating artery. The vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery which splits into the posterior cerebral arteries.
The pericardium and the pericardial sinusesMohana Sekar
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and prevents overexpansion. It has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The pericardium supports the heart, limits its movement, and acts as a shock absorber. Pericardial effusion or inflammation can occur from infection, cancer, or other causes. Effusion is treated by draining fluid while inflammation is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or identifying the underlying cause. Complications like tamponade require draining fluid from the pericardial sac.
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
CVS physiology, all details with explanation easy to recall physiology of cardiovascular system. based on Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. all the high-yield facts are there.
The Circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis in the brain that connects the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It allows for collateral blood flow if one part of the circle becomes blocked. Variations in anatomy are common, seen in only 34.5% of cases. The Circle of Willis plays an important role in blood flow by providing redundant pathways and preserving cerebral perfusion if one artery is blocked.
Organization of the ll, front and medial sides of thighOmar Moatamed
This document provides an overview of the organization and features of the lower limb. It discusses the bony landmarks and muscular compartments of the thigh. Key points include: the lower limb is divided into the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot. The thigh contains anterior, medial, and posterior compartments. The anterior compartment includes the femoral triangle, bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus muscles and containing the femoral vessels and nerve. The medial compartment includes the adductor canal beneath the sartorius housing the femoral artery and vein with the saphenous nerve.
Portal circulation and portal hypertension BY AMNA BUTOOLAmnaButool
The document discusses portal circulation and portal hypertension. It defines portal circulation as the flow of blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver via the portal vein. Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure in the portal vein system is elevated above normal levels. The causes of portal hypertension include pre-hepatic issues like splenomegaly, hepatic issues like cirrhosis, and post-hepatic issues like right-sided heart failure. Complications arise due to the increased pressure and include ascites, bleeding, and the formation of portosystemic shunts. Treatment involves medical therapy with beta-blockers and diuretics as well as endoscopic procedures.
Venous and lymphatic drainage of lower limbSeemi Shah
The document summarizes the venous and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb. It describes the three types of veins in the lower limb: superficial veins, deep veins, and perforating veins. It provides details on the major superficial veins (great and small saphenous veins), deep veins (femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal veins), and lymphatic drainage including the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes. The document is an anatomical overview of the venous and lymphatic systems of the lower limb.
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and anchors it within the thoracic cavity. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The pericardium functions to prevent overexpansion of the heart, limit its movement, and act as a shock absorber. It develops from two sources of mesoderm and receives its blood supply from multiple arteries. Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis, which can be caused by infections, tuberculosis, or AIDS.
This document discusses blood circulation and regulation. It describes the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins. It explains how blood flows through the peripheral and pulmonary circulatory systems. It also covers the local and neural control of blood flow, dynamics of blood pressure and flow, and long-term regulatory mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system that control blood pressure. Finally, it defines shock and its stages when blood flow to tissues is inadequate.
Anatomy and physiology of heart, lung ,ligi xavier
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, and blood vessels. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its layers, which include the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits: pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart is supplied with blood and nutrients through the coronary circulation.
The document discusses the anatomy of the elbow joint, including its articulations between the radial head and osseo-fibrous ring, annular ligament, and radial notch of the ulna. It then describes the anatomy of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints, including their ligaments, movements, blood supply, and nerve innervation. Finally, it summarizes the anatomy of the wrist joint, including its ligaments, arterial supply, nerve supply, and movements.
The coronary sinus is a large vein that drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium. It has several important functions and anatomical variations. The coronary sinus provides a route to access the myocardium for various procedures like cardiac resynchronization therapy, ablation of arrhythmias, local drug delivery, and mitral valve interventions. Understanding coronary sinus anatomy is crucial for electrophysiology and percutaneous cardiovascular procedures.
BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy, Upper Limb and Thorax -Volume1-4th.pdfNS crown
This is the book for MBBS students, you can learn easily your body and it's function by read this book . This is the most famous and preferred book for MBBS .
The gluteal region contains several important muscles and other structures. It is bounded superiorly by the iliac crest, laterally by the greater trochanter, and inferiorly by the gluteal folds. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle and extends the hip. The gluteus medius and minimus abduct the thigh. Important nerves include the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. The piriformis muscle divides the gluteal region into superior and inferior compartments. The sacral plexus provides innervation to muscles in the region.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the middle mediastinum. It has four chambers - right and left atria and right and left ventricles. The heart is surrounded by membranes including the pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. Blood flows from the right atrium to right ventricle through the tricuspid valve, then to the lungs through the pulmonary semilunar valve. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins and flows to the left ventricle through the mitral valve and out the aortic semilunar valve to the rest of the body. The heart receives its blood supply from the left and right coronary arteries.
