SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 27
SCIENCE
The natural phenomenon
Biology
1.Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and their
interactions with each other and their environments. It is a diverse
and dynamic field that encompasses a wide range of topics, from the
molecular and cellular levels to ecosystems and the biosphere. Here
are some key aspects of biology:
Levels of Organization:
1. Molecular Biology: Examines the structure and function of biological
molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids.
2. Cell Biology: Focuses on the structure and function of cells, the basic units
of life.
3. Organismal Biology: Investigates the structure, function, and behavior of
entire organisms.
Genetics and Heredity:
4. Genetics: Studies the principles of inheritance and variation in living
organisms.
5. Genomics: Involves the study of entire genomes, including the identification
and mapping of genes.
Introduction
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes
knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions
about the universe. It is a disciplined and methodical approach to
understanding the natural world and the underlying principles that
govern its behavior. The primary goal of science is to uncover the
patterns and regularities in nature through observation,
experimentation, and logical reasoning.
Key features of science include:
1.Empirical Evidence: Scientific knowledge is based on
empirical evidence obtained through observation and
experimentation. This evidence is gathered using the five
senses or through the use of instruments that extend human
perception.
2.Systematic Observation: Scientists carefully observe and
gather data in a systematic manner. This involves developing
hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results to
draw meaningful conclusions.
• Testability: Scientific hypotheses and theories must be testable
and falsifiable. This means that there must be a way to
experimentally verify or refute a hypothesis based on
observable evidence.
Predictive Power: Successful scientific theories not only
explain past observations but also have the ability to make
accurate predictions about future events or phenomena.
Reproducibility: Scientific findings should be reproducible,
meaning that other researchers should be able to conduct similar
experiments and obtain similar results. This helps validate the
reliability of scientific claims.
Universal Principles: Scientific principles and laws are often
universal, applying consistently across different contexts and
environments. This contributes to the development of a unified
understanding of the natural world.
Branches of science
• Physical Sciences:
• Physics: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental
forces that govern the universe.
• Chemistry: The study of the composition, properties, and
behavior of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during
chemical reactions.
• Astronomy: The study of celestial objects, including stars,
planets, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.
• Life Sciences (Biology):
• Biology: The study of living organisms, their structure, function,
growth, evolution, and distribution.
• Botany: Focuses on the study of plants, including their
structure, growth, reproduction, and classification.
• Zoology: Concentrates on the study of animals, including their
behavior, physiology, classification, and evolution.
• Earth Sciences:
• Geology: The study of the Earth's structure, composition, and
processes, including the study of rocks, minerals, and the
forces that shape the Earth's surface.
• Meteorology: Investigates the Earth's atmosphere, weather
patterns, and climate.
• Oceanography: Examines the physical and biological aspects
of the oceans, including their currents, ecosystems, and
geology.
1.Environmental Sciences:
1.Environmental Science: Focuses on the study of the environment,
including the impact of human activities on ecosystems, conservation,
and sustainable practices.
2.Social Sciences:
1.Psychology: The study of the human mind and behavior.
2.Sociology: Examines human society, social relationships, and
institutions.
3.Anthropology: Studies human cultures, societies, and their
development.
Physics
• Physics is the branch of science that studies the fundamental
principles governing the behavior of matter and energy in the
universe. It seeks to understand the nature of the physical
world, from the smallest particles at the quantum level to the
vast expanses of the cosmos. Here are some key aspects of
physics:
Chemistry
• Chemistry is the branch of science that explores the properties,
composition, structure, reactions, and changes of matter. It is
often referred to as the "central science" because it connects
and overlaps with other scientific disciplines, such as physics,
biology, and environmental science. Here are key aspects of
chemistry:
Biochemistry
• Biochemistry is the branch of science that combines principles
of biology and chemistry to study the chemical processes and
substances that occur within living organisms. It focuses on the
molecular mechanisms that underlie various biological functions
and processes. Biochemistry seeks to understand the structure,
function, and interactions of biomolecules, as well as the
metabolic pathways and signaling networks that regulate
cellular activities. Here are key aspects of biochemistry:
Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts,
