Seismic Soil-Structure-Interaction and Lateral Earth Pressures Near Buried Wa...Miguel Frias
The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is replacing open water reservoirs with buried concrete structures due to new regulations, but seismic performance of these underground structures is not well understood. Centrifuge experiments were conducted to study soil-structure interaction and seismic earth pressures near a model reservoir. The experiments evaluated the reliability of different pressure sensing technologies in measuring static lateral earth pressures imposed by Nevada sand backfill on a simple aluminum retaining wall structure under increased gravity in a 15 g-ton centrifuge. The data obtained will compare pressure sensors and their reliability in capturing static pressures to test the hypothesis that tactile sensors are currently the most reliable.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON RESPONSE OF A MULTI-STORIED BUILDI...SJ BASHA
This document discusses analyzing the influence of soil-structure interaction on the response of a multi-storied building to earthquake forces. It focuses on a 12-story building located in Amaravathi, India, which consists of different soil/rock profiles. Earthquake analysis is performed with the building resting on different soil types, and the fundamental time periods, base shears, and displacements are compared to a fixed base condition. The equivalent lateral force method and free vibration analysis are used to evaluate the structural response considering soil-structure interaction effects. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding how soil properties influence seismic behavior.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research analyzing the effect of soil-structure interaction on an eccentrically loaded building frame founded on pile groups. Finite element analysis was used to model a 2x2 pile group foundation and analyze displacements, forces, and other parameters under eccentric loads applied at different locations on the beam. Both analytical finite element modeling and physical experiments were conducted. The results found that soil-structure interaction significantly impacts frame behavior, with design forces in the analytical and experimental models differing by up to 100% from conventional rigid-base assumptions. Accounting for soil-structure interaction allows for more economical frame element design.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and modeling approaches for analyzing framed structures with pile foundations under seismic loading. It covers several key points:
1) Soil-structure interaction considers the collective response of the structure, foundation, and surrounding soil to ground motions. Ignoring interaction can be conservative but may miss important effects.
2) Two main modeling approaches are direct analysis using finite elements for the soil, and indirect substructure analysis using springs/dashpots to represent soil-foundation interaction.
3) Pile foundations are commonly modeled using springs representing the pile stiffness, with properties estimated from empirical formulas accounting for factors like soil properties and pile geometry.
The thesis aims to study the effect of soil conditions on earthquake ground motion and the seismic response of structures through numerical analysis and shake table testing. So far, the authors have reviewed literature on soil amplification and conducted numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems representing different soil layers. The analyses show that soft soil increases ground acceleration and that soil-structure interaction can be neglected in the design of flexible structures on stiff soil but should be considered for rigid structures on soft soil. Future work plans to perform shake table tests on layered soil models to compare with numerical analyses and analyze the response of model structures subjected to induced ground motions.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and foundation vibrations. It begins with an introduction to soil-structure interaction, noting that the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure and vice versa. It then discusses how soil-structure interaction can alter the natural frequency and add damping to a structural system. The document outlines different effects of soil-structure interaction and how it is an important consideration in seismic analysis and design. It also discusses impedance functions, compliance functions, and modeling of machine foundation vibrations.
Seismic Soil-Structure-Interaction and Lateral Earth Pressures Near Buried Wa...Miguel Frias
The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is replacing open water reservoirs with buried concrete structures due to new regulations, but seismic performance of these underground structures is not well understood. Centrifuge experiments were conducted to study soil-structure interaction and seismic earth pressures near a model reservoir. The experiments evaluated the reliability of different pressure sensing technologies in measuring static lateral earth pressures imposed by Nevada sand backfill on a simple aluminum retaining wall structure under increased gravity in a 15 g-ton centrifuge. The data obtained will compare pressure sensors and their reliability in capturing static pressures to test the hypothesis that tactile sensors are currently the most reliable.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION ON RESPONSE OF A MULTI-STORIED BUILDI...SJ BASHA
This document discusses analyzing the influence of soil-structure interaction on the response of a multi-storied building to earthquake forces. It focuses on a 12-story building located in Amaravathi, India, which consists of different soil/rock profiles. Earthquake analysis is performed with the building resting on different soil types, and the fundamental time periods, base shears, and displacements are compared to a fixed base condition. The equivalent lateral force method and free vibration analysis are used to evaluate the structural response considering soil-structure interaction effects. Results are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding how soil properties influence seismic behavior.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research analyzing the effect of soil-structure interaction on an eccentrically loaded building frame founded on pile groups. Finite element analysis was used to model a 2x2 pile group foundation and analyze displacements, forces, and other parameters under eccentric loads applied at different locations on the beam. Both analytical finite element modeling and physical experiments were conducted. The results found that soil-structure interaction significantly impacts frame behavior, with design forces in the analytical and experimental models differing by up to 100% from conventional rigid-base assumptions. Accounting for soil-structure interaction allows for more economical frame element design.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and modeling approaches for analyzing framed structures with pile foundations under seismic loading. It covers several key points:
1) Soil-structure interaction considers the collective response of the structure, foundation, and surrounding soil to ground motions. Ignoring interaction can be conservative but may miss important effects.
2) Two main modeling approaches are direct analysis using finite elements for the soil, and indirect substructure analysis using springs/dashpots to represent soil-foundation interaction.
3) Pile foundations are commonly modeled using springs representing the pile stiffness, with properties estimated from empirical formulas accounting for factors like soil properties and pile geometry.
The thesis aims to study the effect of soil conditions on earthquake ground motion and the seismic response of structures through numerical analysis and shake table testing. So far, the authors have reviewed literature on soil amplification and conducted numerical analyses of single-degree-of-freedom and multi-degree-of-freedom systems representing different soil layers. The analyses show that soft soil increases ground acceleration and that soil-structure interaction can be neglected in the design of flexible structures on stiff soil but should be considered for rigid structures on soft soil. Future work plans to perform shake table tests on layered soil models to compare with numerical analyses and analyze the response of model structures subjected to induced ground motions.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction and foundation vibrations. It begins with an introduction to soil-structure interaction, noting that the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure and vice versa. It then discusses how soil-structure interaction can alter the natural frequency and add damping to a structural system. The document outlines different effects of soil-structure interaction and how it is an important consideration in seismic analysis and design. It also discusses impedance functions, compliance functions, and modeling of machine foundation vibrations.
This document summarizes key aspects of soil-structure interaction and its effects during seismic events. It discusses different soil types and their interaction with seismic waves, as well as soil liquefaction and remedial measures. It describes the two main types of soil-structure interaction: kinematic interaction due to foundation instability, and inertial interaction caused by soil deformation from structural forces. Detrimental effects can include increased natural period leading to resonance, and increased ductility demands. Past earthquakes demonstrated the importance of considering soil-structure response. Modeling methods include direct and substructure approaches. Eurocode 8 recognizes cases where soil-structure interaction must be considered.
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 30-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building was analyzed considering different subgrade modulus values representing various soil conditions, and for different seismic zones in India. It was found that accounting for soil-structure interaction, through modeling the soil as springs, resulted in significantly higher horizontal and vertical displacements compared to assuming fixed foundation supports. The maximum increase in horizontal displacement was 337% and in vertical displacement was 1420%, both for the lowest subgrade modulus of 12,000 kN/m^3 in seismic zone V. Therefore, the study concluded that soil-structure interaction effects must be considered, especially for softer soils in high
This document summarizes research on the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on a high-rise reinforced concrete building located in Mumbai, India. SSI considers how a structure's foundation and the underlying soil affect each other when experiencing dynamic loads like earthquakes. The study models a 42-storey building using ETABS and analyzes the structure both with and without considering SSI effects using pile-raft and raft foundations in MIDAS GTX NX. Results show that accounting for SSI leads to reduced settlements, reactions and solid stresses compared to a fixed-base model. The conclusions emphasize that SSI effects are most important for flexible structures on soft soils and that simple analytical models are usually sufficient for engineering applications
This document summarizes key topics from chapters 1 and 2 of a textbook on seismology by T.K. Datta from IIT. It discusses the interior structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It describes plate tectonics and the three types of plate boundaries. It also summarizes earthquake causes according to the tectonic theory, and the types of seismic waves that propagate during earthquakes, including P, S, L, and R waves. Sample seismic records are shown illustrating different wave patterns.
