This document analyzes and compares three different photovoltaic panel technologies - amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and monocrystalline silicon - installed in Mohammedia, Morocco to determine the optimal panel type for the region. Over one year of data collection:
1) The polycrystalline silicon panels generated the most energy at 3,463.58 kWh and had the shortest payback period of 13.6 years, making it the most optimal panel type.
2) Amorphous silicon panels generated the least energy at 3,175.964 kWh and had the longest payback period of 16.12 years, making it the least optimal choice.
3) While
Construction of Solar Panel Laying System based on Genetic AlgorithmDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solar power generation is an important energy
resource in most countries. It plays an important role in
meeting energy demand, improving energy structure and
reducing environmental pollution. The main carrier of solar
power generation is solar panels, but the utilization efficiency
of most existing solar cells is low, which causes serious waste
of solar energy. In response to this phenomenon, we propose a
Solar Panel Laying System(SPLS) based on genetic
algorithm(GA) to construct solar panels, which solves four
problems: the determination of the number of battery
components, the layout of the panels, the selection of the
inverter and the connection of the inverter. In the SPLS ,we
introduce an improved genetic algorithm and multi-objective
optimization solution. Under the double premise that the total
amount of solar photovoltaic power generation is as large as
possible and the cost per unit of power generation is as small
as possible, the quantitative solution of the laying system is
realized.
Proven PV Cottage Industry in Malaysia. The production of solar panel has created jobs for local community. Unlike normal solar panel factory, high capital and heavy equipments are needed. PV Cottage can contribute in generating local economy and provide localized supply of solar panels.
Techno-economic Analysis of Solar-powered Lighting of Bali above Seawater Tol...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this studywas to obtain atechnical and economic analysis of solar-powered
lighting (SPL) implementation at Bali above Seawater Toll-Road. The SPL was designed to operate
12Hours/day with average illumination ≥15-lux. Those requirements can be met byan SPL unit that
consists of 2-pieces 87-W LED lights mounted on 10-m double arms pole with 2.37-m arm length and 15º
tilt angle. Each LED light was powered by a 260-Wp solar panel, 24V-180AH battery and 10-A solar
charge controller. Every SPL unit should be installed on the toll-road median with 22.5-m pole-spacing and
required 361-units to illuminate throughout 8,122.5-m toll-road length. Benefits of SPL implementation
wereelectricity saving 256.15MWh/yr and carbon emission reduction 217.98TonesCO2/yr. However, the
SPL electrical-based costwas 3.9 times more expensive than conventionalstreet lighting. And based onthe
investment feasibility analysis using NPI and PI techniques showed that the SPL implementation was not
feasible.
Simulations analysis with comparative study of a pmsg performances for small ...Mellah Hacene
Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) have a bright prospect in the small wind turbine (WT) applications; PMSGs compared to the conventional electrically excitated generators have many advantages, that’s why they have attracted many and a strong interest of research. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's is presented, these performances is studied as a function of physical material like the type of permanent magnet (high, poor, average and linear), as a function of the environmental conditions as rotor speed, finally, as a function of the design and geometrical parameters (rotor length, number of poles, number of stator slots). These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Performance Indicators For Grid-Connected PV Systems: A Case Study In Casabla...IOSRJEEE
The main goal of this paper is to compare a one year performance of 5.94 KWp grid-connected PV module technology systems, constituted by three types of photovoltaic solar panels (Monocrystalline (mc-Si) (2.04KWp), polycrystalline (pc-Si) (2.04KWp) and amorphous (a-Si) (1.86 KWp))-silicon installed on the roof of the faculty of science Ben M’sik Casablanca. The study is based on the data collected along 2 years (2015- 2016) about energy production. The elements of performance evaluated monthly and annually include: energy output, system efficiency, reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, annual capacity factor and CO2 emissions avoided. The investigation of the annual: productivity (EAC,Y), system efficiency (Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 ), performance ratio (PR), capacity factor (CF) and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for a-Si are found as 2941.15KWh, 7.21%, 73.1%, 18.05% and 1.765tonsrespectively. EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for pc-Si are found as 3331.15KWh, 11.4%, 75.6%, 18.64% and 1.999tons respectively. Mc-Si installation exhibits slightly higher values of EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided which are 3370.89KWh, 11.7%, 76.7%, 18.86% and 2.023tons respectively. The results show that mc-Si system presents the best performance followed by pc-Si and by a-Si. In addition, a developed study was carried out to establish the relation between the efficiency and temperature, performance ratios and radiation, in order to know the behavior of each technology for each period of the year and for the whole year. Without forgetting a comparison of all results found with the previous studies in different locations.
Construction of Solar Panel Laying System based on Genetic AlgorithmDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solar power generation is an important energy
resource in most countries. It plays an important role in
meeting energy demand, improving energy structure and
reducing environmental pollution. The main carrier of solar
power generation is solar panels, but the utilization efficiency
of most existing solar cells is low, which causes serious waste
of solar energy. In response to this phenomenon, we propose a
Solar Panel Laying System(SPLS) based on genetic
algorithm(GA) to construct solar panels, which solves four
problems: the determination of the number of battery
components, the layout of the panels, the selection of the
inverter and the connection of the inverter. In the SPLS ,we
introduce an improved genetic algorithm and multi-objective
optimization solution. Under the double premise that the total
amount of solar photovoltaic power generation is as large as
possible and the cost per unit of power generation is as small
as possible, the quantitative solution of the laying system is
realized.
