This presentation focus on fundamentals of anatomy and physiotherapy

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS
Dr.R.Kalidasan
Dept. of Physical Education
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli
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2. Anatomy
Anatomy is the term derived from Greek
means ‘cut up’ or ‘cut open’
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“Anatomy" commonly refer to human anatomy.
Later same structures and tissues are found throughout the
rest of the animal kingdom and the term also includes the
anatomy of other animals.
Zootomy is used to specifically refer to animals.
The structure and tissues of plants are of a dissimilar nature
and they are studied in plant anatomy.

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In its broadest sense, anatomy is
the study of the structure of an
object, in this case the human
body
Father of Anatomy
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

5. Definition of Anatomy
•Anatomy is the study of the structure
and relationship between body parts.
•Human anatomy, the biological
science concerned with the structure
of the human body.
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6. •Anatomy is the study of internal
and external structures of the body
and the relationships between
body parts.
•Anatomy is ‘a study of the
structure or internal workings of
something’.8/21/2017 6

7. •Anatomy is ‘the branch of science concerned
with the bodily structure of humans, animals,
and other living organisms, especially as
revealed by dissection and the separation of
parts’.
•Anatomy is the scientific study of the
structure of organisms including their systems,
organs and tissues. It includes the appearance
and position of the various parts, the materials
from which they are composed, their locations
and their relationships with other parts.8/21/2017 7

8. Physiology
Physiology is the term
derived from ancient Greek
means (Physis) ‘nature,
origin’ and (logia) means
‘study of’
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9. Jean Fernel, a French physician,
introduced the term "physiology"
in 1525.
Academic subject: UG, PG
programmes in Indian University.
Great invention of all time
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355 inventions
The merchant of death died
Noble prize for Physiology or
medicine – 1901 – Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences

11. Nobel Prize
•Physics
•Chemistry
•Literature
•Peace
•Physiology or Medicine
•Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences8/21/2017 11

12. Year Laureates Subject Notes
1913 Rabindranath Tagore Literature First Indian winner.
1930 C.V.Raman Physics Also Knighted.
1968 Har Gobind Khorana Medicine Subsequently acquired U.S citizenship.
1979 Mother Teresa Peace Was Born in Albania.
1983
Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar
Physics Subsequently acquired U.S citizenship.
1998 Amartya Sen Economics
2014 Kailash satyarthi Peace
INDIAN CITIZEN LAUREATES
The following are Nobel laureates who were
awarded the prize when they held Indian citizenship.
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13. Year Laureates Subject Notes
1902 Ronald Ross Medicine Indian-born British citizen
1907 Rudyard Kipling Literature Indian-born British citizen
1979 Abdus Salam Physics Indian-born Pakistan citizen
1989 14th Dalai Lama Peace
Tibetan religious leader residing
in India
2001 V. S. Naipaul Literature
Trinidadian born British citizen of
Indian descent
2006 Muhammad Yunus Peace Indian-born Bangladesh citizen
2007 Rajendra K. Pachauri Peace
Indian citizen and the chairman
of Nobel winning IPCC
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry Indian-born U.S citizen
OTHER LAUREATES RELATED TO INDIA
The following are Nobel laureates related to India who were
awarded the prize.
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14. Definition of Physiology
Physiology is ‘the branch of biology that
deals with the normal functions of living
organisms and their parts’.
Physiology is ‘the study of the function of
body parts and the body as a whole’.
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15. Physiology is ‘the study of how living
organisms perform their vital functions’.
Physiology is ‘the way in which a living
organism or bodily part functions’.
Physiology is ‘the scientific study of
function in living systems’.
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NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
Knowledge of human anatomy is a foundation
for further study in
•allied health
•physical education
•kinesiology
•biomechanics
•motor learning
•growth & development and
•physiology

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•The knowledge of anatomy helps to understand
the general plan of the human body, the organs &
systems and their relationship.
The main systems of the human body are: (11/12)
•Cardiovascular / Circulatory system
•Digestive system / Excretory system
•Endocrine system
•Integumentary system/ Exocrine system
•Lymphatic system / Immune system
•Muscular system/Skeletal system
•Nervous system
•Renal system/ Urinary system
•Reproductive system
•Respiratory system
There are approximately 79 organs

18. •The basic knowledge of anatomy and
physiology is essential for physical
educator to know the structure and
function of various systems / organs & its
parts.
•Knowledge and appreciation of the value
of anatomy to understanding the human
body so a more healthy and productive
life can be enjoyed.