Earthquake disaster prevention in thailand sent 13-5-2013Tanakrom Pangam
The document discusses several topics related to earthquake disaster prevention, including:
1) Past major earthquakes like Kobe and Fukushima caused widespread damage due to poor preparedness, highlighting the importance of prevention measures.
2) Thailand is at risk of earthquakes from nearby tectonic plate boundaries and is working to implement preventative measures.
3) Numerical modeling has been used to simulate tsunamis and their risks, flooding potential, and damage in order to improve disaster response.
4) Research on earthquake impacts, building resistance, and improving structural designs can help reduce damage and losses from future seismic events.
This document is a project report on the effects of earthquakes on foundations and seismic design. It discusses various types of seismic waves like P, S, Love, and Rayleigh waves. It also covers causes of earthquakes, seismic loads on structures, risk zones, and response of different building systems. The report will analyze how soil-structure interaction affects seismic response and discuss retrofitting techniques to improve building safety during earthquakes. It aims to study how new technologies can significantly reduce energy losses and property damage from earthquakes.
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
- Soil-structure interaction (SSI) describes how the response of soil influences the motion of a structure, and vice versa, rather than having independent displacements.
- The three critical aspects of SSI are: 1) Inertia effects on base shear and moment, 2) How base shear relates to foundation/soil displacement, 3) How moment relates to foundation/soil rotation.
- The degree of SSI influence depends on soil stiffness, structure properties like period and damping, and structure stiffness and mass. SSI is more important for flexible structures on soft soil.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
The document discusses soil-structure interaction (SSI), which refers to how the motion of a structure influences the response of the soil and vice versa. It notes that SSI effects are more prominent for structures where piston-action effects are significant. The types of SSI are inertial, kinematic, and foundation deformation interactions. The degree of SSI influence depends on soil stiffness, structural properties, and dynamic characteristics. Two common analysis methods are the direct method using finite element modeling and the substructure method, which is more computationally efficient. Factors like soil compressibility and regional subsidence can affect SSI, with resonance effects also influencing seismic response due to SSI.
This document discusses various topics related to seismic design, including:
- Seismicity and plate tectonics, which show that most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
- Different types of earthquakes like intraplate and reservoir-induced seismicity. Reservoir-induced seismicity can occur due to rapid reservoir filling or fluctuations in water level.
- Effects of soil conditions like basin effects that can amplify seismic ground motions. Soft soils in large basins like Mexico City significantly amplified motions from a distant earthquake, contributing to extensive damage.
- Key geotechnical aspects impacting seismic design like liquefaction, plasticity index, and shear wave velocity and how they relate to soil behavior during earthquakes
M6.0 2004 Parkfield Earthquake : Seismic AttenuationAli Osman Öncel
HRSN isimli kuyu içi sismik istasyonlar kullanılarak, San Andreas fayı boyunca meydana gelen büyük depremler öncesi sismik azalımın varlığının olup olmadığı araştırılıyor.
The document summarizes a student project to assess the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building through nonlinear analysis. The students modeled the building in structural analysis software, performed linear and nonlinear analysis, determined the structure did not meet seismic code requirements, redesigned it with thicker shear walls and beams, and confirmed the redesign met code through additional nonlinear analysis.
Liquefaction Analysis of Kakinada Region by Using Geotechnical Borehole Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Storied Building by Using Tuned Mass Damper and Ba...IJERA Editor
Earthquakes create vibrations on the ground that are translated into dynamic loads which cause the ground and anything attached to it to vibrate in a complex manner and cause damage to buildings and other structures. Civil engineering is continuously improving ways to cope with this inherent phenomenon. Conventional strategies of strengthening the system consume more materials and energy. Moreover, higher masses lead to higher seismic forces. Alternative strategies such as passive control systems are found to be effective in reducing the seismic and other dynamic effects on civil engineering structures. A Tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device consisting of a mass, and spring that is attached to a structure in order to reduce the dynamic response of the structure. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) has been found to be most effective for controlling the structural responses for harmonic and wind excitations. Base isolation is nowadays widely considered as an effective strategy to protect structures subject to seismic excitations. The performance of linear base isolation system along with tuned mass damper to mitigate seismic response of structures is investigated.
IRJET-Effect of Blast Loading on Framed Structure: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on the effect of blast loading on framed structures. It summarizes several studies that have analyzed the behavior of structures like buildings and steel beams when subjected to explosive blasts. The key factors influencing blast loading and structural response are identified as the charge weight, location of the blast, and structural configuration. Numerical modeling techniques are discussed for simulating blast loads and predicting structural damage. The response of reinforced concrete and composite structures is examined through various case studies. The goal of the review is to better understand how framed structures perform during explosive events.
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION STUDY ON PLANE BUILDING FRAME SUPPORTED ON PILE GR...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the soil interaction of a plane building frame underpinned by pile groups which are embedded in cohesive soil (clayey soil).Methods: The impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on response of a 4 storey framed Building underpinned by Pile group is reported in this paper. The four storey frame consists of three bays and columns of the frame supported by a pile group. The Pile group is presumed to be embedded in the Cohesive soil mass (clayey soil). The soil mass is represented by equivalent springs. The displacement of the building frame caused due to the deflection of the foundation with and without Soil Structure Interaction is analyzed using ANSYS. Findings: Soil non-linearity in lateral direction is indicated by the P-Y curve developed using Matlock equations. The soil properties which are used for clay (cohesive soil) are from the Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Compression Test on soil. Shear Force and Bending Moments at the base of the columns are determined for the frame which is analyzed with and without consideration of soil structure interaction.
Seismic Design of Buried Structures in PH and NZLawrence Galvez
This document discusses seismic design of buried rectangular structures according to Philippines and New Zealand design codes. It notes that buried structures generally perform better in earthquakes than above-ground structures due to less dynamic amplification effects. While the Mononobe-Okabe method is commonly used internationally for seismic design, the document argues this method has limitations and conservatisms. It reviews Philippines and New Zealand code requirements, which generally do not consider dynamic earth pressures for buried structures. The document proposes simplified seismic design approaches are needed to minimize conservatism for buried structures.
This document discusses a study on the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of framed structures. Three-story, seven-story, and fifteen-story reinforced concrete frames are modeled in STAAD-PRO software placed on three types of soils: hard, medium, and soft. The structures are analyzed both with and without considering SSI to understand how SSI affects structural properties like natural time period, base shear, and seismic response. The analysis shows that considering SSI leads to increased time periods, displacements, accelerations, and base shear compared to fixed-base analysis that does not account for soil flexibility. SSI has a more significant impact for taller buildings and those on soft soils.
- The document studies the spatial-temporal response law of seismic waves generated by rock fracture under load through uniaxial loading experiments.
- Results show the peak amplitude of seismic waves exponentially increases with stress, while dominant frequency decreases. Characteristic parameters have a linear relationship with fracture source.
- Amplitude and energy of seismic signals are linearly related to fracture size, while dominant frequency decreases linearly. Spatial distribution of amplitude and frequency show directivity consistent with theoretical displacement field models.
Time-History Analysis on Seismic Stability of Nuclear Island Bedrock with wea...ijceronline
This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation method for the seismic response calculation of nuclear island foundation based on the nuclear power plant in Tai Shan. There are two weak interlayers in the bedrock. The numerical simulation aimed at the analysis and the evaluation of the stability of bedrock with the consideration of the interaction between the bedrock and nuclear island. Main features of nuclear numerical model are: (1) the mechanical interaction of nuclear island buildings, turbine room and bedrock have been taken into consideration, (2) the two weak interlayers may decrease the stability of the bedrock, which are the focused research in the models, (3) non-reflective free field boundary have been used in the boundary condition of model. The commercial numerical software FLAC3D has also been used in the simulation and analysis. A finite difference of numerical model for nuclear island bedrock was established and it have been used to analyze the bedrock’s mechanical phenomenon and safety performance. Dynamic characteristics, distributions of mechanical parameters and failure characteristics of bedrock have been studied under the action of seismic wave.