Proven PV Cottage Industry in Malaysia. The production of solar panel has created jobs for local community. Unlike normal solar panel factory, high capital and heavy equipments are needed. PV Cottage can contribute in generating local economy and provide localized supply of solar panels.
Techno-economic Analysis of Solar-powered Lighting of Bali above Seawater Tol...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this studywas to obtain atechnical and economic analysis of solar-powered
lighting (SPL) implementation at Bali above Seawater Toll-Road. The SPL was designed to operate
12Hours/day with average illumination ≥15-lux. Those requirements can be met byan SPL unit that
consists of 2-pieces 87-W LED lights mounted on 10-m double arms pole with 2.37-m arm length and 15º
tilt angle. Each LED light was powered by a 260-Wp solar panel, 24V-180AH battery and 10-A solar
charge controller. Every SPL unit should be installed on the toll-road median with 22.5-m pole-spacing and
required 361-units to illuminate throughout 8,122.5-m toll-road length. Benefits of SPL implementation
wereelectricity saving 256.15MWh/yr and carbon emission reduction 217.98TonesCO2/yr. However, the
SPL electrical-based costwas 3.9 times more expensive than conventionalstreet lighting. And based onthe
investment feasibility analysis using NPI and PI techniques showed that the SPL implementation was not
feasible.
Simulations analysis with comparative study of a pmsg performances for small ...Mellah Hacene
Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) have a bright prospect in the small wind turbine (WT) applications; PMSGs compared to the conventional electrically excitated generators have many advantages, that’s why they have attracted many and a strong interest of research. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's is presented, these performances is studied as a function of physical material like the type of permanent magnet (high, poor, average and linear), as a function of the environmental conditions as rotor speed, finally, as a function of the design and geometrical parameters (rotor length, number of poles, number of stator slots). These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Performance Indicators For Grid-Connected PV Systems: A Case Study In Casabla...IOSRJEEE
The main goal of this paper is to compare a one year performance of 5.94 KWp grid-connected PV module technology systems, constituted by three types of photovoltaic solar panels (Monocrystalline (mc-Si) (2.04KWp), polycrystalline (pc-Si) (2.04KWp) and amorphous (a-Si) (1.86 KWp))-silicon installed on the roof of the faculty of science Ben M’sik Casablanca. The study is based on the data collected along 2 years (2015- 2016) about energy production. The elements of performance evaluated monthly and annually include: energy output, system efficiency, reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, annual capacity factor and CO2 emissions avoided. The investigation of the annual: productivity (EAC,Y), system efficiency (Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 ), performance ratio (PR), capacity factor (CF) and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for a-Si are found as 2941.15KWh, 7.21%, 73.1%, 18.05% and 1.765tonsrespectively. EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for pc-Si are found as 3331.15KWh, 11.4%, 75.6%, 18.64% and 1.999tons respectively. Mc-Si installation exhibits slightly higher values of EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided which are 3370.89KWh, 11.7%, 76.7%, 18.86% and 2.023tons respectively. The results show that mc-Si system presents the best performance followed by pc-Si and by a-Si. In addition, a developed study was carried out to establish the relation between the efficiency and temperature, performance ratios and radiation, in order to know the behavior of each technology for each period of the year and for the whole year. Without forgetting a comparison of all results found with the previous studies in different locations.
The growth and assembly of organic molecules and inorganic 2D materials on gr...Akinola Oyedele
The unique properties of graphene have made it a promising material for integration in future electronic applications. The idealized surface of graphene, atomically-flat and without dangling bonds, offers the opportunity to understand the assembly of organic and inorganic molecules to form a wide range of ordered architectures and functional graphene-based heterostructures. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the growth of hierarchical nanostructures on graphene. The self-assembly of organic molecules and inorganic two-dimensional (2D) layers on graphene for the construction of various types of heterostructures are highlighted. Van der Waals interactions between the assembled molecules and graphene are shown to allow the formation of highly-ordered structures with preferred molecular orientations and stacking configurations that circumvent the strict lattice-matching requirements in traditional epitaxial growth. Finally, we briefly discuss representative applications of graphene-based heterostructures in electronic and optoelectronics.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
Nanotechnology has to potential to revolutionize the US energy system. From fuel cells, to cell phone batteries, to space equipment, and everywhere in between nanotechnology can be utilized.
But, there is still a lot of research to be done and many hurdles to cross to make this technology commercially practicable.
Different approaches for improving the efficiency of CdTe thin film solar cellsMariana Amorim Fraga
Among the thin film solar cell absorber materials, cadmium telluride (CdTe) is the most studied and promising. This comparison shows the efficiency and other performance characteristics of CdTe based thin film solar cells, which were reported in nine recent articles published from 2017 to 2021.
https://www.orkg.org/orkg/comparison/R135992
Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cell Technology StrategyJimmy Pan
Technology strategy report focused on organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology, which is the third generation of solar cell technology, being developed by Solarmer Energy, Inc. Contains analysis of topics including macroeconomic environment, competitive environment, product strategy, project valuation and financing, and implementation plan.
CIGS Solar Cells: How and Why is their Cost Falling?Jeffrey Funk
My master's students use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze the economic feasibility of CIGS (Cadmium Indium Gallium Selenide) Solar Cells. Improvements in efficiencies and reductions in cost per area (through new processes and increasing the substrate size) are causing steady reductions in the cost of electricity from them. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries..
