ABSTRACT: Piling retaining walls as soil holder elements have a wide range of applications including slope
stabilization of roads, protection of coastlines against erosion, controlling lateral extension in areas prone to
liquefaction, stabilization of vertical trenches and protection against excavations. These types of retaining
structures have load-deformation behavior of their own as flexible elements and they practically have extreme
lateral deformation under the effect of lateral soil pressure because of their small thickness; the amount of their
lateral deformation is a function of clamped length and also the characteristics of the soil behind. The stability
analytical methods of geotechnical structures are generally divided into three categories including closed
solution method, simple methods and numerical methods. In this article, after reviewing theories of soils
dynamic lateral pressure, the performance of several methods including limit equilibrium method in the analysis
of retaining walls are evaluated and then they are compared with the finite element method which is one of the
conventional and known numerical methods.
Keywords: Retaining walls, dynamic analysis, Mononobe - Okabe, seismic behavior, finite element
Pseudo static passive response of retaining wall supporting c-φ backfilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract Passive resistance is a significantly important factor for successful design and performance of various structures like anchors, bulkheads, retaining walls etc. Several analytical methods have been introduced time to time to predict the passive resistance for retaining walls supporting soil as the backfill. Most of these methods for the analysis are based on linear failure criterion. Whereas; experimental investigations, theoretical analysis and failed structures have indicated that the rupture surface is supposed to be nonlinear for the most practical environment. Thus, the assumption of planar sliding surface is supposed to underestimate the lateral earth pressure on the active side, which may make retaining walls unsatisfactorily designed at the passive side for support depending on earth pressures. For this reason, the nonlinear analyses were introduced in the earth pressure theories. The methodologies for nonlinear analysis under seismic loading conditions are mostly based on the assumption of log spiral failure surface. Eminent researchers have predicted the failure surface to be a combination of log spiral and straight line. In this paper an effort has been made to derive the analytical expression of passive earth pressure coefficient on the retaining wall from the c-Ф backfill subjected to both horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. The solution has been carried out by using Horizontal Slices Method (HSM) and limit equilibrium principles to generate a non-linear failure surface. Pseudo-static approach has been used to determine the seismic passive earth pressure. Generalized equation has been developed to find the solution. Results have been prepared in tabular form considering variation of parameters. The results have duly been compared with previous studies to justify the present analysis. Detailed parametric study has been made for the variation of different parameters like angle of internal friction (Φ), angle of wall friction (δ), wall inclination angle (α), Horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients (kh and kv), cohesion (c), adhesion (ca) and height of retaining wall (H). Index Terms:- Pseudo-static, seismic passive earth pressure, c-Φ backfill, rigid retaining wall, Wall inclination, nonlinear failure surface.
This document presents an alternative closed-form solution for calculating seismic earth pressures on retaining walls. The proposed solution is based on the theory of discontinuous stress fields and considers parameters like soil weight, friction angle, wall and backfill inclination, wall roughness, surface surcharge, and horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration. It aims to provide a simpler, more accurate, and conservative solution compared to existing methods like Coulomb and Mononobe-Okabe equations. The solution is presented through dimensionless graphs and is verified through comparison to established numerical solutions, showing maximum errors of around 10% for active pressures.
“DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALL WITH SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION”IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the dynamic analysis of gravity retaining walls considering soil-structure interaction. It discusses how the interaction between retaining walls and surrounding soil becomes complex under dynamic loads like earthquakes. It develops a numerical model using finite element methods to simulate the coupled behavior of the retaining wall and underlying soil. The soil is modeled using constitutive models that capture its nonlinear and dynamic properties, while the retaining wall is modeled as either rigid or flexible. It analyzes the effects of soil-structure interaction on the dynamic response of gravity retaining walls under different heights and profiles. The maximum and minimum deformations and stresses obtained from the analysis are plotted against the height ratio to study their variations.
1. The document discusses modeling and analyzing a 10-story building with different shear wall configurations to determine the optimal layout. 5 models were considered: without shear walls, with center/side shear walls, and with corner shear walls extending different lengths.
2. Model 3, with corner shear walls extending 3m on each side, performed best with the lowest drift, highest stiffness, and least displacement under seismic and wind loads. Proper shear wall positioning improves a building's earthquake resistance.
3. Static analysis yielded higher drifts than response spectrum analysis for all models. Shear walls significantly influence member forces and building performance during seismic events. Model 3 displayed the best structural behavior overall.
Bi-directional Effects on the Response of an Isolated BridgeIDES Editor
This paper studies the effects of bi-directional ground excitation on the seismic response of an isolated bridge. Nonlinear dynamic analysis and pushover analysis are used to analyze a 3-span continuous bridge isolated using various bearing types under uni-directional and bi-directional ground motions. The results show that bi-directional excitation can significantly increase the bridge response, especially for friction pendulum isolated bridges, where uni-directional analysis underestimates the response. Pushover analysis provides conservative estimates of response compared to dynamic analysis for elastomeric bearings but underestimates response for friction-based systems. The maximum bi-directional response does not coincide with the maximum uni-directional response, indicating the need to consider
Study of Soil Structure Interaction Effects on Multi-risers by applying soil ...Roshni Ramakrishnan
The response of a structure is affected by interaction between three linked systems, the
structure, the foundation and the soil underlying and surrounding the foundation. Soil-
Structure interaction analysis evaluates the collective response of these systems tospecified motion.The purpose of the thesis is to develop guidance for implementing soil-structure interaction inthe analysis and design of multi-risers such that the structural models include elements thataccount for the geotechnical and foundation conditions associated with buildings under consideration.