Earthquake ground motion and response spectra (Bijan Mohraz, Fahim Sadek)TheJamez
This chapter surveys the state-of-the-art work in strong motion seismology and ground motion
characterization. Methods of ground motion recording and correction are first presented, followed by a
discussion of ground motion characteristics including peak ground motion, duration of strong motion, and
frequency content. Factors that influence earthquake ground motion such as source distance, site geology,
earthquake magnitude, source characteristics, and directivity are examined. The chapter presents
probabilistic methods for evaluating seismic risk at a site and development of seismic maps used in codes
and provisions. Earthquake response spectra and factors that influence their characteristics such as soil
condition, magnitude, distance, and source characteristics are also presented and discussed. Earthquake
design spectra proposed by several investigators and those recommended by various codes and provisions
through the years to compute seismic base shears are described. The latter part of the chapter discusses
inelastic earthquake spectra and response modification factors used in seismic codes to reduce the elastic
design forces and account for energy absorbing capacity of structures due to inelastic action. Earthquake
energy content and energy spectra are also briefly introduced. Finally, the chapter presents a brief discussion
of artificially generated ground motion.
--------------------------
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_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
This document summarizes key aspects of soil-structure interaction and its effects during seismic events. It discusses different soil types and their interaction with seismic waves, as well as soil liquefaction and remedial measures. It describes the two main types of soil-structure interaction: kinematic interaction due to foundation instability, and inertial interaction caused by soil deformation from structural forces. Detrimental effects can include increased natural period leading to resonance, and increased ductility demands. Past earthquakes demonstrated the importance of considering soil-structure response. Modeling methods include direct and substructure approaches. Eurocode 8 recognizes cases where soil-structure interaction must be considered.
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 30-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building was analyzed considering different subgrade modulus values representing various soil conditions, and for different seismic zones in India. It was found that accounting for soil-structure interaction, through modeling the soil as springs, resulted in significantly higher horizontal and vertical displacements compared to assuming fixed foundation supports. The maximum increase in horizontal displacement was 337% and in vertical displacement was 1420%, both for the lowest subgrade modulus of 12,000 kN/m^3 in seismic zone V. Therefore, the study concluded that soil-structure interaction effects must be considered, especially for softer soils in high
This document summarizes research on the effect of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on a high-rise reinforced concrete building located in Mumbai, India. SSI considers how a structure's foundation and the underlying soil affect each other when experiencing dynamic loads like earthquakes. The study models a 42-storey building using ETABS and analyzes the structure both with and without considering SSI effects using pile-raft and raft foundations in MIDAS GTX NX. Results show that accounting for SSI leads to reduced settlements, reactions and solid stresses compared to a fixed-base model. The conclusions emphasize that SSI effects are most important for flexible structures on soft soils and that simple analytical models are usually sufficient for engineering applications
This document summarizes key topics from chapters 1 and 2 of a textbook on seismology by T.K. Datta from IIT. It discusses the interior structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It describes plate tectonics and the three types of plate boundaries. It also summarizes earthquake causes according to the tectonic theory, and the types of seismic waves that propagate during earthquakes, including P, S, L, and R waves. Sample seismic records are shown illustrating different wave patterns.
Earthquake disaster prevention in thailand sent 13-5-2013Tanakrom Pangam
The document discusses several topics related to earthquake disaster prevention, including:
1) Past major earthquakes like Kobe and Fukushima caused widespread damage due to poor preparedness, highlighting the importance of prevention measures.
2) Thailand is at risk of earthquakes from nearby tectonic plate boundaries and is working to implement preventative measures.
3) Numerical modeling has been used to simulate tsunamis and their risks, flooding potential, and damage in order to improve disaster response.
4) Research on earthquake impacts, building resistance, and improving structural designs can help reduce damage and losses from future seismic events.
This document is a project report on the effects of earthquakes on foundations and seismic design. It discusses various types of seismic waves like P, S, Love, and Rayleigh waves. It also covers causes of earthquakes, seismic loads on structures, risk zones, and response of different building systems. The report will analyze how soil-structure interaction affects seismic response and discuss retrofitting techniques to improve building safety during earthquakes. It aims to study how new technologies can significantly reduce energy losses and property damage from earthquakes.
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
- Soil-structure interaction (SSI) describes how the response of soil influences the motion of a structure, and vice versa, rather than having independent displacements.
- The three critical aspects of SSI are: 1) Inertia effects on base shear and moment, 2) How base shear relates to foundation/soil displacement, 3) How moment relates to foundation/soil rotation.
- The degree of SSI influence depends on soil stiffness, structure properties like period and damping, and structure stiffness and mass. SSI is more important for flexible structures on soft soil.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
The document discusses soil-structure interaction (SSI), which refers to how the motion of a structure influences the response of the soil and vice versa. It notes that SSI effects are more prominent for structures where piston-action effects are significant. The types of SSI are inertial, kinematic, and foundation deformation interactions. The degree of SSI influence depends on soil stiffness, structural properties, and dynamic characteristics. Two common analysis methods are the direct method using finite element modeling and the substructure method, which is more computationally efficient. Factors like soil compressibility and regional subsidence can affect SSI, with resonance effects also influencing seismic response due to SSI.
This document discusses various topics related to seismic design, including:
- Seismicity and plate tectonics, which show that most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
- Different types of earthquakes like intraplate and reservoir-induced seismicity. Reservoir-induced seismicity can occur due to rapid reservoir filling or fluctuations in water level.
- Effects of soil conditions like basin effects that can amplify seismic ground motions. Soft soils in large basins like Mexico City significantly amplified motions from a distant earthquake, contributing to extensive damage.
- Key geotechnical aspects impacting seismic design like liquefaction, plasticity index, and shear wave velocity and how they relate to soil behavior during earthquakes
M6.0 2004 Parkfield Earthquake : Seismic AttenuationAli Osman Öncel
HRSN isimli kuyu içi sismik istasyonlar kullanılarak, San Andreas fayı boyunca meydana gelen büyük depremler öncesi sismik azalımın varlığının olup olmadığı araştırılıyor.
The document summarizes a student project to assess the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete building through nonlinear analysis. The students modeled the building in structural analysis software, performed linear and nonlinear analysis, determined the structure did not meet seismic code requirements, redesigned it with thicker shear walls and beams, and confirmed the redesign met code through additional nonlinear analysis.
Liquefaction Analysis of Kakinada Region by Using Geotechnical Borehole Dataiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Seismic Behaviour of Multi-Storied Building by Using Tuned Mass Damper and Ba...IJERA Editor
Earthquakes create vibrations on the ground that are translated into dynamic loads which cause the ground and anything attached to it to vibrate in a complex manner and cause damage to buildings and other structures. Civil engineering is continuously improving ways to cope with this inherent phenomenon. Conventional strategies of strengthening the system consume more materials and energy. Moreover, higher masses lead to higher seismic forces. Alternative strategies such as passive control systems are found to be effective in reducing the seismic and other dynamic effects on civil engineering structures. A Tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device consisting of a mass, and spring that is attached to a structure in order to reduce the dynamic response of the structure. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) has been found to be most effective for controlling the structural responses for harmonic and wind excitations. Base isolation is nowadays widely considered as an effective strategy to protect structures subject to seismic excitations. The performance of linear base isolation system along with tuned mass damper to mitigate seismic response of structures is investigated.
IRJET-Effect of Blast Loading on Framed Structure: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews literature on the effect of blast loading on framed structures. It summarizes several studies that have analyzed the behavior of structures like buildings and steel beams when subjected to explosive blasts. The key factors influencing blast loading and structural response are identified as the charge weight, location of the blast, and structural configuration. Numerical modeling techniques are discussed for simulating blast loads and predicting structural damage. The response of reinforced concrete and composite structures is examined through various case studies. The goal of the review is to better understand how framed structures perform during explosive events.
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION STUDY ON PLANE BUILDING FRAME SUPPORTED ON PILE GR...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the soil interaction of a plane building frame underpinned by pile groups which are embedded in cohesive soil (clayey soil).Methods: The impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on response of a 4 storey framed Building underpinned by Pile group is reported in this paper. The four storey frame consists of three bays and columns of the frame supported by a pile group. The Pile group is presumed to be embedded in the Cohesive soil mass (clayey soil). The soil mass is represented by equivalent springs. The displacement of the building frame caused due to the deflection of the foundation with and without Soil Structure Interaction is analyzed using ANSYS. Findings: Soil non-linearity in lateral direction is indicated by the P-Y curve developed using Matlock equations. The soil properties which are used for clay (cohesive soil) are from the Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Compression Test on soil. Shear Force and Bending Moments at the base of the columns are determined for the frame which is analyzed with and without consideration of soil structure interaction.
