The document discusses three tick-borne diseases that affect cattle: Theileriosis, Babesiosis, and Anaplasmosis. It provides details on the causative agents, transmission methods mainly through various tick species, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis including blood smear examination, and treatments. The diseases can cause high fever, anemia, abortion, and death. Diagnosis involves identifying the pathogens under the microscope in blood or tissue samples or through serological tests. Young cattle are most susceptible.

1. THEILERIOSIS
• Three spp. of Theileria
• Theileria parva – East Coast Fever
• T. annulata – Bovine Tropical Theilariosis
– In India
• T. mutans – Benign Bovine Theileriosis
• T. annulata – Cattle, yak buffalo (milder
infection)

2. Bos indicus X Bos taurus

3. Transmission:
Various spp. of Ticks –
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum
H. dromedarii, H. marginatum, H. detritum

5. Epidemiology :
1) All age group exotic and cross bred are highly
susceptible
2) Young indigenous calves highly susceptible
3) Indigenous cattle and buffaloes –inherent
resistant
4) Favourable climate and habitat for the survival
of ticks, responsible for transmission
5) Bos Taurus X Bos indicus crosses susceptible
to the disease
6) Adult indigenous cattle are generally do not
suffer clinically but are the constant source of
infection

6. Diagnosis :
• Clinical simptoms, knowledge of the disease
and tick distribution of the area
1) Clinical symptoms
a) High rise of temp.(40.50C to 41.50C).
Theileriosis should be suspected in tick
infested animals with fever.
b) Prepatent period – attachment of ticks to
onset of fever 10-13 days
c) Enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes

7. Enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes

8. d) Decreased rumination
e) Decrease of temp. and development
of anaemia with high coloured urine in
later stage
f) Reduced milk yield and may abortion
g) Constipation / diarrhoea
h) Lies neck curved back to the shoulder
i) The course of the disease from fever to
death ranges from 1-2 wks.

9. • 2. Exam. of Giemsa-stained blood and
lymph node smears
a) Detection of schizonts in WBC and
piroplasms in RBC
b) Schizont is a characteristic diagnostic
feature of acute infections
* Negative results of microscopic
examination of blood films do not exclude
latent infection

10. Peripheral blood smear with Theileria spp.

11. • 3. P.M. Lesions
a) Enlargement of lymph nodes
b) Enlargement of liver and spleen
c) Numerous ulcers in the m.m. of the
abomasums
d) Schizonts may be found in impression
smears from most internal organs

12. • Collection of materials
a) Blood and lymph node biopsies should
be submitted for the detection of Theileria
schizont
b) Blood or buffy coat smears and lymph
node impressions should be air dried and
fixed in methanol
c) Lymph node, spleen, liver should be
collected for histopathology
d) Serum for serological tests

13. Stained impression smear from an enlarged
lymph node of a cow with Theileriosis.

14. 4. Serological Tests
a) CFT
b) IFAT
c) ELISA
d) EITB
5) PCR

15. BABESIOSIS
• ‘Tick borne’ haemoprotozoan disease
• Cattle Worldwide– B. bovis, B. bibemina, B.
divergens, B. major
• India – B. bovis and B. bigemina
• First reported in India by Lingard and Jennins
(1904) – Buffalo
• Transmission : 1) Boophilus spp.
• Hyalomma, Haemaphysalis,
Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Ixodes spp.
• 2) Blood transfusion, vaccination

16. Life cycle

17. • Epidemiology :
1) Young animals suffer less
2) Adult – Acute and chronic forms
3) Recovered animals – immune for life
4) Indigenous cattle tend to be more
resistant than exotic cattle
• Zoonotic importance:
Several human cases of babesiosis have
been recorded

18. DIAGNOSIS
• A. Clinical symptoms
1) Acute disease generally runs for about 1 week
2) The first sign is fever (105.80F)
3) Inappetance
4) Anaemia
5) Weight loss
6) Haemoglobinurea
7) CNS involvement
8) Late term pregnant animal may abort
9) Bulls may undergo temporary infertility

19. B. Examination of thin blood smears
a) Blood should be collected from tip of the
ear or tail
b) Jugular blood EDTA (1 mg/ml)
c) Kept cool (50C)- until delivery to the Lab.
(preferably within hours of collection)
d) Stain blood films as soon as possible to
ensure proper stain definition
e) Unstained blood smears should not be
stored with formalin solutions as it may
affect staining quality

20. Babesis bigemina parasites in two erythrocytes
(top left and bottom right)

21. Diagram of Giemsa stained Babesia bovis
infected erythrocytes.

22. C. Exam. of P.M. materials
Collection of samples from dead animals
a) Thin blood films as well as smears from
b) Cerebral cortex
c) Kidney
d) liver
e) Lung
f) Unreliable if death occurred 24 hours
previously

23. Giemsa stained liver impression smear from B. bovis
field case. Note clumping of infected erythrocytes
(X1000)

24. E. Animal inoculation test –
Splenectomized calf
F. Serological Tests
a) IFAT
b) ELISA
c) PCR

25. ANAPLASMOSIS
• Anaplasmosis – Form of ‘Tick Fever’
• A. marginale, A. centrale (sometimes)
• Protozoan Parasite
• Family: Anaplasmataceae (Since 1957)
• Order :Rickettsiales
• Genera : Anaplasma, Aegyptianella
Haemobartonenella, Eperythrozoan
• Characterized by High fever & progressive anaemia

26. Transmission
• Ticks (Boophilus, Dermacentor,
• Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma)
• Mechanical transmission – Dipteran Flies
• Transplacental Transmission
• Contaminated needle

27. Epidemiology
• All ages of cattle may become infected but the
severity of illness increases with age.
• 6 months to 3 yrs – increasingly ill
• > 3 yrs – 30-50% die
• After recovery- Chronic
• Inadequate treatment – carrier
• Carriers rarely become ill in second time
• Unidentified carriers – source of infection for future
outbreak
• Outbreaks related – Lack of control programme, the
ratio between anaplasmosis carriers, the amount of
vector
• Serious illness – with no previous exposure

28. Diagnosis
1) By clinical symptoms
a) In cattle the incubation period varies from 15-45 days or
more after tick infection
b) Experimentally: C.B. – 24 Days, Indigenous cattle – 29
Days
c) High rise of Temp (40.50C)
d) Constipation
e) Decrease milk yield
f) May be abortion
g) Anaemic
h) Jaundice but no haemoglobinurea
2) Exam. of thin blood smears

29. Anaplasma marginale in bovine bloodg, located near
the margin oferythrocytes.

30. 3) Animal sub-inoculation Test
4) Spleenectomy
5) Serological Tests
a) Complement Fixation Test
b) Capillary Tube Agglutination Test
c) FAT
d) Card Agglutination Test
e) ELISA
6) PCR