Introduction to Physiology

1. •GOOD MORNING CLASS
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2. •FIRST LECTURE
• WEDNESDAY 31ST MARCH,
2021
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3. •9TH WEEK OF THE AMENDED
1ST SEMESTER OF THE
2019/2020 ACADEMIC
SESSION
•(Feb. 1ST – Mar. 31ST 2021)
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4. CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
CONTINUATION
Dr. Eghe Osawaru Aihie
BDS (Benin), MSc. Human Physiology (Benin).
Department of Physiology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Medical Sciences,
University of Benin.

5. ABOUT ME
•???
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6. basic
• Please be punctual to classes
• Please feel free to ask questions on what has been
taught in the class so that I can explain better
• Please don’t get distracted during the lecture
• Contributions to the lecture are welcome, no one
has the monopoly of knowledge
• My work is to facilitate the learning process
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7. An important aspect of this phase of your training
• MBBS PART 2 AND BDS PART 1A PROFESSIONAL
ASSESSMENT
a. Continuous Assessment = 30%
b. Main Examination = 70%
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8. An important aspect of this phase of your training
contd.
a. Continuous Assessment = 30%
i. 1ST CA – THEORY/ESSAY (after Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Physiology)
ii. 2ND CA – Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
iii. 3RD CA – STEEPLE CHASE/PRACTICAL
b. Main Examination = 70%
i. Paper 1 - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) = 25%
ii. Paper 2 - THEORY/ESSAY = 25%
iii. Steeple Chase/Practical = 10%
iv. Viva Voce/Orals = 10%
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9. An important aspect of this phase of your training
contd.
• If you do not the Main Examination
c. Resit Examination = 100%
i. Paper 1 - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) = 100%
ii. Paper 2 - THEORY/ESSAY = 100%
iii. Steeple Chase/Practical = 60%
iv. Viva Voce/Orals = 40%
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10. An important aspect of this phase of your training
contd.
• If you want to make a “Distinction”, the time to
start “thinking about it” and “putting in your
efforts” to achieve it is “NOW” not tomorrow.
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11. Above All These
• Above all these, God is the One who can
sustain you through life.
• O LORD, I know that the path of [life of] a man
is not in himself; It is not within [the limited
ability of] man [even one at his best] to
choose and direct his steps [in life]. (Jeremiah
10:23)
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12. RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS
1. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
(Guyton Physiology) 14th Edition (2020) by John E.
Hall PhD (Author), Michael E. Hall MD MSc.
2. Physiology 6th Edition by Linda S. Costanzo PhD
(2017). 5th Edition published in 2014
3. Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th
Edition) 7th Edition by Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
(2015). 6th Edition published in 2012
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13. RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS contd.
4. Vander's Human Physiology 14th Edition by Eric
Widmaier (Author), Hershel Raff (Author), Kevin
Strang (Author) (2015). 13th Edition published in 2013
5. Berne & Levy Physiology 7th Edition by Bruce M.
Koeppen MD PhD (Author), Bruce A. Stanton PhD
(Author) (2017)
6. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, Twenty sixth
Edition 26th Edition by Kim Barrett (Author), Susan
Barman (Author), Jason Yuan (Author), Heddwen
Brooks (Author) (2019)
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14. RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOKS contd.
7. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGy 8th Revised
edition by K Sembulingam (Author) (2019)
8. Human Physiology 15th Edition by Stuart Fox
(Author), Krista Rompolski (Author) (2018)
9. Etc
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15. IMPORTANCE OF PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology is the science that seeks to explain the
physical and chemical mechanisms that are responsible
for the origin, development, and progression of life.
• The science of human physiology attempts to explain
the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the
human body that make it a living being.
• Human physiology links the basic sciences with
medicine and integrates multiple functions of the cells,
tissues, and organs into the functions of the living
human being. (Hall and Hall, 2021)
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16. Importance of Physiology contd.
• This integration requires communication and coordination
by a vast array of control systems that operate at every
level—from the genes that program synthesis of molecules
to the complex nervous and hormonal systems that
coordinate functions of cells, tissues, and organs
throughout the body.
• Thus, the coordinated functions of the human body are
much more than the sum of its parts, and life in health, as
well as in disease states, relies on this total function.
• (Hall and Hall, 2021)
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17. Importance of Physiology contd.
• Normal human physiology
• Pathophysiology - which is the study of disordered
body function and the basis for clinical medicine.
• “The physiology of today is the medicine of
tomorrow” - Ernest H. Starling, Physiologist (1926)
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18. Importance of Physiology contd.
• Physiology is the foundation of medical practice. A
firm grasp of its principles is essential for the