Seismic Design of Buried Structures in PH and NZLawrence Galvez
This document discusses seismic design of buried rectangular structures according to Philippines and New Zealand design codes. It notes that buried structures generally perform better in earthquakes than above-ground structures due to less dynamic amplification effects. While the Mononobe-Okabe method is commonly used internationally for seismic design, the document argues this method has limitations and conservatisms. It reviews Philippines and New Zealand code requirements, which generally do not consider dynamic earth pressures for buried structures. The document proposes simplified seismic design approaches are needed to minimize conservatism for buried structures.
This document discusses a study on the effects of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic response of framed structures. Three-story, seven-story, and fifteen-story reinforced concrete frames are modeled in STAAD-PRO software placed on three types of soils: hard, medium, and soft. The structures are analyzed both with and without considering SSI to understand how SSI affects structural properties like natural time period, base shear, and seismic response. The analysis shows that considering SSI leads to increased time periods, displacements, accelerations, and base shear compared to fixed-base analysis that does not account for soil flexibility. SSI has a more significant impact for taller buildings and those on soft soils.
- The document studies the spatial-temporal response law of seismic waves generated by rock fracture under load through uniaxial loading experiments.
- Results show the peak amplitude of seismic waves exponentially increases with stress, while dominant frequency decreases. Characteristic parameters have a linear relationship with fracture source.
- Amplitude and energy of seismic signals are linearly related to fracture size, while dominant frequency decreases linearly. Spatial distribution of amplitude and frequency show directivity consistent with theoretical displacement field models.
Time-History Analysis on Seismic Stability of Nuclear Island Bedrock with wea...ijceronline
This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical simulation method for the seismic response calculation of nuclear island foundation based on the nuclear power plant in Tai Shan. There are two weak interlayers in the bedrock. The numerical simulation aimed at the analysis and the evaluation of the stability of bedrock with the consideration of the interaction between the bedrock and nuclear island. Main features of nuclear numerical model are: (1) the mechanical interaction of nuclear island buildings, turbine room and bedrock have been taken into consideration, (2) the two weak interlayers may decrease the stability of the bedrock, which are the focused research in the models, (3) non-reflective free field boundary have been used in the boundary condition of model. The commercial numerical software FLAC3D has also been used in the simulation and analysis. A finite difference of numerical model for nuclear island bedrock was established and it have been used to analyze the bedrock’s mechanical phenomenon and safety performance. Dynamic characteristics, distributions of mechanical parameters and failure characteristics of bedrock have been studied under the action of seismic wave.
Earthquake ground motion and response spectra (Bijan Mohraz, Fahim Sadek)TheJamez
This chapter surveys the state-of-the-art work in strong motion seismology and ground motion
characterization. Methods of ground motion recording and correction are first presented, followed by a
discussion of ground motion characteristics including peak ground motion, duration of strong motion, and
frequency content. Factors that influence earthquake ground motion such as source distance, site geology,
earthquake magnitude, source characteristics, and directivity are examined. The chapter presents
probabilistic methods for evaluating seismic risk at a site and development of seismic maps used in codes
and provisions. Earthquake response spectra and factors that influence their characteristics such as soil
condition, magnitude, distance, and source characteristics are also presented and discussed. Earthquake
design spectra proposed by several investigators and those recommended by various codes and provisions
through the years to compute seismic base shears are described. The latter part of the chapter discusses
inelastic earthquake spectra and response modification factors used in seismic codes to reduce the elastic
design forces and account for energy absorbing capacity of structures due to inelastic action. Earthquake
energy content and energy spectra are also briefly introduced. Finally, the chapter presents a brief discussion
of artificially generated ground motion.
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Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of the Empirical Green's Function Method for simulating strong ground motions from large earthquakes:
1) The Empirical Green's Function Method uses observed records from small earthquakes around a large earthquake's source area to simulate strong ground motions from the large earthquake. It accounts for complex wave propagation effects by incorporating observations. Parameters are estimated to scale up the small earthquake records to the large earthquake.
2) Key parameters - like the ratio of fault dimensions (N) and stress drops (C) between the large and small earthquakes - are estimated using spectral ratios of the earthquakes. A "filtering function" is used to adjust for differences in slip velocity time functions between
The foremost by-product of this paper is the automation of geological undertakings, for instance, dealing
with exceptionally thin sections of rocks that were subjected to deformation alongside finite steps of time
which can be recorded in video for later analysis using image processing and numerical analysis
procedures. Markers are used in order to trace gradients of deformation over a sample and study other
mechanical properties. Image processing and video sequence analysis can be a very powerful investigation
tool and this paper shows preliminary results from its use on microtectonics. The proposed algorithm is a
combination of two well-known approaches: feature extraction and block matching.
IRJET- Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Under Mainshock-Afte...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to mainshock-aftershock earthquake sequences. Six building models of varying heights and structural configurations were designed according to Indian code specifications and subjected to nonlinear time history analysis. Story drifts, displacements, shears, moments and accelerations were compared for mainshock only and mainshock-aftershock sequences. The results showed that the addition of shear walls generally improved building seismic performance by reducing seismic demands. Aftershocks were found to further increase story drifts and damage states beyond those from mainshocks alone. Larger differences in response were observed for buildings with more shear walls.
This article presents a workflow for predicting time-lapse stress effects in seismic data due to production-induced stress changes. The workflow involves building reservoir and geomechanical models, dynamically modeling fluid flow and reservoir compaction over time, calculating changes in elastic properties from stress changes, and using these to predict changes in seismic attributes. The workflow is demonstrated on a synthetic double-dipping anticline reservoir model. Modeling predicts vertical and horizontal subsurface displacement, changes in triaxial stress state in the overburden, and time-lapse changes up to 40ms in seismic attributes like P-wave and S-wave travel times that could be observed in field seismic data.
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
A THEORETICAL STUDY ON COLLAPSE MECHANISM AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF MULTI-ST...nhandoan10
This document presents a theoretical study on the collapse mechanism and structural behavior of multi-story reinforced concrete (RC) frames subjected to earthquake loading. A nonlinear finite element analysis was utilized to investigate the behavior and collapse mechanism. Plastic hinges were assumed to occur when steel yields or concrete reaches ultimate strength. The behavior of RC frames was investigated focusing on propagation of plastic hinges with varying numbers of stories, concrete grades, and reinforcement ratios, under three earthquake motions. Parameters like member rotations, hinge formation times, maximum shear and displacements were examined. Several conclusions were drawn regarding plastic hinge behavior and design of RC frames under seismic loads.
1. Discuss the complexities in rock mechanics study and the factors.pdfabhinavbhatnagar201
1. Discuss the complexities in rock mechanics study and the factors contributing to these
complexities
Solution
ROCK MECHANICS:Rock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical
behaviour of rock and rock masses; it is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of
rock and rock masses to the force fields of their physical environment.
As we all know Rock masses are complex systems to deal with and there will be certain
complexities and factors effecting these complxities when we are studying the rock and its
mechanisim.For example, soils in their operating engineering environments are always subject to
relatively low states of stress. The opposite is frequently true for rock. Further differences arise
from the relatively high elastic moduli, and the relatively low material permeabilities of rocks
compared with soils. The latter distinction is important. In most rock formations, fluid flow
occurs via fissures and channels, while in soils fluid migration involves movement through the
pore space of the particulate assembly.Therfore for better understanding of the rock mechanics
we better need to know the inherent complexities and factors that associated with it.
The Complxities involved in rock mechanics can be widely classified as the following based on
the problems that we face commonly while dealing with the mechanism and study of rock
Rock Fracture:
Fracture of conventional engineering material occurs in a tensile stress field, and different well
kown theories have already explained the pre-failure and post-failure performance of these
media. The stress fields operating in rock structures are mostly bcause of compressive force, so
that these well known theories are not immediately applicable to the fracture of rock. One of the
problem is that rock subject to compression is associated with friction developed between the
surfaces of the microcracks which are the sites for fracture initiation. This causes the strength of
rock to be highly sensitive to confining stress, and this causes problems in analysing the strength
and post-failure deformation properties of rock.There fore rock fracture will be one of the main
complex thing that needs to be considered in rock mechanics
Scale effects :
The response of rock to imposed load shows a significant effect of the size or scale of the loaded
volume. This effect is related in part to the discontinuous nature of a rock mass.Joints and other
fractures of geological origin are the main features in a body of rock, and thus the strength and
deformation properties of the mass are influenced by both the properties of the rock material (i.e.
the continuous units of rock) and those of the various structural geological features. These effects
may be appreciated by considering various scales of loading to which a rock mass is subjected in
mining practice. The process of rock drilling will generally reflect the strength properties of the
intact rock, since the process operates by in.