This presentation covers following points:-
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Flexible Solar Cell
3. Flexible Photovoltaic Technology
4. Different types of Flexible Solar Cell
5. Manufacturing Process
6. Testing Method
7. Advantages
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. Future Scope
Flexible CIGS PV: Past, Present, and FutureSolarDan
A quick introduction to the development of lightweight, flexible, high performance CIGS solar technology at Ascent Solar. The unique value proposition of these product enables innovative design and integration solutions for novel applications in rapidly growing niche markets.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Spectral filtering experimentation on Photovoltaic cells using novel bio-fil...IJECEIAES
The challenges facing solar power grid system in Africa is huge. Most salient of these challenges is the inefficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) module to sustain its output for more than a year. Certainly, the harsh weather condition in the region can be said to be one of the reasons for the shortcoming that was earlier highlighted. In this research, bio-filters were suggested to filter the harmful radiation hitting the PV module. The bio-filter is made up of copper coated hibiscus extract. The hibiscus extract was done using ethanol solution. It was observed that the bio-filter was able to filter the some of the harmful radiation as expected. Using the current, voltage and power output, it can be observed that the efficiency of the PV module improved by >8%. This result is impressive compared to other simple optical filters. The quantity of the harmful solar radiation was not estimated because of the limitations of the equipment used for the research. The authors recommend that the spray pyrolysis device be used to have the exact layer of the bio-filter. It is also recommended that the degradation of the spray film due to prolonged exposure to sunlight should be studied within some months. More work can be done in estimating the percentage of infrared the biofilter can absorb per time.
The growth and assembly of organic molecules and inorganic 2D materials on gr...Akinola Oyedele
The unique properties of graphene have made it a promising material for integration in future electronic applications. The idealized surface of graphene, atomically-flat and without dangling bonds, offers the opportunity to understand the assembly of organic and inorganic molecules to form a wide range of ordered architectures and functional graphene-based heterostructures. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the growth of hierarchical nanostructures on graphene. The self-assembly of organic molecules and inorganic two-dimensional (2D) layers on graphene for the construction of various types of heterostructures are highlighted. Van der Waals interactions between the assembled molecules and graphene are shown to allow the formation of highly-ordered structures with preferred molecular orientations and stacking configurations that circumvent the strict lattice-matching requirements in traditional epitaxial growth. Finally, we briefly discuss representative applications of graphene-based heterostructures in electronic and optoelectronics.
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
Nanotechnology has to potential to revolutionize the US energy system. From fuel cells, to cell phone batteries, to space equipment, and everywhere in between nanotechnology can be utilized.
But, there is still a lot of research to be done and many hurdles to cross to make this technology commercially practicable.
Different approaches for improving the efficiency of CdTe thin film solar cellsMariana Amorim Fraga
Among the thin film solar cell absorber materials, cadmium telluride (CdTe) is the most studied and promising. This comparison shows the efficiency and other performance characteristics of CdTe based thin film solar cells, which were reported in nine recent articles published from 2017 to 2021.
https://www.orkg.org/orkg/comparison/R135992
Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cell Technology StrategyJimmy Pan
Technology strategy report focused on organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology, which is the third generation of solar cell technology, being developed by Solarmer Energy, Inc. Contains analysis of topics including macroeconomic environment, competitive environment, product strategy, project valuation and financing, and implementation plan.
CIGS Solar Cells: How and Why is their Cost Falling?Jeffrey Funk
My master's students use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze the economic feasibility of CIGS (Cadmium Indium Gallium Selenide) Solar Cells. Improvements in efficiencies and reductions in cost per area (through new processes and increasing the substrate size) are causing steady reductions in the cost of electricity from them. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries..
This presentation covers following points:-
1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Flexible Solar Cell
3. Flexible Photovoltaic Technology
4. Different types of Flexible Solar Cell
5. Manufacturing Process
6. Testing Method
7. Advantages
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. Future Scope
Flexible CIGS PV: Past, Present, and FutureSolarDan
A quick introduction to the development of lightweight, flexible, high performance CIGS solar technology at Ascent Solar. The unique value proposition of these product enables innovative design and integration solutions for novel applications in rapidly growing niche markets.
Experimental Analysis of Factors Affecting the Power Output of the PV Module IJECEIAES
Energy is the driving force in all the sectors as it acts like an index of standard of living or prosperity of the people of the country. However heavy dependence on fossil fuels leads to global warming, hence there is a need for the use of clean, sustainable, and eco friendly form of energy. Among the various types of non-conventional energy solar energy is the fundamental as it is abundant, pollution free and universally available.Even though the main input to the PV system is the solar radiation still there are other factors which affects the efficiency of the pv module. In this paper real time experiment has been conducted to analyze the effect of various factors like irradiance, temperature, and angle of tilt, soiling, shading on the power output of the pv module. Temperature is a negative factor which reduces the efficiency of the module and can be reduced by various cooling arrangements. Presence of dust particles and shading obstructs the incident solar radiations entering the panel and the effect is seen in the iv and pv curve .For better performance solar tracking at maximum power point is suggested to improve the power output of the pv module.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Spectral filtering experimentation on Photovoltaic cells using novel bio-fil...IJECEIAES
The challenges facing solar power grid system in Africa is huge. Most salient of these challenges is the inefficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) module to sustain its output for more than a year. Certainly, the harsh weather condition in the region can be said to be one of the reasons for the shortcoming that was earlier highlighted. In this research, bio-filters were suggested to filter the harmful radiation hitting the PV module. The bio-filter is made up of copper coated hibiscus extract. The hibiscus extract was done using ethanol solution. It was observed that the bio-filter was able to filter the some of the harmful radiation as expected. Using the current, voltage and power output, it can be observed that the efficiency of the PV module improved by >8%. This result is impressive compared to other simple optical filters. The quantity of the harmful solar radiation was not estimated because of the limitations of the equipment used for the research. The authors recommend that the spray pyrolysis device be used to have the exact layer of the bio-filter. It is also recommended that the degradation of the spray film due to prolonged exposure to sunlight should be studied within some months. More work can be done in estimating the percentage of infrared the biofilter can absorb per time.