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Health - Understanding the parts of the human body and
how they work will promote your own personal health and
those of your family members.
Physical Educators/Sports Medicine/Coaching - when
working with students and athletes, it is important to know
anatomy in order to ensure quick assessment and treatment
of injuries, as well as promoting their prevention.
First Responders - Those who respond to emergencies, are
part of search and rescue or are just citizen bystanders are
the ones who will first come into contact with those needing
physical help. Advanced knowledge of anatomy and
physiology will make it easier to give or obtain them proper
treatment.

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•Demonstrate the ability to think critically
when applying anatomical knowledge to
practical and relevant examples from the
discipline.
•An idea or knowledge about our muscles,
bones and other body systems for this one
need knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
•Describe how each system responds to the
acute and chronic effects exercise.

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•Understand basic laboratory procedures used
to evaluate function of each physiological
system.
•To understand the fundamentals such as
structure and function of cell, tissue, organ and
so on.
•Injury prevention, first aid, athletic ability
improvement.
•To identify muscles & explain action.

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•To discuss present the different energy
system.
•During training / exercises of subject and its
influences of it’s on various systems / organ.
•The sports performance is closely related to
anatomy and physiology of sportsperson.
•Anatomy and Physiology plays critical role in
the health of the sports person.

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Cell
•Cell come from latin word ‘cella’ means ‘small room’.
•Humans contain about 100 trillion (1014) cells.
•Cell is otherwise called as ‘Building blocks of life’.
•The study of cells is called Cell biology.

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The Cell was discovered by
Robert Hookee in 1665
1635 – 1703

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Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed
Cell theory in 1839 which states that all plants and animals
are made-up Cells and cell is basic unit of life.

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Each Cell has its own life span.
•Born
•Lives
•Feeds itself
•Excretes
•Reproduces
•Grows
•Dies and its replaced

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Definition of Cell
Cell is the basic unit of life.
Cell is the basic structural,
functional and biological unit of all
known living organisms.

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Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
It is the smallest unit of life.

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A cell is made of protoplasm.
Cell is differentiated into three principal parts.
I. Plasma Membrane (or) Cell Membrane
II. Cytoplasm
III. Nucleus

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I. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane
Extremely thin practically invisible, elastic membrane of
protoplasm
Act as a selective permeable membrane (regulate the
passage of some substances through it)
•Glucose
•Water
•Oxygen
•Carbon di oxide pass through easily
Fatty acids, glycerol and urea pass through it less easily
While inorganic salts, proteins and carbohydrate do not pass
at all.

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II. Cytoplasm
•Transparent
•Jelly like fluid
•It lying between the cell membrane and nucleus
•The cytoplasm is formed of
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Certain inorganic substances including water

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Lipids are a group of naturally occurring
molecules that include
•fats
•waxes
•sterols
•fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K)
•monoglycerides
•diglycerides
•triglycerides
•phospholipids and others

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II. Cytoplasm
1. Endoplasmic reticulum
2. Glogi apparatus
3. Mitochondria
4. Lysosomes
5. Centrosome
6. Microtubules

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1.Endoplasmic reticulum
•Tubular structure
•Contain two membranes
•Serve as channel for movement of
materials within the cell
•Materials synthesised are stored in
the endoplasmic reticulum

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Endoplasmic reticulum is in two forms
a. Granular or rough endoplasmic reticulum
-containing ribosomes
-ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
b. Agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-does not contain ribosomes
-this is concerned with the synthesis of fatty acid
and steroid
-they store and release calcium

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2. Glogi apparatus
-cup shaped structure
-lies between the nucleous and apex
of the cell
-concerned with secretion of protein
and synthesis of enzymes

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3. Mitochondria
- rod like structure made-up of two layer
-outer layer is smooth and the inner layer has
many folding or projections called cristae
-space inside the inner membrane is filled with
a dense material called martrix
-martrix includes nearly 60 enzymes & hence
are called ‘enzyme pockets’.
-play an important role ‘cell respiration’ and
production of energy
-Power house of cell

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4. Lysosomes
Small bags of enzymes
Contain about 40 digestive enzymes
Called as ‘Suicidal bags’ of the cell
Damaged cells are broken down and
digested by the lysosomes.