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
The document discusses the blood supply of the brain. It begins by describing the two pairs of arteries that supply the brain - the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. These arteries are interconnected to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The vertebrobasilar system arises from the vertebral arteries and forms the basilar artery, which divides into the posterior cerebral arteries. The internal carotid system gives rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. These arteries and their branches supply different regions of the brain. The circle of Willis provides an important anastomosis between the two systems to ensure adequate blood flow to the brain.
anatomy and physiology of human heart BY DEEPIKA.RDeepikaLingam2
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs to oxygenate it, and the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood, and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. The heart contracts regularly due to its specialized conduction system which generates and conducts electrical signals throughout the heart muscle.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the heart. It discusses the heart's structure and function. Some key points:
- The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body.
- The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- The heart is surrounded by membranes called pericardium and has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. It is
The pericardium and the pericardial sinusesMohana Sekar
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and prevents overexpansion. It has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The pericardium supports the heart, limits its movement, and acts as a shock absorber. Pericardial effusion or inflammation can occur from infection, cancer, or other causes. Effusion is treated by draining fluid while inflammation is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or identifying the underlying cause. Complications like tamponade require draining fluid from the pericardial sac.
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP F on CORONARY CIRCULATION. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
CVS physiology, all details with explanation easy to recall physiology of cardiovascular system. based on Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. all the high-yield facts are there.
The Circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis in the brain that connects the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. It allows for collateral blood flow if one part of the circle becomes blocked. Variations in anatomy are common, seen in only 34.5% of cases. The Circle of Willis plays an important role in blood flow by providing redundant pathways and preserving cerebral perfusion if one artery is blocked.
Organization of the ll, front and medial sides of thighOmar Moatamed
This document provides an overview of the organization and features of the lower limb. It discusses the bony landmarks and muscular compartments of the thigh. Key points include: the lower limb is divided into the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot. The thigh contains anterior, medial, and posterior compartments. The anterior compartment includes the femoral triangle, bounded by the inguinal ligament, sartorius, and adductor longus muscles and containing the femoral vessels and nerve. The medial compartment includes the adductor canal beneath the sartorius housing the femoral artery and vein with the saphenous nerve.
Portal circulation and portal hypertension BY AMNA BUTOOLAmnaButool
The document discusses portal circulation and portal hypertension. It defines portal circulation as the flow of blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver via the portal vein. Portal hypertension occurs when blood pressure in the portal vein system is elevated above normal levels. The causes of portal hypertension include pre-hepatic issues like splenomegaly, hepatic issues like cirrhosis, and post-hepatic issues like right-sided heart failure. Complications arise due to the increased pressure and include ascites, bleeding, and the formation of portosystemic shunts. Treatment involves medical therapy with beta-blockers and diuretics as well as endoscopic procedures.
Venous and lymphatic drainage of lower limbSeemi Shah
The document summarizes the venous and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb. It describes the three types of veins in the lower limb: superficial veins, deep veins, and perforating veins. It provides details on the major superficial veins (great and small saphenous veins), deep veins (femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, peroneal veins), and lymphatic drainage including the superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes. The document is an anatomical overview of the venous and lymphatic systems of the lower limb.
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and anchors it within the thoracic cavity. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The pericardium functions to prevent overexpansion of the heart, limit its movement, and act as a shock absorber. It develops from two sources of mesoderm and receives its blood supply from multiple arteries. Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis, which can be caused by infections, tuberculosis, or AIDS.
This document discusses blood circulation and regulation. It describes the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins. It explains how blood flows through the peripheral and pulmonary circulatory systems. It also covers the local and neural control of blood flow, dynamics of blood pressure and flow, and long-term regulatory mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin system that control blood pressure. Finally, it defines shock and its stages when blood flow to tissues is inadequate.
Anatomy and physiology of heart, lung ,ligi xavier
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, and blood vessels. It discusses the location of the heart in the thoracic cavity and its layers, which include the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits: pulmonary circulation from the heart to the lungs and systemic circulation from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart is supplied with blood and nutrients through the coronary circulation.
The document discusses the anatomy of the elbow joint, including its articulations between the radial head and osseo-fibrous ring, annular ligament, and radial notch of the ulna. It then describes the anatomy of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints, including their ligaments, movements, blood supply, and nerve innervation. Finally, it summarizes the anatomy of the wrist joint, including its ligaments, arterial supply, nerve supply, and movements.