A Comprehensive Review on Recent MPPT of a Solar PV Systems using Intelligent...ssuser793b4e
The uncertainty associated with modelling and performance of solar photovoltaic systems could be easily and efficiently solved by using Maximum power point techniques. During the past decade of 2010 to 2021, the classification of techniques based on intelligent, non- intelligent and their hybrid models are found as potential techniques for detecting the maximum power point of a photovoltaic system. In addition, for this decade there is no extensive and comprehensive review on applicability of intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid models for performance prediction and modelling of solar photovoltaic systems. Therefore, this article focuses on extensive review on design, modelling, maximum power point tracking, advantages, disadvantages of each technique, evolutionary trend, convergence and tracking speed, and output efficiency prediction of solar photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions and non-partial shading conditions using intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid techniques. Furthermore, a total of 77 selected articles on the solar PV tracking technique and their hybrid models together with the PV technology were reviewed. Total of 22 articles are reviewed and summarized in this review paper for the period of 2010 to 2021 with 12 articles in non- intelligent technique, 7 articles in intelligent technique and 3 articles in their hybrid form. The review showed the suitability and reliability of intelligent, non-intelligent and their hybrid models for accurate detection of maximum power point and the performance characteristics of solar photovoltaic systems. Finally, this review presents the guidance for the researchers and engineers in the field of solar photovoltaic systems to select the suitable techniques for enhancement of the performance characteristics of the solar photovoltaic systems and the utilization of the available solar radiation.
Photovoltaics constitutes a new form of producing electric energy that is environmentally clean and very modular. In stand-alone installations, it must use storage or another type of generator to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Photovoltaics is very suitable as the power supply for remote communication equipment. Its use is increasing rapidly to produce electricity in grid-connected houses and buildings in industrialized countries, despite a 5 to 10 times higher cost than conventional electricity. Crystalline Si technology, both monocrystalline and multicrystalline is today clearly dominant, with about 90% of the market.
Thin-film technology is one of the candidates to take over from Si technology. There are many technological options regarding thin-film materials and methods of deposition but their primary claim to the throne currently occupied by Si is that they can be ultimately produced at much lower cost.
Copper oxide is a good candidate for low cost photovoltaic element. It is non toxic and has high absobtion in visible spectra of light. In order to improve it performance doping methods and “partner” component for hetero- or homo –junction have to be studied.
In summary, it is very likely that photovoltaics will become in the next half century an important source of world electricity. Public support and global environmental concerns will keep photovoltaics viable, visible, and vigorous both in new technical developments and user applications. Nations which encourage photovoltaics will be leaders in this shining new technology, leading the way to a cleaner, more equitable twenty-first century, while those that ignore or suppress photovoltaics will be left behind in the green, economic energy revolution.
Energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic network per meter squa...IJECEIAES
Iraqi people have been without energy for nearly two decades, even though their geographic position provides a high intensity of radiation appropriate for the construction of solar plants capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. Also, the annual sunny hours in Iraq are between 3,600 to 4,300 hours which makes it perfect to use the photovoltaics arrays to generate electricity with very high efficiency compared to many countries, especially in Europe. This paper shows the amount of electric energy generated by the meter square of crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic (PV) array that already installed in 18 states in Iraq for each month of the year. The results of the meter-square of PV array in three tracking positions are presented in this paper. This paper shows that the average electricity generated in North cities (Dohuk, Al-Sulaymaniyah, and Erbil) are less than the southern cities in the winter season (three positions) by about 40-50%. Iraq has a stable PV electrical generation during all the year in all regions except the North cities while the highest cities in electricity generation are (Najaf and Al-Anbar).
Solar technology offers great potential in terms of supplying the world’s energy needs. However, its current contribution to the world is still limited. The main factor is related to high initial cost of building the system. This paper will provide an up-to-date review of solar concentrators and their benefits to make solar technology affordable. It will also analyse on some of the existing solar concentrators used in the solar technology for the past four decades. The design and performance of each concentrator will be explained and compared.
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
GM Distributed Generation Inverters in a Micro grid by Controlling Energy Man...IOSRJEEE
This project introduces a micro grid, which consists of different distributed generation units which are connected to the distribution grid. The operations of the DG units are coordinated by the power management algorithm in grid and islanded operations. The primary generation unit of the micro grid is the wind turbine and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is used to supplement the variability in the power. In micro grid a battery is incorporated to overcome the difficulty of shortage of power demand during Islanded operation and to improve crest demands throughout grid connected operation. Previously the power management system was done using model predictive algorithm control design. Which has complex mathematical calculations to find out critical values Now in this project, ANFIS controller is used as the control design which reduces the design complexity as the logical operations are performed to find out critical values, the power quality such as harmonic compensation for nonlinear loads of the distribution system, will be improved when compared to model predictive algorithm control design and also It has fast response. The complete proposed system will be tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results reveal the attractive performance characteristics of the proposed system.
