1. KKU_Biomech_M1_L4
Musculoskeletal system
Lesson (4)
Dr / Shimaa Essa
Lecturer of physical therapy , faculty of community,
King Khalid university
2. Upon successful completion of this lesson you
would be able to:
1- Identify dimensions of movement.
2- Comprehend Directional Terms Used in
Describing Anatomy.
3- Identify cardinal and parallel planes and
axes where body movements take place.
4- Distinguish between Planes and axes.
3. Introduction
The plane : is the surface on which the
movement occurs or takes place.
The axis : is the line around which the
movement takes place.
Axis is the singular and axes are the plural noun.
Any movement occurs in a plane around an axis.
Axis of the same plane makes an angle
perpendicular to that plane.
4. Dimensions of Movement
• 0 Dimension - point.
• 1 Dimension - line.
• 2 Dimensions - plane.
• 3 Dimensions - cube, sphere.
• 4 Dimensions - 3 Dimensions + time.
Movement occurs in all 4 dimensions (time
and space).
5. Directional Terms Used in
Describing Anatomy
• SUPERIOR – Directed upwards or towards
the head
• INFERIOR – Directed downwards or
towards the feet
• ANTERIOR – Directed towards the front of
the body
• POSTERIOR – Directed towards the back
of the body
6. Directional Terms Used in
Describing Anatomy
• MEDIAL – Nearer the midline of the body
• LATERAL – Farther from the midline of the body
• PROXIMAL – Nearer to the attachment of a limb
to the trunk
• DISTAL – Farther from the attachment of the
limb to the trunk
• SUPERFICIAL – Located on or near the surface
of the body
• DEEP – Away from the surface of the body
7.
8.
9. The Anatomical Position
The
position of reference
for all
movements.
Also
called the standing
supine position
10. 1- Cardinal plane 3 imaginary perpendicular
reference planes that divide the body in half by mass
And represent where the axial skeleton movements
take place
2- Parallel Plane.
Is an imaginary surface where the movement of
appendicular skeleton take place
3- Diagonal plane.
Is a plane other than cardinal or parallel planes, Where
movement occurs in a diagonal pattern
11. 1. Sagittal – Divides the
body into left and right
halves.
2. Frontal – Divides the
body into front and back
halves.
3. Transverse – Divides the
body into top and
bottom halves.
12. Sagittal Plane Movements
(Forward & Backward Movements)
• Whole Body – Forward and backward
movement such as front or back flips
• Segmental
– Flexion
– Extension
– Hyperextension
– Dorsiflexion
Ankle
– Plantar flexion
25. Anatomical Reference Axes
(Axes is plural for axis)
• An imaginary axis of rotation that passes
through a joint to which it is attached
– Frontal or (mediolateral) axis- X-Axis
– Sagittal or (anterioposterior) axis- Z-Axis
– Longitudinal axis- Y-Axis
Movement, both whole body and segmental,
takes place in the cardinal planes and around
the cardinal axes.
26. o The ellipse represents the
transverse plane and the
black line represents the Y-
axis.
Transverse Plane
o The Y-axis is perpendicular to
the transverse plane.
Therefore a point which
rotates around the Y-axis will
move in the transverse plane.
o Essentially, movement in a
given plane takes place
Y-axis
around the axis that is
perpendicular to that plane.
27. X-Axis
• Passes from side to side.
• Rotation in the sagittal plane takes place
around the x-axis.
28. Y-Axis
• Passes from top to bottom.
• Rotation in the transverse plane takes
place around the y-axis.
29. Z-Axis
• Passes from front to back.
• Rotation in the frontal plane takes place
around the z-axis.
31. The cardinal axes lie at the Y Axis
intersection of the cardinal
planes.
Center of Gravity
X Axis
Z Axis
The cardinal planes and
axes all intersect at the
center of gravity (COG).
