Analysis of diastereomers by ir spectroscopy
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This document discusses the analysis of diastereomers using IR spectroscopy. It begins by defining diastereomers as stereoisomers that are not mirror images and have at least two stereo centers. It then discusses several methods for separating diastereomers, including recrystallization, chromatography, and NMR and IR techniques. Specifically for IR spectroscopy, it notes that while enantiomers cannot be differentiated, diastereomers can be analyzed due to differences in their structural isomers. It provides examples of analyzing the diastereomers ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, as well as cocaine hydrochloride, using their differing IR spectral fingerprints to distinguish between them.
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This document provides an overview of stereochemistry presented by 6 students to their professor. It begins with definitions of isomerism and classifications of structural and stereoisomerism. It then discusses various stereoisomerism topics like conformations, configurations, chirality, asymmetric synthesis, optical resolution, and stereo-selective vs stereo-specific reactions. It concludes by noting the pharmaceutical importance of stereochemistry in determining drug properties, interactions, mechanisms of action, and improving specificity.
Stereochemistry
This document discusses stereochemistry and isomerism in organic compounds. It defines stereoisomers as isomers that have the same connectivity of atoms but differ in their spatial arrangements. Optical isomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images and can rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. Chiral molecules have an asymmetric carbon atom and are optically active, while achiral molecules are optically inactive. Enantiomers are a pair of chiral molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images. Absolute configuration defines the actual spatial arrangement of atoms, while relative configuration relates a compound's configuration to a
libs applications in medical and dental firld lecture .pptx
LIBS, or laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, is an analytical technique that can be used to determine the elemental composition of solid, liquid, or gas samples. LIBS works by focusing a laser pulse onto a sample, which vaporizes, atomizes, and excites it, creating a microplasma. The emission from the plasma is collected and analyzed to determine the sample's elemental composition based on atomic emission lines. LIBS offers advantages over other elemental analysis techniques like its ability to rapidly analyze a sample without requiring preparation in just a few seconds. The document provides an overview of LIBS fundamentals, techniques, applications including for coin analysis, and compares it to other analytical methods. It also discusses uses of LIBS for biomedical
Optical Isomerism- Reema
1. Stereoisomers differ in how atoms or groups of atoms are oriented in space, even if they have the same molecular formula and bonding. There are two types: conformational isomers, which rapidly interconvert, and configurational isomers, which do not.
2. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other and are examples of configurational isomers. A mixture of equal parts of both enantiomers is called a racemic mixture.
3. Chiral molecules have asymmetric carbon atoms bonded to four different groups and can exist as enantiomers. Common methods to represent chiral molecules include wedge diagrams, Fischer projections, and Newman projections.
steroechemistry
Stereochemistry is the study of the three-dimensional structure of molecules. Stereoisomers differ in their spatial arrangement but have the same connectivity and functional groups. The two main classes of isomers are constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Stereochemistry plays an important role in determining the properties and reactions of organic compounds. Many drugs exhibit different biological effects based on their stereochemistry. Enzymes can also distinguish between stereoisomers.
Sir abdul haq on biochemistry
The document discusses several key topics regarding macromolecules and stereochemistry in biological systems:
1. Macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides are the major constituents of cells, formed through the polymerization of smaller subunits. Their synthesis requires significant energy.
2. The three-dimensional structure of biomolecules, determined by their configuration and conformation, is essential for their function and interactions with other molecules. Stereospecificity is an important property.
3. Chirality and the distinction between enantiomers like D- and L- forms is important in biology. Enzymes exhibit stereospecificity and living organisms predominantly produce only one chiral form.
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libs applications in medical and dental firld lecture .pptx
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What is prochirality
Prochirality refers to a molecule that can be converted from achiral to chiral. Specifically, an achiral molecule containing a prochiral center can form two chiral isomers upon substitution. Prochiral molecules use the R/S notation to label identical substituents around the prochiral center. For example, the two hydrogens on a prochiral carbon in ethanol are labeled R and S. These hydrogens can be classified as enantiotopic, diastereotopic, or homotopic depending on whether substitution would lead to enantiomers, diastereomers, or no new stereocenter.
continuous wave NMR
This document describes continuous wave (CW) NMR spectroscopy. It explains that CW-NMR uses a fixed magnetic field and varies the frequency coil current to achieve resonance signals. A typical CW spectrometer contains a sample tube spun between the poles of a powerful magnet. Radio frequency is broadcast into the sample while a receiver coil monitors the absorbed energy. By varying the magnetic field or radio frequency, an NMR spectrum is acquired showing signals from different proton types in the sample. While offering routine 1H NMR studies, CW spectroscopy has limitations such as low sensitivity, requirement for concentrated samples, and production of high noise.