Load Performances of a PIC Based Speed Governor for Micro Hydro Power PlantIOSRJEEE
In the study; a micro hydro power plant prototype was designed with a 750 Wcross flow type turbine and a 500 W generator. Control operations are realized by using a PIC16F877 microcontroller. The voltage frequency obtained from the generator were measured with the zero crossing circuit and transferred to the microcontroller. Using the micro controller, depending on the frequency error, the PWM signal was formed. The PWM signal was applied through the H bridge circuit to the DC motor which drives the setting wing. The rotation movement of the motor was transferred to the setting wing through a threaded rod and a mechanical arm. When setting of the number of turns on the turbine, the value of the frequency of the used 500 W generator working in conjunction with the turbine could be kept on desired levels. After the design,Loading and load shedding performances of the designed system were examined and discussed.
A New Design in Parabolic Trough Using Heat RetentionIOSRJEEE
The paper gives the summary of new design of parabolic trough using heat retention method. It gives a brief idea of on heat retention and describes about the components and operation of parabolic trough. This is an updating of parabolic trough collector system. The advantages collectors are also discussed
Investigation of Power Quality Indices in Jordanian Distribution GridIOSRJEEE
he sensitivity and the highly connected modern power systems make Power quality problems a priority in these systems. Both utilities and consumers have essential role in dealing with these problems. It is utilities responsibility to provide a clean and reliable power. On the other hand, it is consumer’s responsibility to draw power with acceptable indices. In this Paper, the type of the consumer’s facility is chosen as a basis for managing power quality indices. In this paper, comprehensive power quality in Jordan Low-Voltage Electrical Power Grid is measured. The loads are divided into five categories: : (i) industrial loads, (ii) commercial loads, (iii) hospital loads, (iv) residential loads, and (v) office loads. Assuming each category will affect the grid in similar way, which will facilitate prediction of power quality problems. Also, this methodology will help proposing new regulation that governs the relation between utilities and consumers. The power quality indices considered in this paper are; THD, Crest factor, K-factor, Power factor, Harmonic to active power ratio, Voltage imbalance, and Frequency variations. The results show similar results for the loads with the same type. Also, the results show the correlation between the current total harmonic distortion and utility voltages and neutral-to-ground voltage, and between voltage and current imbalance.
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
High Efficiency Dc-Dc Converter for Renewable Energy Applications and High Vo...IOSRJEEE
Renewable sources like solar PV cell is prefer to be operated at low voltages. This paper proposes a novel high voltage gain, high efficiency dc-dc converter based on coupled inductor, intermediate capacitor. The input energy acquired from the source is first stored in the coupled inductor and intermediate capacitor in a lossless manner. Improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the system. Exorbitant duty cycle values are not required for high voltage gain, when prevent the problems such as diode reverse recovery. Presence of a passive clamp network causes reduced voltage stress on the switch. Overall performance of the renewable energy with a step-up DC/DC converter using closed loop control action is used in the proposed system, improving the overall efficiency of the system.
A Review of Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Metal OxideIOSRJEEE
This study intends to provide a review of recent progress in gas sensors based on several theoretical and empirical investigations regarding semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures. Modified or doped oxide nano-wires, device structures such as electronic noses and low power consumption self-heated gas sensors, and their gas sensing performance has also been evaluate. Finally, the researcher also point out some challenges for prospect investigation and practical application.
Stability Control System for a Two-WheelerIOSRJEEE
A two-wheeler is statically unstable but as the speed increases vehicle achieves stability. At low speed, the vehicle loses its stability. In order to achieve stability, the driver has to balance the vehicle. While negotiating a curve, a vehicle has to lean to a certain angle, if this angle exceeds the certain value, the vehicle tends to skid. In this paper the stability control system is incorporated, so that a vehicle will maintain stability even at low speeds. The stability of a two-wheeler depends on weight distribution, tyre dynamics, speed and steering angle. In this paper, only two parameters are considered, one is steering effect and another one is speed. For developing a simplified model, the speed of the vehicle is kept as constant, using which the effect of steering angle is analysed and accordingly a controller is incorporated for providing stability.