The coronary sinus is a large vein that drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium. It has several important functions and anatomical variations. The coronary sinus provides a route to access the myocardium for various procedures like cardiac resynchronization therapy, ablation of arrhythmias, local drug delivery, and mitral valve interventions. Understanding coronary sinus anatomy is crucial for electrophysiology and percutaneous cardiovascular procedures.
BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy, Upper Limb and Thorax -Volume1-4th.pdfNS crown
This is the book for MBBS students, you can learn easily your body and it's function by read this book . This is the most famous and preferred book for MBBS .
The gluteal region contains several important muscles and other structures. It is bounded superiorly by the iliac crest, laterally by the greater trochanter, and inferiorly by the gluteal folds. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle and extends the hip. The gluteus medius and minimus abduct the thigh. Important nerves include the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. The piriformis muscle divides the gluteal region into superior and inferior compartments. The sacral plexus provides innervation to muscles in the region.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the middle mediastinum. It has four chambers - right and left atria and right and left ventricles. The heart is surrounded by membranes including the pericardium, myocardium and endocardium. Blood flows from the right atrium to right ventricle through the tricuspid valve, then to the lungs through the pulmonary semilunar valve. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins and flows to the left ventricle through the mitral valve and out the aortic semilunar valve to the rest of the body. The heart receives its blood supply from the left and right coronary arteries.
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and regulation of blood pressure. It describes how the brain monitors and controls blood flow and pressure on a beat-to-beat basis to meet metabolic demands. Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume. The document then discusses short term regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptor reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, and local mechanisms, as well as long term regulation by the renal-body fluid system including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
The document discusses the blood supply of the brain. It begins by describing the two pairs of arteries that supply the brain - the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. These arteries are interconnected to form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain. The vertebrobasilar system arises from the vertebral arteries and forms the basilar artery, which divides into the posterior cerebral arteries. The internal carotid system gives rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. These arteries and their branches supply different regions of the brain. The circle of Willis provides an important anastomosis between the two systems to ensure adequate blood flow to the brain.
anatomy and physiology of human heart BY DEEPIKA.RDeepikaLingam2
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit pumps blood to the lungs to oxygenate it, and the systemic circuit pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood, and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. The heart contracts regularly due to its specialized conduction system which generates and conducts electrical signals throughout the heart muscle.
The document provides information about the anatomy of the heart. It discusses the heart's structure and function. Some key points:
- The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body.
- The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- The heart is surrounded by membranes called pericardium and has three layers - outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endocardium. It is
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. It receives blood supply through the coronary arteries and pumps over 5 million liters of blood per year through a complex system of chambers, valves, nerves and muscles.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that help it function efficiently to circulate blood continuously and relentlessly throughout a person's lifetime.
The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper receiving chambers called atria and two lower pumping chambers called ventricles. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect and support it. It receives blood supply through the coronary arteries and pumps over 5 million liters of blood per year through a network of blood vessels.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It pumps blood through the circulatory system around the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the arteries while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. On average, the heart beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime, pumping over 5,000 liters of blood per year. The heart is protected by membranes and surrounded by fluid within the pericardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. Blood flows through the heart via valves which ensure one-way flow.
The heart is a hollow muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It beats over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime to pump blood through the body. The left side pumps oxygenated blood through the body, while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. It is supplied with oxygenated blood by the coronary arteries and drained by coronary veins. The heart is innervated by the autonomic nervous system to regulate its rhythm and strength.
9.circulatory system ppt by miss sejal m. khumanSejalkhumam
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the human heart. It discusses the location of the heart, its chambers and layers, the circulation of blood through the heart and body, and the cardiac cycle. The heart has four chambers, with the two upper chambers called atria and the two lower chambers called ventricles. The heart wall is made up of three layers - the epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. With each heartbeat, blood is pumped from the heart through two circulations - systemic circulation which oxygenates the body and pulmonary circulation which oxygenates the blood. The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated squeezing and filling of the atria and ventricles over 0.8 seconds.
The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump located in the chest that circulates blood through the body and lungs. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. Blood flows from the systemic circulation into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation before returning to the left atrium and ventricle and being pumped back out through the aorta to repeat the cycle. The heart is surrounded by membranes and receives blood through the coronary arteries to nourish its own tissue.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ that acts as the central pump of the circulatory system. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. The heart is located in the middle mediastinum in the chest cavity. It has a fibrous pericardium covering and is protected by the pericardial sac that contains serous fluid. The heart has right and left sides, each with an atrium and ventricle, and valves that ensure one-way blood flow.