The October 2004 Mw=7.1 Nicaragua earthquake: Rupture process, aftershock loc...Gus Alex Reyes
The subduction zone off the Nicaragua
coastline has been the site of several large
earthquakes in the past decades, including
the 1992 tsunami earthquake that was
anomalous in the size of the tsunami relative
to moment release [Kanamori and
Kikuchi, 1993]. As a focus site for both
the MARGINS-SEIZE and SubFac initiatives,
it is an area of keen interest for
scientists interested in earthquake rupture
and volcanic processes.
Study on Torsional Response of Irregualr Buildings Under Seismic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document discusses the torsional response of irregular buildings under seismic loading. It begins with an abstract that outlines the purpose of studying how irregular structures respond to torsional loads caused by earthquakes. Several methods of seismic analysis are then described. The concept of torsional irregularity is defined according to building codes. Previous studies on the torsional response of irregular structures are summarized, finding increased seismic demand and sensitivity for structures with irregular plans or vertical setbacks. The conclusion is that structural irregularities can significantly reduce seismic performance by increasing torsional forces, and proper design is needed to control torsion effects in irregular structures.
Development of-new-control-techniques-for-vibration-isolation-of-structures-u...Cemal Ardil
The document discusses the development of new control techniques for vibration isolation of structures using smart materials. It summarizes previous research that showed isolation reduces acceleration and forces in structures but increases sliding displacement at low excitation frequencies. The paper then presents a study of a space frame structure on sliding bearings with a restoring force device. The results show the restoring force device reduces displacement of the structure and peak acceleration, bending moment, and base shear values compared to a structure without the device. The simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed isolation method.
1) The document discusses research on modeling and analyzing the response of an elevated water tank subjected to near-fault and far-field earthquake motions.
2) It outlines the objectives to evaluate the performance of different tank heights, shapes, and staging systems.
3) The scope of work includes nonlinear time history analysis of tanks from 16-24 meters in height using ground motion data from 5 locations and considering Intze, square and circular shapes.
Evaluating the Different Types of Analytical Methods of Piling Retaining WallsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Piling retaining walls as soil holder elements have a wide range of applications including slope
stabilization of roads, protection of coastlines against erosion, controlling lateral extension in areas prone to
liquefaction, stabilization of vertical trenches and protection against excavations. These types of retaining
structures have load-deformation behavior of their own as flexible elements and they practically have extreme
lateral deformation under the effect of lateral soil pressure because of their small thickness; the amount of their
lateral deformation is a function of clamped length and also the characteristics of the soil behind. The stability
analytical methods of geotechnical structures are generally divided into three categories including closed
solution method, simple methods and numerical methods. In this article, after reviewing theories of soils
dynamic lateral pressure, the performance of several methods including limit equilibrium method in the analysis
of retaining walls are evaluated and then they are compared with the finite element method which is one of the
conventional and known numerical methods.
Keywords: Retaining walls, dynamic analysis, Mononobe - Okabe, seismic behavior, finite element
This document summarizes a study estimating geo-mechanical properties of reservoir rocks from well log data. The study presents a method to predict shear wave velocity from compressional wave velocity, porosity, and shale content when direct shear wave measurements are unavailable. Elastic properties including Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Young's modulus are then calculated. These properties allow evaluation of formation strength and prediction of safe production rates without sand production. The results show shear and compressional wave velocities are linearly related. Calculated combined modulus of strength and shear modulus to compressibility ratio values indicate the formations can generally be produced safely below an optimum flow rate without significant sand production risks.
Estimating geo mechanical strength of reservoir rocks from well logs for safe...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that estimated geo-mechanical properties of reservoir rocks from well log data in order to determine safety limits for sand-free hydrocarbon production. The study used well logs to predict shear wave velocity and then calculate elastic moduli, which can indicate a formation's mechanical strength. The results showed that the combined modulus of strength and shear modulus to compressibility ratio for the formations were relatively low, suggesting sand production should not occur below certain flow rates. This information on a formation's mechanical properties can help minimize risks during hydrocarbon exploration and production.
IRJET-Soil-Structure Effect of Multideck R.C.C. StructuresIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the soil-structure interaction effects on multideck reinforced concrete structures. It models the soil as springs to capture the flexibility of the soil-foundation system and how it impacts the structural response.
2. Static and response spectrum analyses are performed on a 10-story building model considering bare frame, infill frame, and shear wall conditions. The building is analyzed considering soft soil conditions.
3. The results show that considering soil-structure interaction through flexible soil springs leads to reduced structural demands like base shear and displacements compared to fixed-base analysis. The presence of infill and shear walls further reduces the response.
This document summarizes a study that used centrifuge modeling to analyze the seismic loading response of layered brick soil. Centrifuge modeling allows for scaled physical modeling of geotechnical problems involving gravity effects. The study involved constructing a layered brick soil model in a centrifuge and subjecting it to simulated earthquake motions while monitoring soil responses like settlement, pore pressure, and acceleration. The results provided data on how the layered soil responded dynamically to seismic loads at different frequencies and strain levels, helping to validate numerical models and further the understanding of soil failure mechanisms during earthquakes.
This document summarizes a study that used centrifuge modeling to analyze the seismic loading response of layered brick soil. Centrifuge modeling allows for scaled physical modeling of geotechnical problems involving gravity effects. The study constructed a layered brick soil model in a flexible shear box container and subjected it to various ground motions up to an acceleration of 58g using a shaking table. A variety of sensors measured soil responses like settlement, pore pressure, and acceleration at different depths during testing. The results provide data on how the layered soil responds nonlinearly to seismic loads and frequencies, with implications for seismic design of offshore structures.
Similar to Trends and needs for the prediction of the inelastic capacity of steel members considering the differences in seismic loading conditions. (20)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Seismic Hazard Assessment Software in Python by Prof. Dr. Costas SachpazisDr.Costas Sachpazis
This simple Python software is designed to assist Civil and Geotechnical Engineers in performing site-specific seismic hazard assessments. The program calculates the seismic response spectrum based on user-provided geotechnical and seismic parameters, generating a comprehensive technical report that includes the response spectrum data and figures. The analysis adheres to Eurocode 8 and the Greek Annex, ensuring compliance with international standards for earthquake-resistant design.
Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for S...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Structural Analysis and Design of Foundations: A Comprehensive Handbook for Students and Professionals.
Unlock the potential of foundation design with Dr. Costas Sachpazis’s enlightening handbook, a meticulously crafted guide poised to become an indispensable resource for both budding and seasoned civil engineers. This comprehensive manual illuminates the theoretical and practical aspects of structural analysis and design across various types of foundations and retaining walls.
Within these pages, Dr. Sachpazis distills complex engineering principles into digestible, step-by-step processes, enhanced by detailed diagrams, case studies, and real-world examples that bridge the gap between academic study and professional application. From soil mechanics and load calculations to innovative design techniques and sustainability considerations, this book covers a vast landscape of structural engineering.
Key Features:
• In-Depth Analysis and Design: Explore thorough explanations of both shallow and deep foundation designs, supported by case studies that demonstrate their practical implementations.
• Practical Guides: Benefit from detailed guides on site investigation, bearing capacity calculations, and settlement analysis, ensuring designs are both robust and reliable.
• Innovative Techniques: Discover the latest advancements in foundation technology and retaining wall design, preparing you for future trends in civil engineering.
• Educational Tools: Utilize this handbook as an educational tool, perfect for both classroom learning and professional development.
Whether you're a student eager to learn the fundamentals or a professional seeking to deepen your expertise, Dr. Sachpazis’s handbook is designed to support and inspire excellence in the field of structural engineering. Embrace this opportunity to enhance your skills and contribute to building safer, more efficient structures.
Sheet Pile Wall Design and Construction: A Practical Guide for Civil Engineer...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Sheet Pile Wall Design and Construction: A Practical Guide for Civil Engineers. By Dr. Costas Sachpazis.