Voltage Sag and Swell Identification Using FFT Analysis and Mitigation with DVRIOSRJEEE
- Power quality issues like voltage sag, swell, harmonics and transients can affect the power system performance. Voltage sag and swell are now-a-days treated to reduce power quality issues by power engineers. A small variation in voltage can badly affect the operation of power system and connected loads as well. This paper presents the voltage sag and voltage swell identification using FFT analysis. The paper also presents the mitigation for identified voltage sag and swells issues addressed with DVR. DVR consists of a voltage source converter and is controlled with d-q theory which is simple producing reference signals and gate pulses for switches of DVR. The proposed concept was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and results were presented for identification and mitigation. FFT analyses for identification of voltage sags and swell existence in different phases of power system network were shown. Mitigation of voltage sag and swell with DVR was also shown with results
Design of Intrusion Tolerance System based on Service Redundancy LevelIOSRJEEE
The Internet is an open space where a great number of computer systems are connected. Since many services are provided through the Internet, malicious users can easily intrude on any of those systems by using the vulnerabilities of the Internet. Although Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) can be used to defend against such malicious activities, it is not always possible to completely protect a targeted system against the attacks. For this reason, Intrusion Tolerance Systems (ITS) has been proposed to maintain services even in threatening environments, where some malicious attacks have intruded into a system successfully. In this paper, we propose a new ITS based upon maintaining a service redundancy level to ensure that all services are properly provided to users even if a malicious intrusions such as VM (virtual machine) escape attack exists. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can guarantee the operation of every ongoing service by maintaining the service redundancy level of all services
Compensation of Harmonics of Fully Controlled Loads by Using SAHFIOSRJEEE
In this paper, Three Phase Shunt Active Harmonic Filter is used for harmonic compensation of fully Controlled loads by using new thyristorized Pulse Generator Circuits which generates 12 Pulses for two NonLinear three phase Loads. The three phase Non-Linear Loads are connected at the secondary of three phase Transformers with Three Phase Breakers having Transition time 5/60seconds. A new Pulse Generator topology is used for generating pulses for each of three phase non-linear loads. The Circuit used for Compensation of Harmonics having three phase IGBT based Inverter. The IGBT base d Shunt Active Harmonic Filter gets firing Pulses from PLL phase Locked Loop& Hysteresis Switching HS. The used PLL extracts the Fundamental component of load current which is then multiplied with same RMS gain for generating the Reference current for Hysteresis Current Controller. The used Hysteresis Current Controller compares the reference current
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
Design of the Pulse Oximetry Measurement Circuit and Its Sensing System Based...IOSRJEEE
The pulse oximetry circuit and its sensing system is designed based on the standard CMOS technology of 0.18um. The reflection oxygen sensor is used to collect the pulse oximeter signal of human body, then the collected physiological signals are processed by the data processing circuit The data processing circuit is composed of two parts: the amplifying circuit and the band-pass filter circuit, and the pulse oximeter data processed by the data processing circuit is written into the tag through the SPI communication The RFID reader read the data in the RFID tag through wireless communication, and display the data . The experimental results show that the maximum error is ±1%. The maximum error of the pulse is ±1.9%. The stability and feasibility of pulse blood oxygen sensing system is demonstrated in this paper and it will have a good application prospect in the direction of wearable medical wisdom research
Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Pow...IOSRJEEE
In this paper, an integrated power factor converter with PI controller is proposed. The circuit topology is obtained by integrating two converters namely the buck converter and a boost converter. The boost converter is normally a step up converter which obtain an unity power factor and performs low harmonics at the input. Based on the simple circuit topology and easy control the boost converter or buck-boost converter is used as power factor correctors. Similarly the buck converter regulates the dc-link voltage and provide a stable dc output voltage. To achieve unity power factor, the output voltage of both converter should be higher than the amplitude of the ac line voltage. The steady -state analysis is developed and a design is provided
Magneto Optic Current Transformer Technology (MOCT)IOSRJEEE
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers .For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown. The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions. In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they introduce electromagnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. Magneto-optical current transformer(MOCT)technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems. The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect that is the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path. MOCT is a passive optical current transducer which uses light to accurately measure current on high voltage systems and determines the rotation angle & converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the current
On Essentiality of RoHS in EE R&D EcosystemIOSRJEEE
Sustainable development demands environmentally friendly products and hence Research and Development ecosystem needs to adopt environmental compliances. This fact is truer for Electrical and Electronics products as its new product launch rate is very high which also produces high rate of obsolescence and hence e-waste. In India one of the environmental standards is RoHS and in this review a case has been presented for early adoption of the compliance in Indian Research and Development ecosystem through modified Nair’s Product Development Cycle. Advantages of early adoption are avoidance of repetition of expected pollution from e-waste again in future, preventing health issues among researchers who handle such substances and improvement of industry confidence on the pre-competitive R&D. Finally RoHS2 instead of RoHS1 has been recommended for adoption to prevent rejection of developed product in future
A high stable on-chip CMOS temperature sensorIOSRJEEE
A high stable CMOS temperature sensor is presented. A low-pass filter circuit is added in the output of traditional CMOS temperature sensor to improve the stability of its output,. The supply power voltage of the temperature sensor is 1.8V. The PSRR of the temperature sensor is -82dB in low frequency state. And the PSRR is -45dB in worst case. The OP-AMP of sensor has 63º phase margin. The output mode is voltage, whose linearity error is less than 0.2% and resolution ratio is more than 2.6mV/℃
Improvement of Load Power Factor by Using CapacitorIOSRJEEE
Series and parallel capacitors in the power system effect reactive power to improve power factor and voltage because of increasing the system capacity and reducing losses. Reactive power of series capacitor is the same to the current. There are certain unpleasant aspects in the capacitor series. Generally, the cost to install a series capacitor is higher than parallel capacitor. It is caused by complex protection equipment for series capacitor and designing series capacitors for greater power than parallel capacitor to solve the future cost. Installation of capacitors is important to reduce of a system reactive power. Transmission line would be most economical if it is used to send active power where the need of reactive power can be obtained by distribution system in substation level. This will allow user in optimum transmission line, improve operational performance and reduce energy losses. It requires a system and planning carefully to fulfill the need of system reactive power in the same way with active power planning and it is programmed an additional generator capacity.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Design of LED Driver Power Based on LNK417EGIOSRJEEE
In recent years, people have been committed to the development and the design of new lighting sources. The life of LED lamps depends on the life of the LED driver which has a great relationship with the life of the electrolytic capacitor. In this paper the advantages of the drive power of the electrolytic capacitor are analyzed and the design of the PFC circuit and the transformer is described in details. On the basis of the LNK417 driver chip, a novel single-stage flyback drive circuit without the electrolytic capacitor is designed, which combines the power factor correction technology and constant current control to avoid the use of large electrolytic capacitors. The design and implementation of the control circuit are given and the overall performance is tested and analyzed in the article. The test results show that the driver is of high efficiency, high PF and long life etc. The efficiency is up to 85% and the PF value is not less than 0.9.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case study in Mohammedia , Morocco.