Cardiovascular anatomy and imaging TechniquesMilan Silwal
The heart receives blood through four major vessels - the superior and inferior vena cava and the right and left pulmonary veins. It pumps blood out through two major vessels - the pulmonary trunk and aorta. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by layers including the pericardium. The heart lies in the middle mediastinum and has four surfaces and four borders defined by its chambers. Valves between the chambers include the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves. The heart has a complex electrical conduction system to coordinate contractions. Arteries supplying the heart include the coronary arteries while veins draining it include the cardiac veins.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it out to the body. Valves prevent backflow between chambers. The heart is surrounded by membranes and layers including the pericardium. It is located in the chest cavity and has distinct surfaces and structures that allow it to efficiently circulate blood throughout the body.
The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the chest cavity. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood, and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the body, while the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart works nonstop to circulate over 5 liters of blood daily through over 100,000 km of blood vessels. It is innervated by the autonomic nervous system which controls heart rate and contraction force.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum that pumps blood throughout the body. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. The pericardium surrounds and protects the heart. Blood enters the right atrium from the body and passes to the right ventricle which pumps to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle which is thicker and pumps blood throughout the body. Valves ensure one-way blood flow through the heart. Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle.
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The heart is a muscular organ located in the mediastinum that pumps blood through the circulatory system via four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It has three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium - and is surrounded by the pericardium. The heart has a conduction system including the sinoatrial node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses that cause coordinated contractions of the atria and ventricles to efficiently circulate blood.
The heart is located in the middle mediastinum of the chest. It has four chambers - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle. The heart has four valves that separate its chambers and allow blood to flow in one direction. It is surrounded by membranes called pericardium. The heart develops from the cardiogenic area in the embryo and forms as a primitive heart tube that undergoes looping and partitioning into chambers.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system. It begins by listing the objectives and outline. It then describes the thoracic cavity and mediastinum before discussing the pericardium, heart chambers, valves, blood vessels of the heart, and great vessels. The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. It also discusses the coronary arteries and veins that supply the heart with blood and the major arteries and veins that connect to the heart.
Anatomy & physiology of cardiovascular systemvinayanerurkar
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It describes the location and structure of the heart, including its chambers and layers. It explains the circulation of blood through the heart, into the pulmonary circulation to oxygenate blood and into the systemic circulation to distribute oxygenated blood to the body. It details the coronary circulation which provides blood supply to the heart muscle.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The heart is surrounded by membranes and has three layers - epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. It is located in the chest cavity and pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the left side of the heart to the entire body. The heart has four valves that prevent backflow of blood - tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and aortic valve.
This document discusses methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using serum creatinine levels. It notes that creatinine clearance is commonly used to measure GFR and is dependent on age, weight, and gender. The Siersback-Nielsen nomogram estimates creatinine clearance based on age, weight, and serum creatinine concentration to determine appropriate dosing of medications like antibiotics in patients. It provides an example case of a 65-year old, 70kg female patient with a serum creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL.
Lec 3.3-hepatic elimination( first pass effect)saqib khan
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1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms, with over 200 cell types that vary in shape, size, and function.
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
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3. 1-Size, Location, and Orientation1-Size, Location, and Orientation
• About the size of a fist, hollow, cone-shaped heart has a mass of
between 250 and 350 grams
• Mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax, the heart extends
obliquely for 12 to 14 cm (about 5 inches) from the second rib to
the fifth intercostal space.
• As it rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm, the heart lies
anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.
• Approximately two-thirds of its mass lies to the left of the
midsternal line.
• Its broad, flat base, or posterior surface, is about 9 cm (3.5 in) wide
and directed toward the right shoulder.
• Its apex points inferiorly toward the left hip. If you press your
fingers between the fifth and sixth ribs just below the left nipple,
you can easily feel your heart beating where the apex contacts the
chest wall. Hence, this site is referred to as the point of maximal
intensity (PMI).
3
5. 2-Coverings of the heart2-Coverings of the heart
• The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the
pericardium
• The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac is the
fibrous pericardium. This tough, dense connective tissue
layer
(1) protects the heart,
(2) anchors it to surrounding structures
(3) prevents overfilling of the heart with blood.
• Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the serous
pericardium, a thin, slippery, two-layer serous
membrane.