facilitating and accelerating chemical reactions within living
organisms. They play a crucial role in various physiological
processes, contributing to the maintenance and regulation of
cellular functions. Here are key features and functions of
enzymes:
Chemical kinetics
• Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the
rates of chemical reactions, the factors that influence these
rates, and the mechanisms by which reactions occur. It provides
insights into how reactants transform into products over time.
Understanding chemical kinetics is crucial for optimizing
reaction conditions, designing efficient industrial processes, and
gaining insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Here are key concepts in chemical kinetics:
• Reaction Order and Rate Determining Step:
• Rate-Determining Step: The slowest step in a reaction
mechanism, determining the overall rate of the reaction.
• Overall Reaction Order: The sum of the individual orders of
reactants in the rate-determining step.
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds comprising carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. They serve as a primary energy source for the body.
There are three main types:Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g.,
glucose, fructose).Disaccharides: Two linked sugar units (e.g., sucrose,
lactose).Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units (e.g., starch,
glycogen, cellulose).Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with
salivary amylase breaking down starch into smaller sugars. In the
small intestine, pancreatic enzymes further digest carbohydrates.
Absorbed sugars enter the bloodstream, regulating blood glucose
levels. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Dietary fiber, a non-digestible polysaccharide, promotes digestive
health.
• INTRODUCTION
• ‘Cell’ means a small room or chamber, cells are the
• structural and functional units of all living organisms. The
• major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
• The electron microscope allowed classification of cells
• into two major groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
• based on the presence and absence of the true nucleus.
• Eukaryotes
• ï Eukaryotes have nucleus which is covered by
• nuclear membrane. (Greek: Eue = true, karyon =
• nucleus). Animals, plants and fungi belong to the
• eukaryotes.
• ï Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotes.
• ï Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a variety of
• other membrane-bound organelles (subcellular
• elements) in their cytoplasm, including:
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• ï Endoplasmic reticulum is the interconnected network
• of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the
• cytoplasm (Figures 1.4A and B).
• ï Endoplasmic reticulum forms the link between
• nucleus and cell membrane by connecting the cell
• membrane at one end and the outer membrane of
• the nucleus at the other end (see Figure 1.1).
• ï A large number of minute granular particles called
• Monosaccharides (Greek: Mono = one)
• Monosaccharides are also called simple sugars. The term
• sugar is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in
• water and sweet to taste. They consist of a single
• polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
• Oligosaccharides (Greek: oligo = few)
• Oligosaccharides consist of a short chain of monosaccharide
• units (2 to 10 units), joined together by a characteristic bond
• called glycosidic bond which, on hydrolysis, gives two to
• ten molecules of simple sugar (monosaccharide) units
• Polysaccharides (Greek: Poly = many) or Glycans
• Polysaccharides are polymers consisting of hundreds or
• thousands of monosaccharide units. They are also called
• glycans or complex carbohydrates. They may be either
• linear, (e.g. cellulose) or branched, (e.g. glycogen) in
• structure.
• INTRODUCTION
• Lipids are a major source of energy for the body besides
• their various other biochemical function and their role in
• cellular structure. Lipids are a heterogenous group of
• water insoluble (hydrophobic) organic molecules. Lipids
• include fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds
• DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION AND
• FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
• Definition of Lipids
• Lipids may be defined as organic substances insoluble
• in water but soluble in organic solvents like chloroform,
• ether and benzene. They are esters of fatty acids with
• alcohol esters and are utilizable by the living organism
• Classification of Lipids
• There are many different methods of classifying lipids.
• The most commonly used classification of lipids is
• modified from Bloor as follows:
• 1. Simple lipids
• 2. Complex or compound lipids
• 3. Derived lipids.
• Neutral fats or triacylglycerol or triglycerides
• These are esters of fatty acids with alcohol glycerol, e.g.
• tripalmitin. Because they are uncharged, they are termed
• as neutral fat. The fat we eat are mostly triglycerides. A
• fat in liquid state is called an oil, e.g. vegetable oils like
• groundnut oil, mustard oil, corn oil, etc.
• Waxes
• True waxes
• These are esters of fatty acids with higher molecular
• weight monohydric long chain alcohols. These com-
• pounds have no importance as far as human metabolism
• is concerned. For example,
• ï Lanolin (from lamb’s wool)
• ï Bees-wax
• ï Spermacetic oil (from whales).