As part of the work, soil structure interaction procedures were applied to detailed example
applications to evaluate the influence of SSI components on the analysis results of dynamic
load cases ( as per IS 1893) and subsequently on the effect of the design of the structural members.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
Pseudo static passive response of retaining wall supporting c-φ backfilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract Passive resistance is a significantly important factor for successful design and performance of various structures like anchors, bulkheads, retaining walls etc. Several analytical methods have been introduced time to time to predict the passive resistance for retaining walls supporting soil as the backfill. Most of these methods for the analysis are based on linear failure criterion. Whereas; experimental investigations, theoretical analysis and failed structures have indicated that the rupture surface is supposed to be nonlinear for the most practical environment. Thus, the assumption of planar sliding surface is supposed to underestimate the lateral earth pressure on the active side, which may make retaining walls unsatisfactorily designed at the passive side for support depending on earth pressures. For this reason, the nonlinear analyses were introduced in the earth pressure theories. The methodologies for nonlinear analysis under seismic loading conditions are mostly based on the assumption of log spiral failure surface. Eminent researchers have predicted the failure surface to be a combination of log spiral and straight line. In this paper an effort has been made to derive the analytical expression of passive earth pressure coefficient on the retaining wall from the c-Ф backfill subjected to both horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. The solution has been carried out by using Horizontal Slices Method (HSM) and limit equilibrium principles to generate a non-linear failure surface. Pseudo-static approach has been used to determine the seismic passive earth pressure. Generalized equation has been developed to find the solution. Results have been prepared in tabular form considering variation of parameters. The results have duly been compared with previous studies to justify the present analysis. Detailed parametric study has been made for the variation of different parameters like angle of internal friction (Φ), angle of wall friction (δ), wall inclination angle (α), Horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients (kh and kv), cohesion (c), adhesion (ca) and height of retaining wall (H). Index Terms:- Pseudo-static, seismic passive earth pressure, c-Φ backfill, rigid retaining wall, Wall inclination, nonlinear failure surface.
This document presents an alternative closed-form solution for calculating seismic earth pressures on retaining walls. The proposed solution is based on the theory of discontinuous stress fields and considers parameters like soil weight, friction angle, wall and backfill inclination, wall roughness, surface surcharge, and horizontal and vertical seismic acceleration. It aims to provide a simpler, more accurate, and conservative solution compared to existing methods like Coulomb and Mononobe-Okabe equations. The solution is presented through dimensionless graphs and is verified through comparison to established numerical solutions, showing maximum errors of around 10% for active pressures.
“DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY RETAINING WALL WITH SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION”IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the dynamic analysis of gravity retaining walls considering soil-structure interaction. It discusses how the interaction between retaining walls and surrounding soil becomes complex under dynamic loads like earthquakes. It develops a numerical model using finite element methods to simulate the coupled behavior of the retaining wall and underlying soil. The soil is modeled using constitutive models that capture its nonlinear and dynamic properties, while the retaining wall is modeled as either rigid or flexible. It analyzes the effects of soil-structure interaction on the dynamic response of gravity retaining walls under different heights and profiles. The maximum and minimum deformations and stresses obtained from the analysis are plotted against the height ratio to study their variations.
1. The document discusses modeling and analyzing a 10-story building with different shear wall configurations to determine the optimal layout. 5 models were considered: without shear walls, with center/side shear walls, and with corner shear walls extending different lengths.
2. Model 3, with corner shear walls extending 3m on each side, performed best with the lowest drift, highest stiffness, and least displacement under seismic and wind loads. Proper shear wall positioning improves a building's earthquake resistance.
3. Static analysis yielded higher drifts than response spectrum analysis for all models. Shear walls significantly influence member forces and building performance during seismic events. Model 3 displayed the best structural behavior overall.
Bi-directional Effects on the Response of an Isolated BridgeIDES Editor
This paper studies the effects of bi-directional ground excitation on the seismic response of an isolated bridge. Nonlinear dynamic analysis and pushover analysis are used to analyze a 3-span continuous bridge isolated using various bearing types under uni-directional and bi-directional ground motions. The results show that bi-directional excitation can significantly increase the bridge response, especially for friction pendulum isolated bridges, where uni-directional analysis underestimates the response. Pushover analysis provides conservative estimates of response compared to dynamic analysis for elastomeric bearings but underestimates response for friction-based systems. The maximum bi-directional response does not coincide with the maximum uni-directional response, indicating the need to consider
Study of Soil Structure Interaction Effects on Multi-risers by applying soil ...Roshni Ramakrishnan
The response of a structure is affected by interaction between three linked systems, the
structure, the foundation and the soil underlying and surrounding the foundation. Soil-
Structure interaction analysis evaluates the collective response of these systems tospecified motion.The purpose of the thesis is to develop guidance for implementing soil-structure interaction inthe analysis and design of multi-risers such that the structural models include elements thataccount for the geotechnical and foundation conditions associated with buildings under consideration.
As part of the work, soil structure interaction procedures were applied to detailed example
applications to evaluate the influence of SSI components on the analysis results of dynamic
load cases ( as per IS 1893) and subsequently on the effect of the design of the structural members.
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
This document describes a comparative slope stability analysis of a levee in New Orleans using four different methods: the Method of Planes (MOP), limit equilibrium analysis, elastic finite element analysis, and elastoplastic finite element analysis using strength reduction. The analyses were performed on a levee section with known soil properties from site investigations. Results showing minimum factors of safety using each method are presented.
The performance of soil slope during an earthquake is generally analyzed by three different approaches which are pseudo-static methods, Newmark’s Sliding Block method and numerical techniques. In pseudo-static approach, the effects of an earthquake are represented by constant vertical (kv) and horizontal (kh) seismic acceleration coefficients and the factor of safety is evaluated by using limit equilibrium or limit analysis or finite element method of analysis. Newmark’s sliding block method evaluates the expected displacement of slope subjected to any ground motion obtained from the integration of the equation of motion for a rigid block sliding in an inclined plane. Numerical methods determine the expected displacements obtained from the stress – strain relationship of a soil mass. In this paper the stability of a model soil slope, comprising of an embankment with two canal bunds at the top, at different stages of construction, i.e. only embankment, embankment with empty canal bunds and embankment with canal bunds filled with water, with different foundation soils in different seismic zones have been analyzed and results have been plotted in the form of variation of factor of safety with horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient (kh). The critical case has been further analyzed under dynamic conditions. Dynamic analyses have been carried out by plotting the response spectrum curve and selecting 2001 Bhuj earthquake motion as the typical ground motion.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT CONSIDERING SOIL ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the performance of reinforced concrete structures with and without considering soil-structure interaction. The study uses pushover analysis in ETABS to model an 8-story structure in different seismic zones and soil conditions. Soil-structure interaction is modeled using Winkler springs, with varying spring stiffness values calculated for hard, medium, and soft soils. The results will show how soil properties and soil-structure interaction affect the seismic demand on the structure and its component behavior and failure mechanism.