5
6. Coverings of the heartCoverings of the heart
Its parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous
pericardium.
At the superior margin of the heart, the parietal layer attaches to
the large arteries exiting the heart, and then turns inferiorly and
continues over the external heart surface as the visceral layer,
also called the epicardium (“upon the heart”), which is an
integral part of the heart wall.
Between the parietal and visceral layers is the slitlike
pericardial cavity, which contains a film of serous fluid. The
serous membranes, lubricated by the fluid, glide smoothly past
one another during heart activity, allowing the mobile heart to
work in a relatively friction-free environment.
6
8. 3-Layers of the heart wall3-Layers of the heart wall
The superficial epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous
pericardium.
The middle layer, the myocardium (“muscle heart”), is composed
mainly of cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart. It is the layer
that contracts.
In this layer, the branching cardiac muscle cells are tethered to one
another by crisscrossing connective tissue fibers and arranged in spiral
or circular bundles
The third layer, the endocardium (“inside the heart”), is a glistening
white sheet of endothelium (squamous epithelium) resting on a thin
connective tissue layer.
Located on the inner myocardial surface, it lines the heart chambers
and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves. The endocardium is
continuous with the endothelial linings of the blood vessels leaving and
entering the heart.
8
10. 4-Chambers & great vessels4-Chambers & great vessels
The heart has four chambers two superior atria and two inferior
ventricles
The internal partition that divides the heart longitudinally is called
the interatrial septum where it separates the atria, and the
interventricular septum where it separates the ventricles.
The right ventricle forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.
The left ventricle dominates the inferoposterior aspect of the heart
and forms the heart apex.
Two grooves visible on the heart surface indicate the boundaries of
its four chambers and carry the blood vessels supplying the
myocardium. The coronary sulcus, or atrioventricular groove,
encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles like a crown.
10
11. Chambers & great vesselsChambers & great vessels
The anterior interventricular sulcus, cradling the anterior
interventricular artery, marks the anterior position of the
septum separating the right and left ventricles.
It continues as the posterior interventricular sulcus, which
provides a similar landmark on the heart’s posteroinferior
surface.
11
13. Chambers & great vesselsChambers & great vessels
Atria: The Receiving Chambers.Atria: The Receiving Chambers.
•Right atrium has two basic parts
1.a smooth-walled posterior part
2.anterior portion in which the walls are ridged by bundles of muscle
tissue. Because these bundles look like the teeth of a comb, these
muscle bundles are called pectinate muscles
•The posterior and anterior regions of the right atrium are separated
by a C-shaped ridge called the crista terminalis (“terminal crest”).
• In contrast, the left atrium is mostly smooth and undistinguished
internally.
•The interatrial septum bears a shallow depression, the fossa ovalis
that marks the spot where an opening, the foramen ovale, existed in
the fetal heart 13
14. Chambers & great vesselsChambers & great vessels
Blood enters the right atrium via three veins
The superior vena cava returns blood from body regions
superior to the diaphragm;
The inferior vena cava returns blood from body areas
below the diaphragm; and
The coronary sinus collects blood draining from the
myocardium.
Four pulmonary veins enter the left atrium, which makes up
most of the heart’s base. These veins, which transport blood
from the lungs back to the heart, are best seen in a posterior
view
14
15. Right anterior view of the internal aspect of the right atrium.Right anterior view of the internal aspect of the right atrium.
15
17. Chambers & great vesselsChambers & great vessels
Ventricles: The Discharging chambersVentricles: The Discharging chambers
•The right ventricle forms most of the heart’s anterior surface
•Left ventricle dominates its posteroinferior surface.
•Marking the internal walls of the ventricular chambers are irregular
ridges of muscle called trabeculae carneae “crossbars of flesh”).
•Still other muscle bundles, the cone like papillary muscles, which
play a role in valve function, project into the ventricular cavity.
•The ventricles are the discharging chambers or actual pumps of the
heart When the ventricles contract, blood is propelled out of the heart
into the circulation.
•The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk, which
routes the blood to the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
•The left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta the largest artery in the
body. 17
19. Anatomical differences in right and left ventricles. The left ventricle
has a thicker wall and its cavity is basically circular; the right ventricle
cavity is crescent shaped and wraps around the left ventricle.
19
21. 5-Coronary circulation5-Coronary circulation
• The coronary circulationcoronary circulation, the functional blood supply of the
heart, is the shortest circulation in the body.
• The arterial supply of the coronary circulation is provided by
the right and left coronary arteries, both arising from the base
of the aorta and encircling the heart in the coronary sulcus .