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5.Centrosome
-present near the nucleus
-centre of central body
- each centrosome is spherical in shape
consisting of two small granules called
centrioles
-Centrosome is involved in the formation
of spindle fibers and astral rays during cell
division

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6. Microtubules
Hollow cylinders
They maintain the shape
of the cell

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III. Nucleus
Largest structure present in the centre
of the cell
More or less spherical in shape
Covered by nuclear membrane
Nucleus contain
a. Nucleolous b. Choromatin

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A. Nucleolous
Highly coiled filament structure
present in the nucleus
Not surrounded by a membrane
Contains granules that synthesize
RNA (Ribonucletic acid)

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B. Chromatin
threads genetic carry information
responsible for determining the
hereditary characteristics
hereditary determinants called genes are
arranged linearly on chromosomes
there are twenty three pairs of forty six
chromosomes

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Tissue
•Tissue (biology), a group of biological
cells that perform a similar function
•Tissue: A group or layer of cells
that perform specific functions. For
example, muscle tissue is a group
of muscle cells.

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Organ
In biology, an organ (or viscus) is a collection
of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a
common function.
A group of tissues that perform a
specific function or group of functions.
There are approximately 79 organs

48. The Human body
Systems (12)
Organs (79 approx.)
Tissues
Cell

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50. Human Skeleton
is the internal framework of the body.
It is composed of 270 bones at birth –
this total decreases to 206 bones by
adulthood after some bones have fused
together.
The bone mass in the skeleton reaches
maximum density around age 30.

51. Classification
1. Axial Skeleton (80)
(Vertebral column, rib cage and skull)
2. Appendicular Skeleton (126)
(pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and bones of
the upper and lower limbs)

52. Types of Bones
Long bones (Arms, hands, legs and feet)
Short bones {Bones of Wrist (Carpal bones) & Bones of ankles (Tarsal bones)}
Flat bones (Most of bones in skull & Bones of the thorax (chest)-rib, sterum)
Irregular Bones (vertebrae, pelvis)
Sesamoid bones (patella)

53. Gender difference in the skeleton
In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and
less robust than corresponding male elements within a given
population.
In gender difference in the human skeleton is generally
observed in
• skull
•dentition
•sterum
•long bones
•pelves

58. Function of bones
Bones form an important component of the skeletal system They perform a wide
range of important functions that can be classified into three categories:
Mechanical Functions of bones:
Protection:
At numerous places inside the body, bones serve to protect important and delicate
organs. The best examples to be quoted here are those of brain (which is protected
by the skull) and heart (which is protected by the ribcage).
Shape:
Because of their rigid nature, bones provide a framework around which the body is
built. So bones are responsible for the shape and form of human body.
Movement:
Working with skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints, the bones form the
moving machinery of human body. The major role of bones in movement is that they
act as levers, which make use of the forces generated by skeletal muscles in a
beneficial way.

59. Synthetic Functions of Bones:
Synthesis of blood cells:
The major synthetic role of bones is to produce blood
cells. The bones themselves are not capable of doing
this. Instead, they house the bone marrow, which
contains Hematopoieticstem cells, capable of
producing blood cells. In infants, bone marrow of all
long bones is capable of this synthesis, however, as a
person gets older, the red marrow turns into yellow
fatty marrow, which is no more capable of
hematopoiesis. The red marrow in adults and older
individuals is restricted to vertebrae and heads of
tibia and femur.

60. Metabolic Functions of Bones
Mineral Storage:
Bones serve as an important store house of
minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Fat storage:
The yellow bone marrow of long bones act as a
storage of fats.
Role in acid-base balance:
Bone buffers the blood against excessive pH
changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts

61. Functions
The human skeleton serves six major functions
•support
•movement
•protection
•production of blood cells
•storage of minerals
•endocrine regulation

65. Ribs
12 pairs all attached to the backbone.
First seven are true ribs joining also to the sternum.
Next three are the false ribs, which also join to the seventh
rib.
Last two are the floating ribs — only joined at one end to
the backbone.