A Technical Report provides information on Geotechnical Exploration and testing procedures, analysis techniques, allowable criteria, design procedures, and construction consideration for the selection, design, and installation of sheet pile walls.
"Sheet Pile Wall Design and Construction: A Practical Guide for Civil Engineers" by Dr. Costas Sachpazis provides an in-depth look into the engineering, design, and construction of sheet pile walls. The book details geotechnical exploration, testing procedures, and analysis techniques essential for determining soil properties and stability under various conditions, including seismic activity. It also covers the impact of groundwater on wall design and offers methods for controlling it during construction. Practical considerations for confined space work and the use of emerging technologies in sheet pile construction are discussed. The guide serves as a comprehensive resource for civil engineers aiming to enhance their expertise in creating durable and effective sheet pile wall solutions for complex engineering projects.
Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective IntroductionDr.Costas Sachpazis
Geotechnical Engineering: A Student's Perspective
By Dr. Costas Sachpazis.
Geotechnical engineering is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on the behavior of earth materials such as soil and rock. It is a crucial aspect of any construction project, as the properties of the ground can have a significant impact on the design and stability of structures. Geotechnical engineers work to understand the physical and mechanical properties of soil and rock, as well as how these materials interact with man-made structures.
Geotechnical engineering plays a crucial role in the field of civil engineering, as it deals with the behavior of earth materials and how they interact with structures. Understanding the properties of soil and rock beneath the surface is essential for designing safe and stable structures that can withstand various loads and environmental conditions. Without proper knowledge of geotechnical engineering, civil engineers would not be able to ensure the safety and longevity of their projects.
Sachpazis: Steel member fire resistance design to Eurocode 3 / Σαχπάζης: Σχεδ...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
This document summarizes the fire resistance design of a steel member according to EN1993-1-2:2005. The design checks the member for shear, bending moment, temperature, and time to critical temperature under fire conditions. The summary shows the member passes all criteria with utilization levels below 1.0. Key details of the member, loading, fire protection, and temperature analysis are provided.
Sachpazis_Retaining Structures-Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems_C_Sachpazi...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
A retaining wall is a structure that is designed to hold back soil or other materials when there is a change in ground elevation. Retaining walls are commonly used in civil engineering to support soil and prevent erosion. They are typically constructed of various materials, including concrete, masonry, and timber.
Retaining walls are used in a variety of settings, including residential and commercial construction, roadways and highways, and landscaping projects. They are often used to create level areas for building or landscaping by holding back soil or other materials on sloping terrain.
The design of a retaining wall depends on several factors, including the type of soil, the height of the wall, and the slope of the ground. There are several types of retaining walls, including gravity walls, cantilever walls, sheet pile walls, and anchored walls. The type of wall used depends on the specific requirements of the project.
Overall, retaining walls are an important component of civil engineering projects and are used to support soil and prevent erosion. They require careful design and construction to ensure their stability and effectiveness.
Single pile analysis & design, l=18,00m d=1,10m, by C.SachpazisDr.Costas Sachpazis
This document provides input data and analysis for the design of a single pile with a length of 18 meters and diameter of 1.1 meters. It includes soil parameters, load assumptions, and analysis of the pile's vertical and horizontal bearing capacity. The analysis found the pile has adequate bearing capacity for the applied loads with a maximum settlement of 3.2 mm under the service load condition.
Pile configuration optimization on the design of combined piled raft foundationsDr.Costas Sachpazis
By: Birhanu Asefa, Eleyas Assefa, Lysandros Pantelidis,Costas Sachpazis
This paper examines the impact of different pile configurations and geometric parameters on the bearing capacity and the settlement response of a combined pile–raft foundation system utilizing FLAC3D software. The configurations considered were: (1) uniform piles (denoted as CONF1), (2) shorter and longer piles uniformly distributed on the plan view of the raft (CONF2), (3) shorter piles at the center and longer piles at the edge of the raft (CONF3), and (4) longer piles at the center and shorter piles at the edge of the raft (CONF4). In the same framework, different pile diameters and raft stiffnesses were examined. The piles are considered to float in a cohesive–frictional soil mass, simulating the thick cohesive soil deposit found in Addis Abeba (Ethiopia). During simulation, a zero-thickness interface element was employed to incorporate the complex interaction between the soil elements and the structural elements. The analyses indicate that the configuration of piles has a considerable effect on both the bearing capacity and the settlement response of the foundation system. CONF1 and CONF3 improve the bearing capacity and exhibits a smaller average settlement than other configurations. However, CONF3 registers the highest differential settlement. On the other hand, the lowest differential settlement was achieved by the CONF4 configuration; the same configuration also gives ultimate load resistance comparable to those provided by either CONF1 or CONF3. The study also showed that applying zero-thickness interface elements to simulate the interaction between components of the foundation system is suitable for examining piled raft foundations problem.
Σαχπάζης Πλεονεκτήματα και Προκλήσεις της Αιολικής ΕνέργειαςDr.Costas Sachpazis
Σαχπάζης: Πλεονεκτήματα και Προκλήσεις της Αιολικής Ενέργειας.
Πλεονεκτήματα και Προκλήσεις της Αιολικής Ενέργειας
Από Κώστα Σαχπάζη, Πολιτικό Μηχανικό, καθηγητή Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής στην Γεωτεχνική Μηχανική
Η αιολική ενέργεια προσφέρει πολλά πλεονεκτήματα, κάτι που εξηγεί γιατί είναι μια από τις ταχύτερα αναπτυσσόμενες πηγές ενέργειας στον κόσμο. Οι ερευνητικές προσπάθειες αποσκοπούν στην αντιμετώπιση των προκλήσεων για μεγαλύτερη χρήση της αιολικής ενέργειας.
Καθώς είναι πιο καθαρή και φιλική προς το κλίμα, η Αιολική Ενέργεια χρησιμοποιείται ολοένα και περισσότερο για να καλύψει τις συνεχώς αυξανόμενες παγκόσμιες ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις. Στην Ελλάδα, υπάρχει ένα μεγάλο κενό μεταξύ των Αιολικών Πόρων και της πραγματικής παραγωγής ενέργειας, και είναι επιτακτική ανάγκη να επεκταθεί η ανάπτυξη της αιολικής ενέργειας, ιδιαίτερα στις ημέρες μας μετά από την Νέα Εποχή της Απολιγνιτοποίησης που έχουμε εισέλθει με βάση τις προσταγές και τους νόμους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.
Ας δούμε όμως παρακάτω περισσότερα για τα οφέλη της αιολικής ενέργειας και μερικές από τις προκλήσεις που προσπαθεί να ξεπεράσει:
Πλεονεκτήματα της Αιολικής Ενέργειας
Sachpazis: Raft Foundation Analysis and Design for a two Storey House Project...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
This document provides an analysis and design of a raft foundation for a two-story house project. It includes definitions of the soil properties, raft slab geometry, reinforcement, and other structural elements. Calculations are shown for checks of internal slab bearing pressure, bending moments, shear forces, and reinforcement requirements in accordance with relevant code standards. The analysis confirms that the applied bearing pressure is less than the allowable soil pressure and that the provided reinforcement is adequate.
Sachpazis_Pile Analysis and Design for Acropolis Project According to EN 1997...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
1) The document provides details of a circular column pile design including input parameters such as pile dimensions, safety factors, design parameters, settlement parameters, and layer properties.
2) It summarizes the calculations of layer capacities, total capacities, design capacities, and settlement at service and ultimate limit states.
3) Key outputs include a design load of 3600 kN, a calculated capacity of 5527.83 kN, an Everett settlement of 3.43 mm at SLS and 5.21 mm at ULS, and a required reinforcement area of 2544.69 mm2.
Παράδειγμα ανάλυσης και σχεδίασης Ζευκτών (Trusses) σύμφωνα με τον Ευρωκώδικα EC3, του Δρ. Κώστα Σαχπάζη.
Truss Analysis and Design example to EC3, by Dr. Costas Sachpazis
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Trends and needs for the prediction of the inelastic capacity of steel members considering the differences in seismic loading conditions.