• The left coronary artery runs toward the left side of the heart
and then divides into its major branches:
1.1. Anterior interventricular arteryAnterior interventricular artery (also known clinically as the
left anterior descending artery), which follows the anterior
interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the
interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles;
2.2. Circumflex arteryCircumflex artery, which supplies the left atrium and the
posterior walls of the left ventricle.
21
23. Coronary arteriesCoronary arteries
• The right coronary artery courses to the right side of the
heart, where it also divides into two branches:
1.1. Marginal arteryMarginal artery, which serves the myocardium of the
lateral right side of the heart,
2.2. Posterior interventricular arteryPosterior interventricular artery, which runs to the heart
apex and supplies the posterior ventricular walls.
• Near the apex of the heart, this artery merges
(anastomoses) with the anterior interventricular artery.
• Together the branches of the right coronary artery supply
the right atrium and nearly all the right ventricle.
23
24. Coronary veinsCoronary veins
• After passing through the capillary beds of the myocardium, the
venous blood is collected by the cardiac veins, whose paths
roughly follow those of the coronary arteries.
• These veins join together to form an enlarged vessel called the
coronary sinus, which empties the blood into the right atrium.
• The coronary sinus is obvious on the posterior aspect of the heart.
• The sinus has three large tributaries:
1. the great cardiac veingreat cardiac vein in the anterior interventricular sulcus;
2. the middle cardiac veinmiddle cardiac vein in the posterior interventricular sulcus;
3. the small cardiac veinsmall cardiac vein, running along the heart’s right inferior
margin.
• Additionally, several anterior cardiac veins empty directly into
the right atrium anteriorly.
24
26. 6-Heart valves6-Heart valves
• Blood flows through the heart in one direction: from atria
to ventricles and out the great arteries leaving the superior
aspect of the heart.
• This one-way traffic is enforced by four valves that open
and close in response to differences in blood pressure on
their two sides.
26
27. Atrioventricular ValvesAtrioventricular Valves
• The two atrioventricular (AV) valves, one located at each
atrial-ventricular junction, prevent backflow into the atria when
the ventricles are contracting.
• The right AV valve, the tricuspid valve, has three flexible
cusps (flaps of endocardium reinforced by connective tissue
cores).
• The left AV valve, with two flaps, is called the mitral valve. It
is sometimes called the bicuspid valve.
• Attached to each AV valve flap are tiny white collagen cords
called chordae tendineae (“tendonous cords”), “heart strings”
which anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding
from the ventricular walls.
27
28. The valves open when the blood pressure exerted on their atrialThe valves open when the blood pressure exerted on their atrial
side is greater than that exerted on their ventricular side.side is greater than that exerted on their ventricular side.
28
29. The valves are forced closed when the ventricles contract andThe valves are forced closed when the ventricles contract and
intraventricular pressure rises, moving the contained bloodintraventricular pressure rises, moving the contained blood
superiorly. The action of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineaesuperiorly. The action of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
keeps the valve flaps closed.keeps the valve flaps closed.
29
30. Semilunar ValvesSemilunar Valves
The aortic and pulmonary (semilunar, SL) valves guard the
bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles (aorta and
pulmonary trunk, respectively) and prevent backflow into the
associated ventricles.
Like the AV valves, the SL valves open and close in response to
differences in pressure.
In the SL case, when the ventricles are contracting and
intraventricular pressure rises above the pressure in the aorta and
pulmonary trunk, the SL valves are forced open and their cusps
flatten against the arterial walls as the blood rushes past them.
When the ventricles relax, and the blood (no longer propelled
forward by the pressure of ventricular contraction) flows backward
toward the heart, it fills the cusps and closes the valves.
30
32. When the ventricles relax, the back flowing blood closes theWhen the ventricles relax, the back flowing blood closes the
valves.valves.
32
33. Superior view of the two sets of heart valves (atria removed). The pairedSuperior view of the two sets of heart valves (atria removed). The paired
atrioventricular valves are located between atria and ventricles; the twoatrioventricular valves are located between atria and ventricles; the two
semilunar valves are located at the junction of the ventricles and the arteriessemilunar valves are located at the junction of the ventricles and the arteries
issuing from them.issuing from them.
33
34. Photograph of the tricuspid valve. This bottom-to-top view begins in thePhotograph of the tricuspid valve. This bottom-to-top view begins in the
right ventricle and faces toward the right atrium.right ventricle and faces toward the right atrium.
34