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 37-45
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for
determining the optimal PV panels- A case study in
Mohammedia , Morocco.
A. Elamim1
, B. Hartiti1*,
A.Haibaoui2
, A. Lfakir3
P.Thevenin4
1
MAC & PM Laboratory, MEE &DD Group ,University Hassan ll casablanca FSTM , BP 146 Mohammedia
20650,Morocco
*
Senior Assoc, ICTP,UNESCO, Trieste, Italy
2
LIMAT Laboratory, Department of Physics, University Hassan II FSB, Casablanca, Morocco
3
University Sultan Moulay Slimane FSTB, BP 523 Beni Melall, Morocco
4
LMOPS Laboratory, Department of Physics University of Lorraine Metz, France
Abstract: This study focuses on the analysis and comparison of three different photovoltaic technologies of
silicon module: Amorphous silicon (a-Si), polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) and monocrystalline silicon (mc-si)
with 2 KWp for each one of theme, connected to the grid, when they are exposed to the same real sun conditions
over a one year period under the meteorological conditions of Mohammedia (Morocco) ,to determine the
optimal PV power system in the region. For this aim ,the amount of energy generated by each system, cost
analysis, annual incomes, breakeven points, annual CO2 emissions avoided, installation area occupied by the
system and total weights of each system are evaluated for each panel type used in the installed system and
potential energy to be generated by solar energy in the region was considered. Following energy generation,
which lasted one year, it is concluded that ploy-crystalline silicon panels are the most optimal panel for the
region because it yields the highest annual incomes and the shortest breakeven point for the investors.
Keywords: Optimal PV panels. mono-crystalline. Poly-crystalline. Amorphous. cost analysis. annual incomes.
I. Introduction
The shortage of fossil energy sources, the increase of their prices, the environmental problems caused
by their consumption such as pollution and global warming, are encouraging the application of renewable
energy in several countries around the world. Renewable resources are also ecological and abundant in the
planet. Among renewable technologies, solar systems that are the best suited to meet certain energy
requirements. [1, 2, 3]. There are different types of solar energy (thermal, PV, thermodynamic) used in
agriculture, water treatment, electrification, drying and road signs. [4, 5]
Photovoltaic technology is now in full development in the world, the photovoltaic modules are
efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly, used to convert sunlight into electrical energy, but it still requires
performance improvements to achieve a better competitiveness. [6, 7, 8].
The main PV industries are silicon cells (Si) that can be made from crystalline silicon wafers (c-Si) into
two distinct categories, mono-crystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon, with a gap of 1,12 ev, the mono-
crystalline silicon is more expensive than the polycrystalline but allows higher yields, with almost 24.5% against
19% record performance in laboratory cells[9,10]. Currently the market is widely covered with commercial
modules generally with yields of 12% to 14% for polycrystalline and 15% to 16% for mono-crystalline. [11]
According to “Loïc GOEMAERE” [11] amorphous silicon, denoted a-Si, has an absorption coefficient
much more higher in the visible range than the crystalline silicon, due to the absorption process of the photons
more efficient so-called direct. This makes it possible to considering the manufacture of cells using thin layers,
of the order of a micron of thickness, which makes it possible to reduce significantly the costs of production.
Despite lower modules yields than crystalline silicon modules (from 6 to 7%), this sector tends to develop in a
context of strong demand, and is positioned after the dies crystalline silicon (4%). Research has turned to other
materials than silicon, they are the CdTe, CIS, CIGS sectors. [11]
General view in perspective of some photovoltaic technologies and classification is illustrated in the figure 1.
In Morocco, solar energy is the most important renewable energy with more than 3000 hours per year
of sunshine, with an irradiation about 5 kWh per m² per day. Morocco possesses a considerable solar radiation.
The map right below represents the global solar radiation in Morocco, it has been made by IRESEN in
collaboration with mines Paris Tech. The overall radiation does not go down below 1405 kWh per m² and can
reach 2574 kWh per m². [12]
2. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Fig.1.Map of global horizontal solar irradiation in Morocco
The performance of PV modules varies by region, geographical location and climatic conditions, so it
is necessary to determine the type of technology or PV panel to be used depending on weather conditions. In
this respect, and because no study was done in the Mohammedia city which has significant potential in terms of
solar radiation, so it is important to find the optimal PV panel for this city. Therefore, in this work three different
types of photovoltaic panels Amorphous, poly-crystalline and mono-crystalline with 2 KWp each one of them
were selected and analyzed to determine the optimal type of panel for Mohammedia. These systems were
analyzed in terms of annual incomes, the installation area occupied by the system, the total weight of the system,
the productivity of each system, the initial investment costs, and the system that avoids more CO2
.