1. Trends and needs for the prediction of the inelastic capacity of steel
members considering the differences in seismic loading conditions
Anthimos S. Anastasiadis
Dr. Structural Engineer
GeoStatic Partnership (www.GeoStatic.eu)
Thessaloniki, Greece
e-mail: anstasiadis@geostatic.eu
Tzanetis I. Voghiatzis
Structural Engineer, MSc, PhD candidate
GeoStatic Partnership
Thessaloniki, Greece
e-mail : voghiatzis@geostatic.eu
Constantine I. Sachpazis
Dr. Civil & Geotechnical Engineer
GeoStatic Partnership
Athens, Greece
e-mail: sachpazis@geostatic.eu
1. SUMMARY
The inelastic behaviour of structures strongly depends on the type of earthquake excitation.
Moreover the ductility, both the local and global one, as well as the associated strength is
depending on the loading history and the rate of loading. The engineering community,
starting from the San Fernando earthquake, USA 1971, the Michoacan seismic event,
Mexico City, 1985, and further to the Northridge, 1994, USA, and Kobe, 1995, Japan,
earthquakes, well recognized and classified the differences between the far source and near
source seismic excitations. This paper, through a review of existing literature, is focused
upon the effect of both the different loading history and the loading rate on the capacity of
steel members. It attempts to provide information in order to reconsider the way of
approaching the prediction of the inelastic capacity of steel members.
8th Hellenic National Conference on Steel Structures
2-4 October, Tripoli, Greece
CD Paper P021
2. 2. INTRODUCTION
It well recognized that the inelastic behaviour of structures mainly depends on three main parameters, namely, the type of earthquake excitation, the local foundation soil conditions as well as the structural conformation. Moreover the ductility, both the local and global one, as well as the associated strength is depending on the loading history, the rate of loading and the structural detailing.
The engineering community, starting from the San Fernando earthquake, USA 1971, the Michoacan seismic event, Mexico City, 1985, and further the Northridge, 1994, USA, and Kobe, 1995, Japan, earthquakes, well recognized and classified the differences between the far source and near source seismic excitations. After a review of research papers in the field of geotechnical and structural engineering [1], [2], it was demonstrated that the far source earthquakes were related to a cyclic action and low rate of loading, whilst in case of near source earthquakes the load rating is high, developing brittle failures to the base material. Furthermore, the vertical action is another important factor contributing to failures by fracture. However, due to the inherent uncertainties related to the seismic actions the considerations presented herein would be considered as a general tendency of the inelastic behaviour of steel elements.
As it was revealed from past earthquake events, beyond the hazard described by the seismic excitation and the geotechnical conditions, the vulnerability of a structural system, as derived by inefficient materials, construction defects, inferior execution, is another factor contributing to the potential damage. Research projects, like the SAC, [3], RECOS- INCO Copernicus, [4], NSEE / E-Defence, [5] and currently the FUSEIS, [6], attempted to investigate and to provide efficient and rectifiable structural solutions.
Consequently, in order to properly predict the inelastic capacity of steel structural systems a holistic view from the genesis of the earthquake phenomena through the geologic- geotechnical conditions is necessary in addition to all aforementioned factors should be absolutely related to the global and local structural behaviour. Obviously there is a “chain reaction” formatted by the earthquake engineering / engineering seismology - geotechnical earthquake engineering - steel structural design, and hence a multidisciplinary effort is needed in order to implement the inelastic analysis and design of the steel structural systems in a safe and economic way.
This paper, through the existing literature review, is focused upon the effect of the different loading history and the loading rate on the capacity of steel structural members. By using past earthquake damage knowledge bases, it attempts to illustrate the differences between the far and near source excitations. It also discusses the different inelastic behaviour under the loading conditions which could be further associated with the generally recognized seismic typologies (near field vs. far field).
3. EARTHQUAKE EXCITATION CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH INELASTIC BEHAVIOUR
The ground motion and the structural behaviour, through the geologic and local site geotechnical conditions, form a part of an interrelation that could be addressed under a general view where a global source effect influences a local point as is the steel structure and its component elements. Obviously it is beyond the conventional soil-structure
3. interaction, due to the fact that deals with the fault mechanism, depth, distance, magnitude,
duration, local ground conditions, surface topography, directivity, radiation pattern,
positioning of the structure as compared with the other ones and finally structural
conformation and detailing. Therefore, an integrated geotechnical / structural expertise is
needed in order to consider the source-soil-structure interaction. The analysis and design of
the local point (e.g. level of a structure, element, joint) is strictly related with the
aforementioned multiparametric factors which must be considered, otherwise the final
result could be deficient.
Generally we distinguish two types of earthquake excitations, namely the far-source as
well as the near-source earthquakes. The type of excitation, for a far and near field
recording, is different as we can observe from figure 1, where the “921 Chi-Chi” Taiwan
earthquake, 1999, is illustrated. Far–source earthquakes have longer duration, much more
cycles than the near field ones, low velocity characteristics, an increased effect of soil
conditions influence, while near-source excitations have a significant velocity pulse, with
great values of velocity and velocity pulse duration, a reduced number of important
inelastic cycles and acceleration duration, as well as a distinct long period profile as
compared with the one coming from the local soil conditions.
Far source earthquake Near source earthquake
Epicentre distance: 157.80 Km Epicentre distance: 0.49 Km
PGV/PGA = 0.08 PGV/PGA = 0.558
Fig. 1: 921 Chi-Chi Earthquake, 1999 a) far source, b) near-source ground motion.
It is also important to present a benchmark ground motion from the Michoacan earthquake,
Mexico 1985, in order to illustrate the soil effect of a pure far-source earthquake, Fig. 2. It
is obvious the repetitive action, with many cycles as well as the importance of duration.
Acceleration ground motion Velocity ground motion
Fig. 2: Michoacan earthquake, Mexico 1985.
4. Consequently, not only the demand is going to be different, as defined from the input
energy, but also the deformational capacity of the component elements of a structure. This
stands particularly true as it was revealed from real earthquake events when in case of far-field
earthquakes the cycle action with more inelastic cycles is the predominant one,
producing stiffness and strength degradation (e.g. local buckling), while in case of near-field
earthquakes the loading rate and the impulsive character of the loading are amongst
the main influencing factors leading to brittle failures. For instance, taking into account
two distinct earthquakes, the Tohoku, Japan, 2011, [7], as a far-field action, and the well-known
Kobe earthquake, 1995, as a near-field seismic action, Fig. 3a, we can observe that
for the first one the strongly repetitive cyclic action enabled dissipation mechanisms like
flange and web local buckling and panel zone deformation, Fig. 3b, while for the second
one brittle failures without any sign of deformation, Fig. 3c.
a) Tsukidate ground motion (NS), far-source JMA Kobe record (NS), near source
b) Damage from Tohoku earthquake
c) Damage from Kobe earthquake
Fig. 3: Differences in the damage in case of far and near source earthquakes.
Signs of panel zone
deformation
Signs of web and
flange local
buckling
5. 4. LOCAL INELASTIC CAPACITY UNDER DIFFERENT LOADING ACTIONS
The same element or structure behaves differently under different actions. Obviously, as
illustrated in the above paragraph, the steel elements, as a function of the seismic
excitation, may respond distinctly developing ductile or brittle inelastic behaviour. The
majority of studies were carried out investigating the inelastic demand, but only few
experimental [8], [9], [10] and analytical studies, [11], [12], [13] are focused on the
inelastic capacity. Recently, Lignos and Krawinkler by utilising an experimental database
provided valuable equations related to the prediction of the ultimate rotation capacity, [13].
In order to capture the inelastic behaviour, different loading protocols were proposed and
used, Fig. 4. However the majority of those ones were based on the predominant cyclic
action, Fig. 4a,b, not considering the impulsive action and the strain rate effect; due to the
increased velocity which strongly increases the yielding limit where brittle fractures are
observed. In any case, currently the generally used protocols better simulate the far-source
earthquakes. Krawinkler, [14] propose a testing protocol that takes into account the
impulsive action, Fig. 4c. Also in this last case the increased loading rate was not
considered. Therefore, towards this direction more research should be performed in order
to develop new loading history and rate protocols, taking into account the duration through
the effective number of cycles that produce damage, as well as a cycle counting using the
time history of structural response.
a) ECCS recommendation, 1986 b) SAC 2000, AISC 2005 c) Near-source protocol, [14]
Fig. 4: Different proposals for loading protocols used in experiments.
Figure 5 outlines the experimentally measured inelastic rotation capacity of steel beams
under different load-deformation actions [8]; one can remark the great differences from
one to another protocol, hence it is absolutely necessary to develop action protocols in
order to reliably calibrate the behaviour as defined by real earthquakes, and further on to
reliably predict the available local ductility of steel elements. Otherwise the well-known
value of 3% of plastic rotation is questionable.