The document describes a study on the seismic response of plane frames considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). Plane frames with varying numbers of stories (9m to 33m) and bay lengths (2m to 10m) were modeled in STAAD Pro software. The frames were analyzed under fixed base conditions and flexible base conditions where SSI was incorporated using Winkler soil springs. Results showed that accounting for SSI led to changes in seismic responses like bending moments, axial forces, and lateral displacements compared to fixed base conditions. The influence of SSI increased with softer soil and was more pronounced for frames with greater heights and bay lengths.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Numerical and Analytical Solutions for Ovaling Deformation in Circular Tunnel...IDES Editor
Ovaling deformations develop when waves propagate
perpendicular to the tunnel axis. Two analytical solutions are
used for estimating the ovaling deformations and forces in
circular tunnels due to soil–structure interaction under
seismic loading. In this paper, these two closed form solutions
will be described briefly, and then a comparison between these
methods will be made by changing the ground parameters.
Differences between the results of these two methods in
calculating the magnitudes of thrust on tunnel lining are
significant. For verifying the results of these two closed form
solutions, numerical analyses were performed using finite
element code (ABAQUS program). These analyses show that
the two closed form solutions provide the same results only
for full-slip condition.
The Crack Pattern Of R.C Beams Under LoadingAhmed Abdullah
1. A reinforced concrete beam was tested under static two-point concentrated loading to study the effect of different web reinforcement arrangements on ultimate shear strength.
2. It was observed that diagonal cracks developed first in deeper beams while flexural cracks developed first in shallower beams with sufficient reinforcement.
3. The crack pattern and failure mode were similar across all test beams despite variations in web reinforcement, with diagonal cracks forming first in deeper beams.
Comparative Study of Various Seismic Analysis Methods for Rc StructureIJERA Editor
A large number of RC frame buildings have been built in India in recent years. Huge number of similarly designed and constructed buildings exist in the various towns and cities situated in moderate to severe seismic zones of the country. Analysis and design of such buildings for static forces is a routine affair these days because of availability of affordable computers and specialized programs which can be used for the analysis. On the other hand, dynamic analysis is a time consuming process and requires additional input related to mass of the structure, and an understanding of structural dynamics for interpretation of analytical results. Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings are most common type of constructions in urban India, which are subjected to several types of forces during their lifetime, such as static forces due to dead and live loads and dynamic forces due to earthquake. To ensure safety against seismic forces of multi-storied building hence, there is need to study of seismic analysis to design earthquake resistance structures. In the present study a multi-storied framed structure is selected, And Linear seismic analysis is done for the building by static method (Equivalent Static Method) and dynamic method (Response Spectrum Method & Time history Method) using ETAB2016 as per the IS-1893-2002-Part-1. As a result, the response of structure has been obtained for considered building models, based on each methods of analysis, and then the results are compared with each other.
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 30-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building was analyzed considering different subgrade modulus values representing various soil conditions, and for different seismic zones in India. It was found that accounting for soil-structure interaction, through modeling the soil as springs, resulted in significantly higher horizontal and vertical displacements compared to assuming fixed foundation supports. The maximum increase in horizontal displacement was 337% and in vertical displacement was 1420%, both for the lowest subgrade modulus of 12,000 kN/m^3 in seismic zone V. Therefore, the study concluded that soil-structure interaction effects must be considered, especially for softer soils in high
This document discusses several applications of slope stability analysis using the finite element method. It begins by introducing slope stability analysis and some traditional limit equilibrium methods. It then discusses two main advantages of the finite element method: it does not require assumptions about the failure surface shape or location, and it can model complex geometries and soil properties. The document presents several examples of applying the finite element method to analyze slope stability under various conditions, including accounting for drainage, brittle soil behavior, and engineering interventions. It compares results to traditional methods and notes the additional data on stresses, strains, and progressive failure that finite element analysis can provide.
The document summarizes research on modeling the seismic pounding response of adjacent structures. It discusses two common methods for simulating pounding: the contact element method using linear springs and the stereomechanical method using impulse-momentum principles. The paper then presents the mathematical formulation for analyzing the time-domain response of a three-structure system with adjacent elastic and inelastic SDOF structures undergoing one-sided or two-sided pounding. The response is computed using the Newmark-Beta method with a linear spring contact element model.
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Frame-Shear Wall Building Considering SSIIJERA Editor
The structural system of a high-rise building often has a more pronounced effect than a low rise building on the
total building cost and the architecture aspect of building. Shear walls are lateral load resisting structural
systems which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind and seismic Loads. The design of multi
storey building is to have good lateral load resisting System along with gravity load system for safety of
occupant and for better performance of structure even in most adverse condition. The main scope of this project
is to apply class room knowledge in the real world by designing a multi-storied residential building. Shear walls
are more efficient in resisting lateral loads in multi storied buildings. Steel and reinforced concrete shear walls
are kept in major positions of multi storied buildings which are made in consideration of seismic forces and
wind forces. To solve this purpose shear walls are a very powerful structural elements, if used judiciously can
reduce deflections and stresses to a very great extent. Our project contains a brief description of building with
shear wall and without shear wall thoroughly discussed structural analysis of a building to explain the
application of shear wall. The design analysis of the multi storied building in our project is done through
STAAD-PRO, most popular structural engineering software. It is featured with some ultimate power tool,
analysis and design facilities which make it more users friendly.
Effectiveness Evaluation of Seismic Protection Devices for Bridges in the PB...Franco Bontempi
Seismic protection measures for bridges can be used both for obtaining acceptable performances from new structures that for retrofitting existing ones. With the modern design philosophy based on probabilistic Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) approaches, the engineers are allowed to investigate different design solutions in terms of vulnerability assessment. However, if probabilistic PBEE approaches are nowadays well established and widely studied also for bridges, the topic of using the PBEE frameworks for the evaluation of the effectiveness of seismic protection devices for bridges is not extensively treated in literature.