More Related Content

Similar to ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoooooooooooooooooolllllllllllllggggggggggggyyyyyyyyyyyyy.pptx

technology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptx
technology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptxtechnology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptx
technology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptx
AmitKasaudhan7
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
AmitKasaudhan7
 
Biology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptx
Biology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptxBiology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptx
Biology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptx
REECHBOLKUOLREECH
 
technologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptx
technologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptxtechnologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptx
technologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptx
AmitKasaudhan7
 
technologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptx
technologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptxtechnologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptx
technologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptx
AmitKasaudhan7
 
Lecture 1 bio
Lecture 1 bioLecture 1 bio
Lecture 1 bio
menwar
 

Similar to ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoooooooooooooooooolllllllllllllggggggggggggyyyyyyyyyyyyy.pptx (19)

ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
technology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptx
technology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptxtechnology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptx
technology.techhhhnnnnooollllgggyyygpptx
 
lect-1 basic biochem.pdf
lect-1 basic biochem.pdflect-1 basic biochem.pdf
lect-1 basic biochem.pdf
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
EB3107 1.0_The study of Life.ppt
EB3107 1.0_The study of Life.pptEB3107 1.0_The study of Life.ppt
EB3107 1.0_The study of Life.ppt
 
Biology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptx
Biology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptxBiology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptx
Biology lecture 1 and 2_e6c1908877387bfcb9829159160b7c89.pptx
 
Introductory physiology lecture notes (1).pdf
Introductory physiology  lecture notes (1).pdfIntroductory physiology  lecture notes (1).pdf
Introductory physiology lecture notes (1).pdf
 
technologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptx
technologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptxtechnologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptx
technologyaaaaaammmmmmmmmmiiiiitttt.pptx
 
Introduction to biochemistry usp
Introduction to biochemistry uspIntroduction to biochemistry usp
Introduction to biochemistry usp
 
Introduction to biochemistry
Introduction to biochemistry Introduction to biochemistry
Introduction to biochemistry
 
technologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptx
technologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptxtechnologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptx
technologyrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrfff.pptx
 
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry-1.ppt
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry-1.pptChapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry-1.ppt
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry-1.ppt
 
Introduction to Biology and Chemistry.pdf
Introduction to Biology and Chemistry.pdfIntroduction to Biology and Chemistry.pdf
Introduction to Biology and Chemistry.pdf
 
Biology ch1
Biology ch1Biology ch1
Biology ch1
 
Lecture 1 bio
Lecture 1 bioLecture 1 bio
Lecture 1 bio
 
ppt on introduction to biochemistry and cell
ppt on introduction to biochemistry and cellppt on introduction to biochemistry and cell
ppt on introduction to biochemistry and cell
 
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptx
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptxL1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptx
L1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY & BODY FLUIDS COMPARTMENTS.pptx
 
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An Introduction
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An IntroductionBiochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An Introduction
Biochemistry, Biomolecules and Cell: An Introduction
 

More from AmitKasaudhan7

More from AmitKasaudhan7 (14)

2 Packaging_Introduction presentation for students
2 Packaging_Introduction presentation for students2 Packaging_Introduction presentation for students
2 Packaging_Introduction presentation for students
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnooo...
 