Fig. 5: Different proposals for loading protocols used in experiments
1 2
3 4
5
6. Moreover, beyond the absolute value of the fracture rotation also the number of cycles,
until the fracture, is different. As a function of load-deformation relationship and the initial
applied amplitude, the available rotation capacity strongly depends on the initial range of
amplitude. Clearly, the task to codify, in real construction conditions, the prediction of the
available local ductility seems to be difficult, although we could propose four ways of
action, namely: (i) performance of microzonation studies for each earthquake prone zone
or city, in a country providing the input data for the generalization of loading protocols
after an extensive time history analysis, execution of a detailed geotechnical site
investigation and characterisation study in the foundation area of the project, providing the
accurate soil / rock mechanics input data, properties, coefficients and parameters for the
appropriate selection of the foundation type and its analysis and design, (ii) proposal of
different loading histories and procedures open to be selected by the designer, tailored on a
project-by-project basis, and (iii) proposal of an envelope for all the cases, e.g. far / near
source, local site geotechnical conditions, etc. The last case is the more conservative one.
With regard to the loading rate, the increasing of the strain rate dramatically changes the
cyclic behaviour of a joint, [9], Fig. 6a. It is important to remark that, as was revealed by
the experimental tests carried out by El Hassouni et al, [9], more than 80% of the input
energy was dissipated by the panel zone, while the beam rotation representing only
approximately the 20% of the remaining ductility. Nevertheless, in the real construction
conditions there are secondary beams, connecting the adjacent frames, thus the panel zone
deformation is strongly constrained leading to the concentration of the inelastic action at
the beam-column interface. The aforementioned total rotation could not be undertaken by
the beam connection to the column as was demonstrated by the Northridge, 1994, and
Kobe, 1995, earthquakes, developing brittle fractures, Fig. 6a. It should be underlined that
the work carried out in [9] used the ECCS protocol not considering the impulsive character
of the action and further on the specimens were subjected to a strain-rate value between 9
to 12 % s-1. Instead, at real seismic events the level of strain-rate varies between 10% to
1000% s-1,[12]. In this direction more experimental and analytical work should be
performed using new proposed protocols combined with high strain rate (as possible due to
the experimental installation constraints) and also considering the real construction
detailing (presence of the secondary beams, slab effect, stiffeners, hybrid beam-column use
of different steel qualities, etc).
Fig. 6:. a ) Behaviour of fully welded beam column specimen under strain-rate, [9] b)
Northridge observed damage, c) experimentally produced damage [3]
Strain-rate:
9% s-1 (0.30Hz)
Strain-rate:
12% s-1 (0.50Hz)
Panel zone
Fracture
Panel zone
Fracture
a)
b)
c)
7. 5. CONCLUSIONS
The paper attempts to present the influence of the different earthquake type excitations on the available local ductility of steel structural elements; however, due to the difficulty of the structural interpretation of seismic data and inherent uncertainties related to them, it is focused on limited past earthquake events and further on the conclusions could not be generalized. Therefore, a tendency from the above mentioned earthquakes was that in case of far source seismic actions a predominant cyclic action was observed leading to the fracture due to a low cycle fatigue mechanism, while in case of near-source actions very few cycles having a predominant impulsive character associated with an increased velocity, which increases the yielding ratio, leads to a different fracture mechanism. A perspective towards the consideration of the inelastic design would be the development of new testing protocols, and further on approaching the topic from a multidisciplinary point of view. Finally, the new generation of performance based design codes should be more open providing only with the basic objectives and principles, also accompanying the basic code with recommendation guides focused on special topics targeting to the integrated source- soil-site-structure interaction analysis and design.
6. REFERENCES
[1]
KRAMER S. “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”. Prentice Hall, 1996.
[2]
GIONCU V., MAZZOLANI F.M. “Earthquake Engineering for Structural Design”. London: Spon Press, 2011.
[3]
http://www.sacsteel.org/project/
[4]
MAZZOLANI F.M. (ed), 2000. “Moment Resistant Connections of Steel Frames in Seismic Areas”, E&FN SPON, Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.
[5]
http://peer.berkeley.edu/events/2013/nees-edefense/
[6]
http://fuseis.ntua.gr/
[7]
EERI Special Report. Performance of Engineered Structures in the Mw 9.0 Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake of March 11, 2011. January 2012.
[8]
JIAO Y., YAMADA S., KISHIKI S., SHIMADA Y. “Evaluation of plastic energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering ductile fracture under various loading histories”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 40, Issue 14, 2011 pp. 1553-1570.
[9]
El HASSOUNI A., PLUMIER A., CHERRABI A. “Experimental and numerical analysis of the strain-rate effect on fully welded connections”. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 67, No. 3, 2011, pp. 533-546..
[10]
UANG C.M., YU Q.S., GILTON C.S , 2000. “Effects on loading history on cyclic performance of steel RBS moment connections”, Proc. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (12 WCEE 2000), 2000, cd paper 1234.
[11]
ANASTASIADIS A., MOSOARCA M., GIONCU V., 2012. “New aspects concerning the ductility of steel members”, Proc. Int. Conference on Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas (STESSA 2012), 2012, pp. 455-461, Santiago.
[12]
GIONCU V., MOSOARCA M., ANASTASIADIS A. “Local ductility of steel elements under near-field loading”. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. Vol. 101, 2014, pp. 33-52.
[13]
LIGNOS D., KRAWINKLER H. “Deterioration modelling of steel components in support of collapse prediction of steel moment frames under earthquake loading”. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 137, 2011, pp. 1291-1302.
[14]
KRAWINKLER H. “Loading histories for cyclic tests in support of performance assessment of structural components”. 3rd International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering. San Francisco, 2009.
8. Τάσεις και ανάγκες για πρόβλεψη της ανελαστικής ικανότητας των μελών από δομικό χάλυβα λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις διαφορές στις σεισμικές συνθήκες φόρτισης
Άνθιμος Σ. Αναστασιάδης
Δρ. Πολιτικός Μηχανικός
GeoStatic Partnership (www.GeoStatic.eu)
Τ. Παπαγεωργίου 10, 54631, Θεσσαλονίκη
e-mail: anstasiadis@geostatic.eu
Τζανετής Ι. Βογιατζής
Διπλ. Πολιτικός Μηχανικός, MSc, Υποψ. Διδάκτωρ
GeoStatic Partnership
Τ. Παπαγεωργίου 10, 54631, Θεσσαλονίκη
e-mail : voghiatzis@geostatic.eu
Κωνσταντίνος Ι. Σαχπάζης
Δρ. Γεωτεχνικός & Πολιτικός Μηχανικός
GeoStatic Partnership
Διονυσίου 29, Ίλιον 13122, Αττική
e-mail: sachpazis@geostatic.eu
ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ
Η ανελαστική συμπεριφορά των δομικών στοιχείων εξαρτάται έντονα από το είδος της σεισμική διέγερσης. Επιπλέον η πλαστιμότητα, τόσο σε τοπικό όσο και σε καθολικό επίπεδο, εξαρτάται άμεσα από το ιστορικό καθώς και τον ρυθμό φόρτισης. Μετά από τον σεισμό του San Fernado, 1971, καθώς και τους σεισμούς του Μεξικό, 1985, και εν συνεχεία από τους εξαιρετικά ιδιαίτερους σεισμούς του Northridge, 1994, και του Kobe, 1995, διαπιστώθηκε και καταγράφηκε η σημαντική διαφορά που προκαλούν σε επίπεδο συμπεριφοράς κατασκευής οι σεισμοί εγγύς και μακρινού πεδίου. Η παρούσα εργασία, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία, και θεωρώντας ότι η ανάλυση και ο σχεδιασμός απαιτούν διεπιστημονική δομοστατική και γεωτεχνική προσέγγιση, εξετάζει την επίδραση των διαφορετικών ιστορικών φόρτισης στην ανελαστική συμπεριφορά των μεταλλικών δομικών στοιχείων. Επιπλέον, επιχειρεί να προσεγγίσει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο μπορεί να εκτιμηθεί η διαθέσιμη τοπική πλαστιμότητα κάτω από τις προαναφερόμενες συνθήκες.