The first objective of this work is to deal with the problem of assessing the earthquake performance of an highway bridge equipped with different bearing device: the
elastomeric bearings (ERB) and the friction pendulum systems (FPS). The second purpose is to evaluate the efficiency of a structure-dependent IM in case of isolated system. The examined structure is an highway bridge with concrete piers and steel truss deck. A FE model of the bridge is developed by using nonlinear beam-column elements with fiber section and the devices are modeled by specific elements implementing their
nonlinear behavior. The effectiveness of the different retrofitting strategies has been carried out in terms of damage probability. Choosing the example of slight damage, and referring to the curvature ductility as EDP, the probability of damage during a period of 50 years is: 23% for the structure without isolation, 7% for the structure equipped with ERB, and 3% for the structure equipped with FPS isolation.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
This document summarizes an article from the ACI Structural Journal about an experimental study on the shear deformations of slender reinforced concrete walls under seismic loading. The study examined data from 34 quasi-static cyclic tests of slender walls available in literature. It found that for walls where the shear transfer mechanism did not significantly degrade, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations remained approximately constant over the entire range of imposed displacements. For walls where the shear transfer did degrade, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations increased. The study proposed a simple model to estimate the ratio of shear to flexural deformations for walls where the shear transfer did not degrade significantly.
IRJET- The Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Raft FoundationIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of soil-structure interaction on raft foundations. It summarizes that conventional design neglects how the soil response influences structural motion and vice versa, known as soil-structure interaction. While reasonable for light structures on stiff soils, soil-structure interaction is prominent for heavy structures on soft soils. The document then presents the methodology and results of analyzing different reinforced concrete building frames on both medium and hard soil to determine how soil flexibility alters natural periods compared to fixed base conditions. The key finding is that natural periods increase when considering soil-structure interaction compared to assuming a fixed foundation.
This document describes an experimental study using centrifuge testing to evaluate the effectiveness of EPS (expanded polystyrene) geofoam as a seismic isolation method for earth retaining walls. Two centrifuge tests were performed on instrumented retaining wall models with and without EPS inclusions, subjected to cyclic shaking. Test results are compared to validate numerical analyses and better understand dynamic soil-structure interaction. The centrifuge testing allows modeling full-scale prototype behavior to study seismic isolation without issues of small-scale physical tests. Results provide insight into design and performance of retaining walls in earthquake regions.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS METHODS TO EVALUATE IMPEDANCE FUNCTION FOR SHA...Samirsinh Parmar
Impedance function, Foundation Vibration, dynamic soil-structure interaction, Barkan, Dominguez, Dobry and Gazetas for evaluation of impedance functions for various modes of vibration of shallow foundation
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
More Related Content
Similar to Evaluating the Different Types of Analytical Methods of Piling Retaining Walls
This document describes a comparative slope stability analysis of a levee in New Orleans using four different methods: the Method of Planes (MOP), limit equilibrium analysis, elastic finite element analysis, and elastoplastic finite element analysis using strength reduction. The analyses were performed on a levee section with known soil properties from site investigations. Results showing minimum factors of safety using each method are presented.
The performance of soil slope during an earthquake is generally analyzed by three different approaches which are pseudo-static methods, Newmark’s Sliding Block method and numerical techniques. In pseudo-static approach, the effects of an earthquake are represented by constant vertical (kv) and horizontal (kh) seismic acceleration coefficients and the factor of safety is evaluated by using limit equilibrium or limit analysis or finite element method of analysis. Newmark’s sliding block method evaluates the expected displacement of slope subjected to any ground motion obtained from the integration of the equation of motion for a rigid block sliding in an inclined plane. Numerical methods determine the expected displacements obtained from the stress – strain relationship of a soil mass. In this paper the stability of a model soil slope, comprising of an embankment with two canal bunds at the top, at different stages of construction, i.e. only embankment, embankment with empty canal bunds and embankment with canal bunds filled with water, with different foundation soils in different seismic zones have been analyzed and results have been plotted in the form of variation of factor of safety with horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient (kh). The critical case has been further analyzed under dynamic conditions. Dynamic analyses have been carried out by plotting the response spectrum curve and selecting 2001 Bhuj earthquake motion as the typical ground motion.
This document summarizes the history and status of research on structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI). It discusses early analytical research from the 1970s studying the interaction between two structures through soil. It also describes numerical modeling research from the 1990s onward using methods like finite elements. The document notes that while SSSI research has made progress, models still often oversimplify soil and structure properties. Future research is needed to develop more realistic models of the complex SSSI phenomenon.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF RC STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT CONSIDERING SOIL ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study analyzing the performance of reinforced concrete structures with and without considering soil-structure interaction. The study uses pushover analysis in ETABS to model an 8-story structure in different seismic zones and soil conditions. Soil-structure interaction is modeled using Winkler springs, with varying spring stiffness values calculated for hard, medium, and soft soils. The results will show how soil properties and soil-structure interaction affect the seismic demand on the structure and its component behavior and failure mechanism.
The document describes a study on the seismic response of plane frames considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). Plane frames with varying numbers of stories (9m to 33m) and bay lengths (2m to 10m) were modeled in STAAD Pro software. The frames were analyzed under fixed base conditions and flexible base conditions where SSI was incorporated using Winkler soil springs. Results showed that accounting for SSI led to changes in seismic responses like bending moments, axial forces, and lateral displacements compared to fixed base conditions. The influence of SSI increased with softer soil and was more pronounced for frames with greater heights and bay lengths.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Numerical and Analytical Solutions for Ovaling Deformation in Circular Tunnel...IDES Editor
Ovaling deformations develop when waves propagate
perpendicular to the tunnel axis. Two analytical solutions are
used for estimating the ovaling deformations and forces in
circular tunnels due to soil–structure interaction under
seismic loading. In this paper, these two closed form solutions
will be described briefly, and then a comparison between these
methods will be made by changing the ground parameters.
