The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones that form a protective framework for muscles and soft tissues. There are two main types of skeleton - the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulders, pelvis and limbs. Bones provide structure, movement, protection and mineral storage. There are many different bone types distributed throughout the body. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with different joint types providing varying degrees of mobility and stability.

1. Skeleton
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2.  Introduction
 Skeleton
 Types of skeleton
 Function of skeleton
 Bones
 Types of bones
 Distribution of bones
 Joints
 Types of joints
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3.  The average human adult skeleton has
206 bones joined to ligaments and
tendons
 Forms a protective and supportive
framework for the attached muscles and
the soft tissues which underlie it.
 Minor differences between male and
female skeletons: men's bones tend to be
larger and heavier than corresponding
women's bones, and a woman's pelvic
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4.  There are two types of skeleton
 Axial skeleton
 Skull
 Thorasic girdle
 Vertebral column
 Appendicular skeleton
 Shoulder girdle and upper limb
 Pelvic girdle and lower limb
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5.  movement by providing a series of
independently movable levers, which the
muscles can pull to move different parts of
the body
 It supports and protects the internal body
organs
 It is an efficient factory which produces red
blood cells from the bone marrow of certain
bones and white cells from the marrow of
other bones
 The bones are also a storehouse for minerals
- calcium, for example - which can be
supplied to other parts of the body
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7. Vertebral columnThe phalanges of
the hand
 proximal phalanges (5 × 2=10)
 intermediate phalanges
 The spinal vertebrae of the vertebral column (26
bones)
› The cervical vertebrae (7)
› The thoracic vertebrae (12)
› The lumbar vertebrae (5)
› The sacral vertebrae(5 at birth, later fused into one)
› The coccygeal vertebrae (4 at birth, later fused into
one)
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8. Chest
 The sternum(1)
 The rib (24, in 12 pairs), including:
› (7) pairs called "true ribs" directly
attached to the sternum (1st-7th pairs)
› (3) pairs (8th,9th and 10th pairs), also
known as false ribs are attached
anteriorly to each other and to the 7th
rib by cartilages and synovial joints
› (2) pairs of floating ribs (11th and 12th
pairs), have no anterior attachment.
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9.  The skull (1)
› The cranial bones (8)
 The occipital bone
 The parietal bones (2)
 The frontal bone
 The temporal bones (2)
 The sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as
facial)
 The ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as
facial)
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10. › The facial bones (15)
 The nasal bones (2)
 The maxillae (upper jaw) (2)
 The lacrimal bone (2)
 The zygomatic bone (2)
 The palatine bone (2)
 The inferior nasal concha (2)
 The vomer
 The mandible (lower jaw)
 The hyoid bone (sometimes not counted
as facial)
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11. In the middle ears (3 x
2=6)
›malleus (2)
›incus(2)
›stapes (2)
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12.  The clavicle
 The scapula
Arm
 The bones of the upper arm (6 bones, 3
each side)
› The humerus
› The ulna
› The radius
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13.  The hand (54 bones, 27 in each hand)
› The carpals
 scaphoid bone (2)
 lunate bone (2)
 triquetrum bone (2)
 pisiform bone (2)
 trapezium (2)
 trapezoid bone (2)
 capitate bone (2)
 hamate bone (2)
› The metacarpals (5 × 2=10)
 (4 × 2=8)
 distal phalanges (5 × 2
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14.  The hip bone, comprising the
fused ilium, ischium, and pubis (2)
› The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip
bones to form the pelvis
 The femur
 The patella or knee cap
 The tibia
 The fibula
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15.  The foot (52 bones in total, 26 per foot)
› The tarsus
 calcaneus or heel bone (2)
 talus (2)
 navicular bone (2)
 medial cuneiform bone (2)
 intermediate cuneiform bone (2)
 lateral cuneiform bone (2)
 cuboid bone (2)
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16. › The metatarsals
› The phalanges of the foot
proximal phalanges (5 × 2=10)
intermediate phalanges (4 x 2=
8)
distal phalanges (5 x 2=10)
The sesamoid bones
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17.  Joints are sturdy enough to hold the
skeleton together while permitting a range of
motions.
 Joints are lubricated by "synovial" fluid.
 The ends of these joints are coated with
articular (or hyaline) cartilage, which
reduces friction and cushions against jolts.
 Between the bones, in a narrow space, is the
joint "cavity," which gives us freedom of
movement.
 Ligaments then bind these bones to prevent
dislocations and limit the joint's movement
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18.  class of join tmobility stability examples from the skeleton
 diagram
 Fibrous No movement
 Most stable
 Joints between the bones of the skull and between the fused
bones of the sacrum and coccyx
 Cartilaginous Little movement
 StableJoints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the
cervical, thoracic and part of the lumbar spine
 Synovial Free movement
 Least stable
 Joints between the bones of the arms and legs
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Joint Types
Ball and Socket
• The greatest range
of joint movement is
provided by a "ball-
and- socket" joint, in
which the spherical
head of one bone
lodges in the
spherical cavity of
another

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Hinge
• The simplest type of
joint is the "hinge,"
as found in the
elbows and the
joints of the fingers
and toes.
• Hinge joints allow
movement in only
one direction.
Elbow

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Pivot
• A pivot joint allows
two bones to move in
a rotational motion by
twisting against each
other
• The radio-ulnar joint
in the elbow, or
atlas/axis in the neck
do this

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Gliding
• Gliding" joints permit a
wide range of mostly
sideways movements -
as well as movements in
one direction
• The bones in the wrists
and ankles slide against
each other in a gliding
motion
• The spine is a series of
gliding joints
•