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FT-NMR spectrometry works by applying pulses of radio frequency energy to excite nuclei in a sample simultaneously, rather than continuously scanning individual frequencies. This allows the free induction decay signal to be recorded over time and converted to a frequency spectrum using Fourier transforms. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes, and faster acquisition of spectra in seconds rather than minutes. The technique was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions to the development of FT-NMR and multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
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The document discusses the DEPT NMR experiment, which is used to determine the multiplicities of carbon-13 atoms. It introduces the DEPT experiment as using polarization transfer to provide more information than traditional off-resonance decoupled experiments. DEPT experiments are performed at different pulse angles (45°, 90°, 135°) to distinguish between CH, CH2, and CH3 groups. Examples of DEPT spectra are provided for isoamyl acetate and diethyl phthalate to demonstrate the peaks observed for different carbon types. The document provides an overview of the DEPT experiment and how it improves upon previous carbon NMR techniques.
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This document discusses the conformations of cyclobutane. It notes that cyclobutane has a four-membered ring structure with bond angles of 90 degrees rather than the expected 109.5 degrees, resulting in 26.3 kcal/mol of strain energy. The document describes how cyclobutane can adopt puckered conformations to reduce torsional strain and buckle into a butterfly shape in 3D to further relieve strain. Cyclobutane can also undergo ring inversion with a low barrier of 1.45 kcal/mol by passing through a transition state with a planar ring structure. Different conformations of cyclobutane, including eclipsed and staggered, are represented
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Analysis of diastereomers by ir spectroscopy
- 2. Analysis of Diastereomers by IR Spectroscopy Analysis of Diastereomers by IR Spectroscopy
- 3. Submitted to: Dr. Abida Ashraf Submitted By: Sidra MP-CHM-04 Maria Arshad MP-CHM-03 1st Semester Stereochemistry CHM-533 Session 2020-2022 The Women University Multan
- 4. Diastereomers: O Type of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other and non identical isomers. O They have plan of symmetry. O Theses molecules have 2 or more stereo center. O They are non superimposable.
- 5. Analysis/Separation of diasteromers: Recrystallization. Diastereomers have different solubilities. Column Chromatography. Diastereomers have different degrees of attraction to a stationary phase. ... HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatograph y) ... SCF (Supercrit ical Fluid Chromato graphy). NMR and IR techniq ues.
- 6. Analysis of Diasteromers by IR- Spectroscopy… O Enantiomers are not differentiate by IR because they are identical mirror image of others. But, O Diasteromers are easily analyzed by IR Spectroscopy or NMR techniques due to difference in isomer structures.
- 7. IR-Spectra IR spectra spectra may be categorized as : “Well behaved” group frequencies, “Shifty” bands These two factors are Useful for determining the presence of functional group. In general the group frequency comes from stretching , bending vibrational modes. Most of IR bands above 1600/cm are well behaved. The fingerprint region below 1600/cm is a mixture of well behaved and shifty bands.
- 8. In case of diastereomers: O Diastereomers are isomers with two or more chiral centers, differing only in configuration of one, but not all, chiral centers. O Theses are non identical mirror images compounds and easily separated by IR Spectroscopy. Due to non identical structure the arrangement of functional groups or atoms each carbon show different peak at different frequencies but some groups show similar frequency peaks, that give us a clear image to separate the different isomers.
- 9. Spectral differences show up in some of the “shifty” bands, and these differences provide different spectral fingerprint, which are useful as standard to differentiate the isomers.
- 10. Example:
- 11. Ephedrine and Pseudo-ephedrine O These are diastereomers, differing only in the R/S configuration at the carbon holding OH group. Ephedrine Pseudo ephedrine
- 14. O The blue arrows shown in previous slide shows that these peaks are same in both ephedrine and pseudo ephedrine spectrum. O In fingerprint region three bands shown in 1100/cm region
- 15. • The O-H, N-H, and C-H stretch region of the spectrum centered on 3000/cm .
- 16. Cocaine hydro chloride diastereomers:
- 18. O The only difference in peaks of these above spectrum is due to arrangement of carbo- methoxy group which is at axial position cocaine hydro chloride and at equatorial position of pseudo cocaine hydro chloride. O The carbonyl peak shown in region 1700- 1900/cm.
- 19. Any Question?