Differences between the results of these two methods in
calculating the magnitudes of thrust on tunnel lining are
significant. For verifying the results of these two closed form
solutions, numerical analyses were performed using finite
element code (ABAQUS program). These analyses show that
the two closed form solutions provide the same results only
for full-slip condition.
The Crack Pattern Of R.C Beams Under LoadingAhmed Abdullah
1. A reinforced concrete beam was tested under static two-point concentrated loading to study the effect of different web reinforcement arrangements on ultimate shear strength.
2. It was observed that diagonal cracks developed first in deeper beams while flexural cracks developed first in shallower beams with sufficient reinforcement.
3. The crack pattern and failure mode were similar across all test beams despite variations in web reinforcement, with diagonal cracks forming first in deeper beams.
Comparative Study of Various Seismic Analysis Methods for Rc StructureIJERA Editor
A large number of RC frame buildings have been built in India in recent years. Huge number of similarly designed and constructed buildings exist in the various towns and cities situated in moderate to severe seismic zones of the country. Analysis and design of such buildings for static forces is a routine affair these days because of availability of affordable computers and specialized programs which can be used for the analysis. On the other hand, dynamic analysis is a time consuming process and requires additional input related to mass of the structure, and an understanding of structural dynamics for interpretation of analytical results. Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings are most common type of constructions in urban India, which are subjected to several types of forces during their lifetime, such as static forces due to dead and live loads and dynamic forces due to earthquake. To ensure safety against seismic forces of multi-storied building hence, there is need to study of seismic analysis to design earthquake resistance structures. In the present study a multi-storied framed structure is selected, And Linear seismic analysis is done for the building by static method (Equivalent Static Method) and dynamic method (Response Spectrum Method & Time history Method) using ETAB2016 as per the IS-1893-2002-Part-1. As a result, the response of structure has been obtained for considered building models, based on each methods of analysis, and then the results are compared with each other.
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic response of a 30-story reinforced concrete frame building. The building was analyzed considering different subgrade modulus values representing various soil conditions, and for different seismic zones in India. It was found that accounting for soil-structure interaction, through modeling the soil as springs, resulted in significantly higher horizontal and vertical displacements compared to assuming fixed foundation supports. The maximum increase in horizontal displacement was 337% and in vertical displacement was 1420%, both for the lowest subgrade modulus of 12,000 kN/m^3 in seismic zone V. Therefore, the study concluded that soil-structure interaction effects must be considered, especially for softer soils in high
This document discusses several applications of slope stability analysis using the finite element method. It begins by introducing slope stability analysis and some traditional limit equilibrium methods. It then discusses two main advantages of the finite element method: it does not require assumptions about the failure surface shape or location, and it can model complex geometries and soil properties. The document presents several examples of applying the finite element method to analyze slope stability under various conditions, including accounting for drainage, brittle soil behavior, and engineering interventions. It compares results to traditional methods and notes the additional data on stresses, strains, and progressive failure that finite element analysis can provide.
The document summarizes research on modeling the seismic pounding response of adjacent structures. It discusses two common methods for simulating pounding: the contact element method using linear springs and the stereomechanical method using impulse-momentum principles. The paper then presents the mathematical formulation for analyzing the time-domain response of a three-structure system with adjacent elastic and inelastic SDOF structures undergoing one-sided or two-sided pounding. The response is computed using the Newmark-Beta method with a linear spring contact element model.
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Storeyed Frame-Shear Wall Building Considering SSIIJERA Editor
The structural system of a high-rise building often has a more pronounced effect than a low rise building on the
total building cost and the architecture aspect of building. Shear walls are lateral load resisting structural
systems which provide stability to structures from lateral loads like wind and seismic Loads. The design of multi
storey building is to have good lateral load resisting System along with gravity load system for safety of
occupant and for better performance of structure even in most adverse condition. The main scope of this project
is to apply class room knowledge in the real world by designing a multi-storied residential building. Shear walls
are more efficient in resisting lateral loads in multi storied buildings. Steel and reinforced concrete shear walls
are kept in major positions of multi storied buildings which are made in consideration of seismic forces and
wind forces. To solve this purpose shear walls are a very powerful structural elements, if used judiciously can
reduce deflections and stresses to a very great extent. Our project contains a brief description of building with
shear wall and without shear wall thoroughly discussed structural analysis of a building to explain the
application of shear wall. The design analysis of the multi storied building in our project is done through
STAAD-PRO, most popular structural engineering software. It is featured with some ultimate power tool,
analysis and design facilities which make it more users friendly.
Effectiveness Evaluation of Seismic Protection Devices for Bridges in the PB...Franco Bontempi
Seismic protection measures for bridges can be used both for obtaining acceptable performances from new structures that for retrofitting existing ones. With the modern design philosophy based on probabilistic Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE) approaches, the engineers are allowed to investigate different design solutions in terms of vulnerability assessment. However, if probabilistic PBEE approaches are nowadays well established and widely studied also for bridges, the topic of using the PBEE frameworks for the evaluation of the effectiveness of seismic protection devices for bridges is not extensively treated in literature.
The first objective of this work is to deal with the problem of assessing the earthquake performance of an highway bridge equipped with different bearing device: the
elastomeric bearings (ERB) and the friction pendulum systems (FPS). The second purpose is to evaluate the efficiency of a structure-dependent IM in case of isolated system. The examined structure is an highway bridge with concrete piers and steel truss deck. A FE model of the bridge is developed by using nonlinear beam-column elements with fiber section and the devices are modeled by specific elements implementing their
nonlinear behavior. The effectiveness of the different retrofitting strategies has been carried out in terms of damage probability. Choosing the example of slight damage, and referring to the curvature ductility as EDP, the probability of damage during a period of 50 years is: 23% for the structure without isolation, 7% for the structure equipped with ERB, and 3% for the structure equipped with FPS isolation.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
This document summarizes an article from the ACI Structural Journal about an experimental study on the shear deformations of slender reinforced concrete walls under seismic loading. The study examined data from 34 quasi-static cyclic tests of slender walls available in literature. It found that for walls where the shear transfer mechanism did not significantly degrade, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations remained approximately constant over the entire range of imposed displacements. For walls where the shear transfer did degrade, the ratio of shear to flexural deformations increased. The study proposed a simple model to estimate the ratio of shear to flexural deformations for walls where the shear transfer did not degrade significantly.