medical student and the practicing physician.
• Those who learn the principles of Physiology well
will be rewarded throughout their professional
careers! (Costanzo, 2014).
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19. Importance of Physiology contd.
• One of your tasks as you study will be to construct for yourself a
global view of the body, its systems, and the many processes that
keep the systems working.
• This “big picture” is what physiologists call the integration of systems,
and it is a key theme in the book.
• To integrate information, however, you must do more than simply
memorize it.
• You need to truly understand it and be able to use it to solve
problems that you have never encountered before.
• If you are headed for a career in the health professions, you will do
this in the clinics (Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, 2012).
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20. Importance of Physiology contd.
• Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of a living
organism and its component parts, including all its chemical
and physical processes.
• The term physiology literally means “knowledge of
nature.”(Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, 2012).
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21. Importance of Physiology contd.
• Physiology is the study of how living organisms function.
• Physiologists are interested in function and integration—how parts of
the body work together at various levels of organization and, most
importantly, in the entire organism.
• Even when physiologists study parts of organisms, all the way down
to individual molecules, the intention is ultimately to apply the
information they gain to understanding the function of the whole
body.
• As the nineteenth-century physiologist Claude Bernard put it, “After
carrying out an analysis of phenomena, we must . . . always
reconstruct our physiological synthesis, so as to see the joint action of
all the parts we have isolated. . . .” (Widmaier et al., 2013).
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22. Importance of Physiology contd.
• The study of human physiology provides the
scientific foundation for the field of medicine and
all other professions related to human health and
physical performance (Stuart Ira Fox, 2011).
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23. General Principles of Physiology
1. Homeostasis is essential for health and survival.
• The ability to maintain physiological variables such as body
temperature and blood sugar concentrations within normal
ranges is the underlying principle upon which all physiology
is based.
2. The functions of organ systems are coordinated with
each other.
• Physiological mechanisms operate and interact at the level
of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The different
organ systems in the human body do not function
independently of each other.
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24. General Principles of Physiology contd.
3. Most physiological functions are controlled by multiple
regulatory systems, often working in opposition.
• Typically, control systems in the human body operate such
that a given variable, such as heart rate, receives both
stimulatory and inhibitory signals.
4. Information flow between cells, tissues, and organs is an
essential feature of homeostasis and allows for
integration of physiological processes.
• Cells can communicate with nearby cells via locally secreted
chemical signals or Cells in one structure can also
communicate long distances using electrical signals or
chemical messengers such as hormones.
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25. General Principles of Physiology contd.
5. Controlled exchange of materials occurs between
compartments and across cellular membranes.
• The movement of water and solutes—such as ions, sugars,
and other molecules—between the extracellular and
intracellular fluid is critical for the survival of all cells,
tissues, and organs.
6. Physiological processes are dictated by the laws of
chemistry and physics
• Physical laws - the relation between the diameter of a tube
and the flow of liquid through the tube
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26. General Principles of Physiology contd.
7. Physiological processes require the transfer and balance
of matter and energy.
• The Growth and the maintenance of homeostasis require
regulation of the movement and transformation of energy-
yielding nutrients and molecular building blocks between
the body and the environment and between different
regions of the body.
8. Structure is a determinant of function
• The form and composition of cells, tissues, organs, and
organ systems determine how they interact with each
other and with the physical world.
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27. RECALL
1. What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
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28. RECALL
2. What makes up the cardiovascular system?
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3. Lets talk about this?

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4. Lets talk about this?

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5. Lets talk about this?

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6. Lets talk about this?

33. Overview of the Circulation
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General
organization of
the circulatory
system

35. • NEXT LECTURE
• WEDNESDAY 7TH APRIL 2021
• Thursday 1st April – sort out where you will be
staying
• Friday 2nd April – Good Friday
• Monday 5th April – Easter Monday
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36. •HAPPY EASTER
HOLIDAYS
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37. •THE END
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