67. The sternum or breastbone is a flat thin bone at the centre of the chest wall

68. Vertebral column
Backbone or spine
There are normally
33 vertebrae

69. Region and position - from top to bottom
•Cervical spine - 7
•Thoracic spine - 12
•Lumbar spine - 5
•Sacrum -5
•Coccyx - 4

70. Cervical spine
7 vertebrae (C1–C7)

71. Thoracic spine
12 vertebrae (T1–T12)

72. Lumbar spine
5 vertebrae (L1–L5)

73. Sacrum
5 (fused) vertebrae (S1–S5)

74. Coccyx
4 (3–5) (fused)
vertebrae (Tailbone)

75. The Upper Limb
The “Arm” bone is called the Humerus, the largest,
longest bone of the upper limb.
Bones of the Upper Extremity

76. The “Forearm” has two parallel long bones, called the Radius and the Ulna.

77. The “Hand” contains:
–8 “wrist” bones or Carpals
–5 “hand” bones or Metacarpals
–14 “finger” bones or Phalanges

78. Carpals
•Scaphoid/Navicular
•Lunate
•Triquetral
•Pisiform
These bones articulate
with the radius and ulna
•Trapezium
•Trapezoid
•Capitate
•Hamate
These bones articulate with the metacarpals

79. Metacarpals
•Form the palm of your hand
•Are numbered 1-5
•Each metacarpal has a:
–Base= proximal end, articulates with carpals
–Shaft= middle portion
–Head= distal end, form your knuckles

80. Phalanges
•Forms your fingers
•Each finger, except for the thumb, has three phalanges
–Proximal, middle, and distal
•Each one is numbered from 1-5
–#1= thumb, #2=index finger, #3=middle finger, #4=ring
finger, #5=little finger

81. Bones of the Lower Extremity
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Femur
Petalla
Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges

82. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

83. Femur

84. Petalla

85. Tibia and Fibula

86. Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges

87. TYPES OF JOINTS
Joint is derived from Latin iunctus
A joint (articulation) is the point where
two or more bones meet.
Provide mechanical support / allow
movement in most of case expect few

88. The joints may be classified anatomically into the
following groups:
•Articulations of hand
•Elbow joints
•Wrist joints
•Axillary articulations
•Sternoclavicular joints
•Vertebral articulations
•Temporomandibular joints
•Sacroiliac joints
•Hip joints
•Knee joints
•Articulations of foot

89. Structural classification (binding tissue)
Functional classification (movement)
Biomechanical classification

90. Structural classification (binding tissue)
There are three main types of joints
Fibrous (immoveable)
Cartilaginous (partially moveable)
Synovial (freely moveable)

91. Functional classification (movement)
Joints can also be classified functionally according to the
type and degree of movement they allow:
synarthrosis – permits little or no mobility. Most
synarthrosis joints are fibrous joints (e.g., skull sutures).
amphiarthrosis – permits slight mobility. Most amphiarthrosis joints
are cartilaginous joints (e.g., intervertebral discs).
diarthrosis – freely movable. All diarthrosis joints
are synovial joints (e.g., shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, etc.),
and the terms "diarthrosis" and "synovial joint" are
considered equivalent by Terminologia Anatomica

92. Biomechanical classification
Joints can also be classified based on their anatomy or on
their biomechanical properties.
Simple joint: two articulation surfaces (e.g. shoulder
joint, hip joint)
Compound joint: three or more articulation surfaces
(e.g. radiocarpal joint)
Complex joint: two or more articulation surfaces and
an articular disc or meniscus (e.g. knee joint)

93. Joint Type Movement at joint Examples Structure
Hinge Flexion/Extension
Elbow/Knee Hinge joint
Pivot
Rotation of one bone around
another
Top of the neck
(atlas and axis bones)
Pivot Joint
Ball and
Socket
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Internal & External
Rotation Shoulder/Hip
Ball and socket joint
Saddle
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction
CMC joint of the thumb
Saddle joint
Condyloid
Flexion/Extension/Adduction/
Abduction/Circumduction
Wrist/MCP & MTP joints
Condyloid joint
Gliding Gliding movements
Intercarpal joints
Gliding joint
Types of Synovial Joint