IRJET- The Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Raft FoundationIRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of soil-structure interaction on raft foundations. It summarizes that conventional design neglects how the soil response influences structural motion and vice versa, known as soil-structure interaction. While reasonable for light structures on stiff soils, soil-structure interaction is prominent for heavy structures on soft soils. The document then presents the methodology and results of analyzing different reinforced concrete building frames on both medium and hard soil to determine how soil flexibility alters natural periods compared to fixed base conditions. The key finding is that natural periods increase when considering soil-structure interaction compared to assuming a fixed foundation.
This document describes an experimental study using centrifuge testing to evaluate the effectiveness of EPS (expanded polystyrene) geofoam as a seismic isolation method for earth retaining walls. Two centrifuge tests were performed on instrumented retaining wall models with and without EPS inclusions, subjected to cyclic shaking. Test results are compared to validate numerical analyses and better understand dynamic soil-structure interaction. The centrifuge testing allows modeling full-scale prototype behavior to study seismic isolation without issues of small-scale physical tests. Results provide insight into design and performance of retaining walls in earthquake regions.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS METHODS TO EVALUATE IMPEDANCE FUNCTION FOR SHA...Samirsinh Parmar
Impedance function, Foundation Vibration, dynamic soil-structure interaction, Barkan, Dominguez, Dobry and Gazetas for evaluation of impedance functions for various modes of vibration of shallow foundation
Similar to Evaluating the Different Types of Analytical Methods of Piling Retaining Walls (20)
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
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Evaluating the Different Types of Analytical Methods of Piling Retaining Walls
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 166
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-07, Issue-02, pp-166-172
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Evaluating the Different Types of Analytical Methods of Piling
Retaining Walls
Mohsen Yazdani Rad1
1
Department of civil engineering, Islamic AzadUniversity, Khomein Branch, Iran.
ABSTRACT: Piling retaining walls as soil holder elements have a wide range of applications including slope
stabilization of roads, protection of coastlines against erosion, controlling lateral extension in areas prone to
liquefaction, stabilization of vertical trenches and protection against excavations. These types of retaining
structures have load-deformation behavior of their own as flexible elements and they practically have extreme
lateral deformation under the effect of lateral soil pressure because of their small thickness; the amount of their
lateral deformation is a function of clamped length and also the characteristics of the soil behind. The stability
analytical methods of geotechnical structures are generally divided into three categories including closed
solution method, simple methods and numerical methods. In this article, after reviewing theories of soils
dynamic lateral pressure, the performance of several methods including limit equilibrium method in the analysis
of retaining walls are evaluated and then they are compared with the finite element method which is one of the
conventional and known numerical methods.
Keywords: Retaining walls, dynamic analysis, Mononobe - Okabe, seismic behavior, finite element
I. INTRODUCTION
Piling retaining walls are relatively thin walls made of reinforced concrete or wood which are kept
together by tiebacks, clamps or resisting soil pressure. Bending capacity of such walls plays a key role in
maintaining materials as a guardian structure while the role of weight of the wall is unimportant. Examples of
this type of wall are: Metal piling walls, tieback or slingback piling retaining concrete walls and diaphragm
walls.
Seismic behavior of piling retaining walls depends on the total pressure (including static weight
pressure before the earthquake and dynamic pressure caused by the earthquake). Dynamic pressures on the
flexible walls are usually estimated by quasi-static or dynamic processes.
The piling retaining walls are used in seismic active areas. Earthquakes can lead to permanent deformations of
retaining structures. In some cases, these deformations are extremely large and cause significant damage. In
most cases, retaining structures are fragmented during earthquakes which aresometimes with disastrous
economic and physical consequences[1][2][3][4]
II. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
A corresponding analytical solution of the dynamic pile response is derived and subsequently verified
through the comparisons against the 1D wave theory and the Finite Difference Method. The proposed model
exhibits the transverse wave interferences and finds: (1) The transverse wave interference that occurred during
the TLSITs can be seen gradually alleviated from the pile center to the pile edge. (2) The larger the pile
dimensions are, the greater the transverse wave interference would be[5].
Seismic behavior of retaining walls dependents on lateral earth pressure. The total pressure exerted on the wall
includes static pressure (caused by active and passive Lateral soil pressure) and dynamic pressure. The response
of a wall is the resultant effect of these two factors. Theories of static and dynamic lateral soil pressure have
been stated by individuals such as Coulomb (1776), Rankine (1857), Mononobe - Okabe (1926 and 1929)
Kakooti and Krisel (1948), Sokolovskiy (1965), Chen and Liu (1990) and Lansoluta
(2002).[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
The retaining walls in coral sand sites are inevitably threatened by earthquakes. A series of shaking
table tests were carried out to study the seismic stability of gravity retaining walls with coral sand backfill.
Parallel tests with quartz sand were performed to compare and discuss the special dynamic properties of coral
sand sites. The results show that the acceleration difference between the retaining wall and the coral sand
backfill is 76%–92% that of the quartz sand, which corresponds to the larger liquefaction resistance of coral
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 167
sand compared with the quartz sand. However, the horizontal displacement of the retaining walls with coral
sand backfill reaches 79% of its own width under 0.4g vibration intensity. The risk of instability and damage of
the retaining walls with coral sand backfill under strong earthquakes needs attention[14].
Most of the methods in this regard are based on the use of simple analysis techniques such as limit equilibrium,
limit analysis, stress field and etc. in this regard; the share limit equilibrium method is more than the rest. Limit
equilibrium is based on assumption of a simple and tangible failure mechanism. In this method, it is supposed
that all points along a hypothetical failure surface are in complete failure conditions and then overall and block
balance are evaluated for the obtained wedge failure.
