This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure and shape of the body, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work. There are different levels of structural organization in the body from the chemical and cellular levels up to the organ and organismal levels. The document then provides an overview of the 11 major organ systems in the body and their functions. It concludes with a discussion of the necessary life functions like movement, digestion, and reproduction that are required for survival.
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Introduction to anatomy and physiology.pdf
1. Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
GIDEON ROBERT UNIVERSITY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
NSWANA CHING’AMBU
2. Introduction
• Know
• What is anatomy, and physiology, and there
relationship
• Levels of structural organisation
• Overview of body systems
• Body life functions
• Body survival needs
3. The Human Body – An Orientation
• Anatomy
• Study of the structure and shape of the body and its
parts
• The term anatomy comes from the Greek words
meaning to cut (tomy) apart ( ana)
4. Branches of Anatomy
1. Microscopic anatomy
(cytology, histology)
• Study of very small structures,
where a magnifying lens or
microscope is needed.
5. Branches of Anatomy
2. Gross anatomy (macroscopic
anatomy)
• Study of large, easily observable structures
(by naked eye), such as the heart or bone
6. The Human Body – An Orientation
• Physiology
• The study of how the body and its parts work or
function
• Physio = nature , ology = the study of
• Like anatomy, physiology has many subdivisions e.g
• neurophysiology explains the working of the nervous system
• cardiac physiology studies the function of the heart.
7. Relationship between Anatomy &
Physiology
• Structure determines what functions can take place. For
example
• The heart has muscular chambers hence pumps blood
• The walls of lungs are very thin, hence they exchange gasses
and provide oxygen to the body
8. Levels of Structural Organisation
• The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity
1. Chemical level – simplest level of structural ladder. At this level atoms
combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, & proteins
2. Cellular level – smallest units of living things
3. Tissue level – groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 basic
types)
4. Organ level – an organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types
that performs a specific function
5. System – is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a
common purpose (each organ has its own job to do)
6. Organismal level – represents the highest level of structural organization(
total of 11 organ systems)
9.
10. System Overview
Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury and drying
out
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
11. System Overview
Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
21. Necessary Life Functions
1. Maintain Boundaries
• Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external
environment - the skin and membranes
2. Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
3. Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
4. Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
22. Necessary Life Functions
6. Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
7. Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
8. Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Provides new cells for growth and repair
9. Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
23. Survival Needs
1. Nutrients
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
2. Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
3. Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
4. Stable body temperature
5. Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