SCIENCE and daily applications... . pptx
SCIENCE and daily applications... . pptxSCIENCE and daily applications... . pptx
SCIENCE and daily applications... . pptx
 

Recently uploaded

Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
amitlee9823
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tirupati🔝 Escor...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tirupati🔝   Escor...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tirupati🔝   Escor...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tirupati🔝 Escor...
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
amitlee9823
 
Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........
Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........
Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........
deejay178
 
一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证
一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证
一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证
epodumf6
 
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
amitlee9823
 
Internship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmk
Internship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmkInternship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmk
Internship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmk
SujalTamhane
 
Call Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
amitlee9823
 
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
amitlee9823
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
Call Girls Devanahalli Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service B...
 
Dubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai Koko
Dubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai KokoDubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai Koko
Dubai Call Girls Kiki O525547819 Call Girls Dubai Koko
 
Call Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Bidadi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
 
CFO_SB_Career History_Multi Sector Experience
CFO_SB_Career History_Multi Sector ExperienceCFO_SB_Career History_Multi Sector Experience
CFO_SB_Career History_Multi Sector Experience
 
Solution Manual for First Course in Abstract Algebra A, 8th Edition by John B...
Solution Manual for First Course in Abstract Algebra A, 8th Edition by John B...Solution Manual for First Course in Abstract Algebra A, 8th Edition by John B...
Solution Manual for First Course in Abstract Algebra A, 8th Edition by John B...
 
Guide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWN
Guide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWNGuide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWN
Guide to a Winning Interview May 2024 for MCWN
 
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tirupati🔝 Escor...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tirupati🔝   Escor...➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men  🔝Tirupati🔝   Escor...
➥🔝 7737669865 🔝▻ Tirupati Call-girls in Women Seeking Men 🔝Tirupati🔝 Escor...
 
Presentation for the country presentation
Presentation for the country presentationPresentation for the country presentation
Presentation for the country presentation
 
TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...
TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...
TEST BANK For Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and Application of...
 
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
Call Girls Jayanagar Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Ban...
 
Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........
Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........
Gabriel_Carter_EXPOLRATIONpp.pptx........
 
一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证
一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证
一比一原版(毕业证书)意大利米兰理工大学毕业证学位证可查学历认证
 
Pooja 9892124323, Call girls Services and Mumbai Escort Service Near Hotel Sa...
Pooja 9892124323, Call girls Services and Mumbai Escort Service Near Hotel Sa...Pooja 9892124323, Call girls Services and Mumbai Escort Service Near Hotel Sa...
Pooja 9892124323, Call girls Services and Mumbai Escort Service Near Hotel Sa...
 
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
Chikkabanavara Call Girls: 🍓 7737669865 🍓 High Profile Model Escorts | Bangal...
 
Hyderabad 💫✅💃 24×7 BEST GENUINE PERSON LOW PRICE CALL GIRL SERVICE FULL SATIS...
Hyderabad 💫✅💃 24×7 BEST GENUINE PERSON LOW PRICE CALL GIRL SERVICE FULL SATIS...Hyderabad 💫✅💃 24×7 BEST GENUINE PERSON LOW PRICE CALL GIRL SERVICE FULL SATIS...
Hyderabad 💫✅💃 24×7 BEST GENUINE PERSON LOW PRICE CALL GIRL SERVICE FULL SATIS...
 
Internship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmk
Internship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmkInternship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmk
Internship Report].pdf iiwmoosmsosmshkssmk
 
Call Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hoodi Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
 
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service BangaloreCall Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
Call Girls Hosur Just Call 👗 7737669865 👗 Top Class Call Girl Service Bangalore
 
Résumé (2 pager - 12 ft standard syntax)
Résumé (2 pager -  12 ft standard syntax)Résumé (2 pager -  12 ft standard syntax)
Résumé (2 pager - 12 ft standard syntax)
 
Rearing technique of lac insect and their management
Rearing technique of lac insect and their managementRearing technique of lac insect and their management
Rearing technique of lac insect and their management
 

ttttttttttteeeeeeeeeeeeecccccccccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoooooooooooooooooolllllllllllllggggggggggggyyyyyyyyyyyyy.pptx