Detailed vertical analysis of finite difference and finite element are based on meeting the following
four requirements: 1.restoring the Balance 2.compatibility with deformations 2.behavioral rule 4.boundary
conditions. Simple analysis methods usually ignore one or more of the four above requirements.Thus, different
methods ranging from simple and detailed analysis are not expected to provide the same answers.
Analysis methods are divided into two static and dynamic general categories in terms of the type of load.This
article will review and assess the different methods of dynamic analysis of piling retaining walls.For this
purpose, Mononobe Okabe method as a method based on limit equilibrium, Chen method as amethod based on
limit analysis and finite element analysis asone of the methods of numerical analysis are compared and
evaluated with each other in quasi-static loading conditions.
In the following, in addition to the introduction of each of these methods,assumptions used in these methods will
be describedand the results of quasi-static analysis of piling retaining walls will be provided using mentioned
methods and the parametric study.
2.1. Mononobe Okabe method (M-O)
Okabe (1926) and Mononobe and Matsu (1929) stated the basis of Quasi-static analysis of seismic
earth pressure on retaining structures. Mononobe Okabe method is the developed the theory ofColumbusstatic
analysis in quasi-static conditions. In a Mononobe Okabe analysis,quasi-static acceleration is applied to activate
or passivecoulombwedge and quasi-static stress of the soil is obtained from balance of forces in failure forms
according to figure 1 [8, 9].Mononobe-Okabe's model is the most commonly used pseudo-static method of
estimating seismic lateral earth pressures behind retaining wall worldwide. This method cannot predict the
distribution of the lateral earth pressure and the overturning moment accurately [12].
The resultant forces exerted on activate wedge in a dry moat without stickiness are formed by horizontal and
vertical quasi-static components which their enlargement depends on the mass of the wedge under quasi-static
acceleration of h h
a k g
and v v
a k g
.The total active force exerted on the wall in a form similar to static
mode is expressed as follows:
2
v
H (1 k )
AE AE
1
S K
2
[1]
In equation 1, AE
K
is the active dynamic pressure coefficient of soil and is calculated from the following
equation[2]:
2
AE 2
cos ( ) 1
K
cos( ) cos ( ) cos( ) sin sin
1
cos cos( )
Parameters used in this equation have been shown in figure [1] and are calculated using equation (3):
1 h
v
K
tan
1 K
[3]
Figure 1: The symbols and units used in the M-O analysis
3. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 168
Based on the M-O analysis, the total active force in the distance ofH/3 is applied on the base of the wall to a
height of H, while the experimental results show that the location of applied force in higher[2]. The total active
force (SAE) can be divided two static (SA) and dynamic ( AE
S
) sections:
AE A AE
S S S
[4]
Static component (SA) is applied at the distance of H/3 from the top of the wall and dynamic component is also
applied in approximate height of 6.0 H of the wall according to Sid and Whitman (1970) [15].According to this,
the total active force is applied from foot of the wall at a height of h which is calculated according to equation
(5) and most often occurs in the middle of the wall height.
A AE
AE
H
S S (0.6H)
3
h
S
[6]
The results of M-O analysis shows that if the vertical component of earthquake acceleration (Kv) has
1
2
to
1
3
of
horizontal component of earthquake acceleration (Kh), then it effects the calculation of total active force (SAE)
less than 10%.
Total passive stress applied on retaining wall from non-adhesive levee in dry conditions is calculated from the
following equation:
2
PE PE v
1
S K H (1 K )
2
[7]
In equation (6), KPE is Passive dynamic pressure coefficient of soil which is calculated using equation (7)
2
PE 2
cos ( ) 1
K
cos( )cos ( )cos( ) sin sin
1
cos cos( )
[8]
Similar to the active mode, Total active force can also be divided into two static and dynamic categories.
PE P PE
S S S
[9]
Passive dynamic component of lateral soil pressure is applied in contrast to the static component and thus
reduces the passive force [16]. M-O method has all restrictions of Coulomb method; however, because the
Coulomb theory is in static conditions, analysis of M-O estimates passive soil force more than reality especially
in terms of
2
[16]. M-O method should be used more carefully due to these reasons.
2.2. Limit analysis method
This method is based on the state of mass of soil behind the wall in various behavioral modes.
Behavioral modes depending on the amount of wall movement and strain levels in the soil can be Elastic, elasto-
plastic and plastic. Active and passive seismic lateral pressures are limited to lower bound and upper bound
depending on the mentioned behavioral modes. Lower bound is related to conditions when retaining wall is on
the verge of failure by establishing a dynamic balance and yield criterion. While the upper bound occurs when
the rate of work done by external forces is greater or equal to the rate of energy dissipation by internal forces
and this is related to the mode when failure has definitely happened and the object has large movements.
Calculation of the upper bound should take place with assumption of a geometrically acceptable speed field.
An important point in relation to the limit analysis method is that this method is the same as the limit
equilibrium method and does not meet some of four general Essentials to solve the question. Specifically, the
lower bound method in limit analysis ignores compatibility of deformations law and boundary conditions of
displacement, while the upper bound method ignores the law of balance of the forces and boundary conditions
of forces. Thus, these methods are not expected to provide similar answers and will provide different answers
depending on the failure mechanism and the field of hypothetical speed.
Chen and Rouzneqrab (1973) and Chen (1981) calculated active and passive seismic pressure on
retaining walls with assumption of the spiral failure mechanism with the help of upper bound in the analysis
limit method and provided the following equation [10][16]
4. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 169
E q c
2q 2c
K N N N
H H
[10]
In this equation, is soil bulk density, q is the uniform surcharge on the surface of Levee, c is soil cohesion and
H is wall height. N ، q
N ، c
N Coefficients have been calculated by Chen and Liu (1990) based on the most
critical failure mechanism and have been provided in tables [17].
III. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Numerical analyses are based on meeting four theoretical considerations in solvation of a general
question and there usually different numerical analyses which are: Finite Elements (FEM), Finite Differences
(FDM), discrete elements (DEM), boundary elements (BEM) and other methods which are try to meet the
requirements relating to compatibility balance of deformities, behavioral rules and boundary conditions of
displacement and force. This study evaluates and compares the results of these analyses in comparison with
simple methods including limit equilibrium and limit analysis by focusing on Finite Element Method and using
PLAXIS Business Commercial software. For this purpose, the dynamic lateral pressure is evaluated using quasi-
static analysis of retaining walls. In this study PLAXIS 8.2 software has been used to model a piling retaining
wall. Types of plane strain analysis and drained condition have been considered. Elementation is based on 15
nodes triangular elements in this application. Elastic behavior of retaining wall has been assumed to be linear
and contour elements are used for modeling of soil and structure interaction in place of contact with soil and
wall. Behavioral parameters related to contour elements are calculated using the following equations based on
stiffness and strength parameters of soil behind the wall:
1
i s int
tan (tan R )
[11]
i s int
C C R
[16]
1
2
i s int
G G R
[13]
In above equations, i subscript is related to the contour and s subscript is related to the soil behind the wall.
Thus, behavioral parameters between the elements can be introduced by selecting suitable value for the Rint
interaction coefficient.
Figure 2 shows a schematic form of the geometry of the question for the studied piling retaining in this article.
As it can be seen, an excavation holder piling retaining wall to a depth of 4 meters in sandy soil drainage
conditions has been modeled. The required parameters for the structural analysis have been presented in Table
1.
Figure 2:schematic form of the geometry of the studied question
Table 1: Behavioral parameters of materials used in numerical analysis
Studied parameters Value
Effective internal friction angle of sand (
) 30º
Modulus of Sand deformation (E) 5 MPa
Poisson's ratio (v) 0.35
especial dry density ofsand d
( )
17 KN/m3
Axial stiffness of piling (EA) 3x106
KN/m3
Flexural stiffness of piling (EI) 8x106
KN.m2
/m
The interaction coefficient (Rin) 0.67
5. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 170
This study evaluates the static-like behavior of piling retaining wall the by considering different length
of 3, 4 and 5 for the fixed end in Quasi-static load effect which its range is from 0.1 g to 0.5 g.
Each of the mentioned analysis were carried out in 4 separate and consecutive steps: suppression operation in
the soil was executed in the first step, excavation in two successive stages was carried out in second and third
steps and ultimately Quasi-static acceleration was applied in fourth step and finite element analysis was
performed.
3.1. Analysis result
Figure 3 shows the model made in PLAXIS software. Lateral boundaries is limited against horizontal movement
and the lower bound limited against any movement and constant acceleration related to quasi-static conditions
has been applied on the center of gravity for all triangular elements and finally, analysis of stress - strain was
carried out and quasi-static lateral pressure behind the wall was calculated. The software is able to calculate the
bending moment in piling according to the calculated lateral pressure.
Figure 3: model made in PLAXIS software along with applied mesh
Bending moment calculated by numerical analysis has been drawn over the wall for different Kh. It can be
observed that increased range of acceleration will increase the Kh of created bending moments on piling
retaining wall.
Figure 4: bending moment in the height of the wall obtained from quasi-static finite element analysis
Changes Profiles of active and passive quasi-static lateral pressure on soil of piling retaining wall have been
calculated using different methods such as finite elements, Mononobe - Okabe and limit analysis and have been
drawn in figure 5. The results indicate that behind the Walls (active conditions) Finite element analysis provides
larger values for the lateral pressure compared to the other two methods (limit equilibrium and limit analysis).
The reason for this is that, limit equilibrium and limit analysis theories assume that the height of the wall is free
and ignore the fixed end of front side of the wall. Thus they are expected to provide lower values compared to
the active mode. While Calculation of passive lateral pressure in front of the wall (passive conditions) regardless
of soil behind the wall could provide larger answers. In other words, passive pressure and force in front of the
front wall plays a resistant force role to calculate the active pressure behind the wall and ignoring it in active
pressure calculation leads to a calculated value lower than the real value. On the other hand, active pressure and
force behind the wall plays the role of driving force in calculation of the passive pressure in front of the wall and
ignoring it in passive pressure calculation leads to a calculated value higher than the real value.
6. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2023
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 171
Figure 5: comparison of Quasi-static lateral and passive
pressure of the soil using Finite element analysis, limit equilibrium and limit analysis methods A) Kh=0.1 and B)
Kh=0.5
Thus, as seen in Figure 5 in the front of the wall which has passive conditions, Finite element analysis smaller
values for passive lateral pressure compared to other two methods.
Furthermore, Results related to quasi-static calculation of active and passive force behind and in front of the
piling retaining wall using changes profile of lateral earth pressure have been provided in figure 6 and confirms
above items. As it can be observed Quasi-Static active force to piling is higher compared to other methods for
different values of quasi-static acceleration in active conditions and vice versa, passive quasi-static force is
lower in Passive conditions that in great accelerations passive force increases and the difference decreases
probably due the plastic shaped area in front of the wall.
Figure 6: active and passive Quasi-static lateral force calculated using Finite element analysis, limit equilibrium
and limit analysis methods A) active conditions (behind the wall) B) passive conditions (in front of the wall)
IV. CONCLUSION
Finite element analysis results compared to other simple methods such as limit equilibrium and limit analysis
show that:
1. Bending moments created in the piling increases by increasing quasi-static acceleration applied to the finite
element model of piling retaining wall.
2. Behind wall where active soil conditions are established, results related to the calculation of pressures and
quasi-static active force obtained from limit equilibrium and limit analysis methods are lower than the results
related to finite element analysis in the same loading conditions. This is due to the fact that in the development
of equations related to limit equilibrium (Mononobe - Okabe method) and limit analysis (based on the
assumption of failure mechanisms and the formation of a failure wedge); a part of the piling retaining wall that
is clamped has been ignored. In other words, these theories have been provided for gravity retaining walls which
are built almost at ground level.
3. In front of the wall where passive soil conditions are established, results related to the calculation of pressures
and quasi-static passive force obtained from limit equilibrium and limit analysis methods are higher than the
results related to finite element analysis in the same loading conditions. This is due to the fact that in the
calculation of passive pressure of soil, active force behind the wall that acts as the driving force is ignored and
therefore higher answers are calculated.
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