  • 2. Biology 1.Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments. It is a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses a wide range of topics, from the molecular and cellular levels to ecosystems and the biosphere. Here are some key aspects of biology: Levels of Organization: 1. Molecular Biology: Examines the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. 2. Cell Biology: Focuses on the structure and function of cells, the basic units of life. 3. Organismal Biology: Investigates the structure, function, and behavior of entire organisms. Genetics and Heredity: 4. Genetics: Studies the principles of inheritance and variation in living organisms. 5. Genomics: Involves the study of entire genomes, including the identification and mapping of genes.
  • 3. Introduction Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. It is a disciplined and methodical approach to understanding the natural world and the underlying principles that govern its behavior. The primary goal of science is to uncover the patterns and regularities in nature through observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning.
  • 4. Key features of science include: 1.Empirical Evidence: Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence obtained through observation and experimentation. This evidence is gathered using the five senses or through the use of instruments that extend human perception. 2.Systematic Observation: Scientists carefully observe and gather data in a systematic manner. This involves developing hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results to draw meaningful conclusions.
  • 5. • Testability: Scientific hypotheses and theories must be testable and falsifiable. This means that there must be a way to experimentally verify or refute a hypothesis based on observable evidence. Predictive Power: Successful scientific theories not only explain past observations but also have the ability to make accurate predictions about future events or phenomena.
  • 6. Reproducibility: Scientific findings should be reproducible, meaning that other researchers should be able to conduct similar experiments and obtain similar results. This helps validate the reliability of scientific claims. Universal Principles: Scientific principles and laws are often universal, applying consistently across different contexts and environments. This contributes to the development of a unified understanding of the natural world.
  • 7. Branches of science • Physical Sciences: • Physics: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces that govern the universe. • Chemistry: The study of the composition, properties, and behavior of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. • Astronomy: The study of celestial objects, including stars, planets, galaxies, and the universe as a whole.
  • 8. • Life Sciences (Biology): • Biology: The study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution. • Botany: Focuses on the study of plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, and classification. • Zoology: Concentrates on the study of animals, including their behavior, physiology, classification, and evolution.
  • 9. • Earth Sciences: • Geology: The study of the Earth's structure, composition, and processes, including the study of rocks, minerals, and the forces that shape the Earth's surface. • Meteorology: Investigates the Earth's atmosphere, weather patterns, and climate. • Oceanography: Examines the physical and biological aspects of the oceans, including their currents, ecosystems, and geology.
  • 10. 1.Environmental Sciences: 1.Environmental Science: Focuses on the study of the environment, including the impact of human activities on ecosystems, conservation, and sustainable practices. 2.Social Sciences: 1.Psychology: The study of the human mind and behavior. 2.Sociology: Examines human society, social relationships, and institutions. 3.Anthropology: Studies human cultures, societies, and their development.
  • 11. Physics • Physics is the branch of science that studies the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter and energy in the universe. It seeks to understand the nature of the physical world, from the smallest particles at the quantum level to the vast expanses of the cosmos. Here are some key aspects of physics:
  • 12. Chemistry • Chemistry is the branch of science that explores the properties, composition, structure, reactions, and changes of matter. It is often referred to as the "central science" because it connects and overlaps with other scientific disciplines, such as physics, biology, and environmental science. Here are key aspects of chemistry:
  • 13. Biochemistry • Biochemistry is the branch of science that combines principles of biology and chemistry to study the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. It focuses on the molecular mechanisms that underlie various biological functions and processes. Biochemistry seeks to understand the structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules, as well as the metabolic pathways and signaling networks that regulate cellular activities. Here are key aspects of biochemistry:
  • 14. Enzymes • Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, facilitating and accelerating chemical reactions within living organisms. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, contributing to the maintenance and regulation of cellular functions. Here are key features and functions of enzymes:
  • 15. Chemical kinetics • Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the rates of chemical reactions, the factors that influence these rates, and the mechanisms by which reactions occur. It provides insights into how reactants transform into products over time. Understanding chemical kinetics is crucial for optimizing reaction conditions, designing efficient industrial processes, and gaining insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here are key concepts in chemical kinetics:
  • 16. • Reaction Order and Rate Determining Step: • Rate-Determining Step: The slowest step in a reaction mechanism, determining the overall rate of the reaction. • Overall Reaction Order: The sum of the individual orders of reactants in the rate-determining step.
  • 17. • Carbohydrates are organic compounds comprising carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a primary energy source for the body. There are three main types:Monosaccharides: Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose).Disaccharides: Two linked sugar units (e.g., sucrose, lactose).Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch into smaller sugars. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes further digest carbohydrates. Absorbed sugars enter the bloodstream, regulating blood glucose levels. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Dietary fiber, a non-digestible polysaccharide, promotes digestive health.
  • 18. • INTRODUCTION • ‘Cell’ means a small room or chamber, cells are the • structural and functional units of all living organisms. The • major parts of a cell are the nucleus and the cytoplasm. • The electron microscope allowed classification of cells • into two major groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, • based on the presence and absence of the true nucleus. • Eukaryotes • ï Eukaryotes have nucleus which is covered by • nuclear membrane. (Greek: Eue = true, karyon = • nucleus). Animals, plants and fungi belong to the • eukaryotes. • ï Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotes. • ï Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a variety of • other membrane-bound organelles (subcellular • elements) in their cytoplasm, including:
  • 19. • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • ï Endoplasmic reticulum is the interconnected network • of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the • cytoplasm (Figures 1.4A and B). • ï Endoplasmic reticulum forms the link between • nucleus and cell membrane by connecting the cell • membrane at one end and the outer membrane of • the nucleus at the other end (see Figure 1.1). • ï A large number of minute granular particles called
  • 20. • Monosaccharides (Greek: Mono = one) • Monosaccharides are also called simple sugars. The term • sugar is applied to carbohydrates that are soluble in • water and sweet to taste. They consist of a single • polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit
  • 21. • Oligosaccharides (Greek: oligo = few) • Oligosaccharides consist of a short chain of monosaccharide • units (2 to 10 units), joined together by a characteristic bond • called glycosidic bond which, on hydrolysis, gives two to • ten molecules of simple sugar (monosaccharide) units
  • 22. • Polysaccharides (Greek: Poly = many) or Glycans • Polysaccharides are polymers consisting of hundreds or • thousands of monosaccharide units. They are also called • glycans or complex carbohydrates. They may be either • linear, (e.g. cellulose) or branched, (e.g. glycogen) in • structure.
  • 23. • INTRODUCTION • Lipids are a major source of energy for the body besides • their various other biochemical function and their role in • cellular structure. Lipids are a heterogenous group of • water insoluble (hydrophobic) organic molecules. Lipids • include fats, oils, steroids, waxes and related compounds
  • 24. • DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION AND • FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS • Definition of Lipids • Lipids may be defined as organic substances insoluble • in water but soluble in organic solvents like chloroform, • ether and benzene. They are esters of fatty acids with • alcohol esters and are utilizable by the living organism
  • 25. • Classification of Lipids • There are many different methods of classifying lipids. • The most commonly used classification of lipids is • modified from Bloor as follows: • 1. Simple lipids • 2. Complex or compound lipids • 3. Derived lipids.
  • 26. • Neutral fats or triacylglycerol or triglycerides • These are esters of fatty acids with alcohol glycerol, e.g. • tripalmitin. Because they are uncharged, they are termed • as neutral fat. The fat we eat are mostly triglycerides. A • fat in liquid state is called an oil, e.g. vegetable oils like • groundnut oil, mustard oil, corn oil, etc.
  • 27. • Waxes • True waxes • These are esters of fatty acids with higher molecular • weight monohydric long chain alcohols. These com- • pounds have no importance as far as human metabolism • is concerned. For example, • ï Lanolin (from lamb’s wool) • ï Bees-wax • ï Spermacetic oil (from whales).