Fig.2.Classification of the silicon PV panels [13]
II. Site Description And Solar Potential In The Region
II.1.GEOGRAPHICAL DATA:
The site is the roof of the research building of the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques in Mohammedia
(FSTM) with a latitude of 33 ° 70 '58' 'North and a longitude of 07 ° 35' 31 '' West. It is located in the city of
Mohammedia with a latitude of 33 ° 41 '23' 'North and a longitude of 07 ° 23' 23 '' West. It is a town between
Rabat and Casablanca in the largest region of Casablanca. It is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, 24 km
north-east of the economic capital of the kingdom, as shown in Fig. 3. The city of Mohammedia has a
Mediterranean climate with mild/wet winters and warm/dry summers. [14]
3. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Fig .3 Location of Mohammedia city by Google Earth.
II.2.METEOROLOGICAL DATA:
These data mainly concern the temperatures and sunshine of the site. The city of Mohammedia largely
enjoys sun throughout the year. In summer (May to October), the maximum average temperatures are between
23 and 29 °C, but can occasionally reach 35 °C and a minimum of 14 to 19 °C.
The duration of sunshine reaches 8 to 10 hours per day. In winter (November to April), the maximum average
temperatures are between 20 and 23 °C, with a minimum of 9 to 12 °C and they can often drop to 2 °C in the
morning. The duration of daily sunlight during the winter is 5 to 6 hours. [15]
The data on these parameters are given In Table 1. [16]
Table.1.Average daily meteorological data in the region
GHI
(Kwh/m2
)
DIFF
(Kwh/m2
DNI
(KWh/m2
)
Sunshine duration
(h)
Wind speed
(m/s)
January 95 34 136 6 3
February 106 41 126 6,8 3,2
March 158 54 174 7,5 3,6
April 189 63 188 8,4 3,8
May 218 80 200 9,4 3,9
June 222 80 198 9,5 3,7
July 227 80 207 10 3,8
August 209 70 204 9,6 3,6
September 170 59 173 8,6 3,4
October 133 50 148 7,8 3,4
November 100 35 140 6,2 3
December 86 30 135 5,9 3,3
year 1910 677 2029 7,9 3,5
GHI : global horizontal irradiance.
DIFF:horizontal diffuse irradiation.
DNI:direct normal irradiance .
III. Description of The PV System:
III.1.SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The PV plant consists of three different technology modules that are mounted on the roof of the research FSTM
block on a galvanized steel structure (see Fig. 4), with South orientation and an inclination of 30°.The properties
of the boards used are listed in the Table 2.
4. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Fig.4.The diffrent installed technologies
Table.2.Main characteristics of the different modules.
Trademark NEXPOWER SOLARWORLD
Model XTREM+
(NT -155
AF)
SUNMODULE plus SW 255
poly
SUNMODULE
Plus SW 255 mono
Solar cell Amorphous Poly-crystalline Mono-crystalline
Maximum power at STC (Pmax) 155Wp 255 Wp 255 Wp
Optimum operating voltage (Vmp) 65.9V 30.9V 31.4V
Optimum operating current (Imp) 2.43 A 8.32A 8.15A
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 85.5 V 38 V 37.8V
Short circuit current (Isc) 2.57 A 8.88A 8.66A
Module efficiency 9, 87 %. 15.2 %.
Length 1412mm 1675mm
Width 1112mm 1001mm
Weight 19.5 kg 21.2 kg
III.2.Specifications of selected inverter:
The Inverter model used in each plant is SB2000HF and its specifications are listed in Table 3.
The output characteristics of amorphous, mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline are shown in Figs. 5–7, [17].
Table.3.Properties of inverters used in each PV power plant.
Inverter type: SB 2000HF AC nominal power 2000 W
Input (DC) Max. recommended
PV power
2100 W Output (AC) Max. AC apparent
power
2000 VA
Max. DC voltage 700V Nominal AC voltage 220V/230V/240V
DC nominal voltage 530V AC voltage range 180V-280V
MPP voltage range 175V-560V AC grid frequency;
range
50/60 Hz
Min. DC voltage/start
voltage
220V Max. output current 8.3 A
Max. input
current/per string
12.0 A Power factor (cos φ) 1
Max. efficiency 96.6 % Harmonics ≤3%
Packing weight 17 Kg
5. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Fig. 5. Output characteristics of the used monocrystalline-Si : I–V characteristics and P–V characteristics.
Fig. 6. Output characteristics of the used amorphous-Si : I–V characteristics and P–V characteristics.
Fig. 7. Output characteristics of the used polycristalline-Si : I–V characteristics and P–V characteristics.
IV. Results And Discussion
IV.1.Comparison and analysis of energy:
In order to choose the appropriate technology for the city of Mohammedia we proceeded to make a
comparison of energy produced by each technology, for that the energy generated by each PV system, was
registered for a whole year from 1st
January 2015 until December 2015 as shown in FIG.8.
The first installation constructed by mono-crystalline panels generated 3432.551 KWh, the second
installation constructed by poly-crystalline panels generated 3463.58 KWh and the amorphous technology
generated 3 175.964 KWh, the total energy produced by the three technologies is around 10 072 KWh per year.
6. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
Fig.8. Harvested energy profile from the three-plant all year round.
On figure 8, we can observe the output gap between the different PV modules technologies used in the
installation. A low irradiation and low temperature (autumn, winter) modules (poly-crystalline) appear most
receptive, whereas at high irradiation and high temperature (spring, summer) the mono-crystalline and
polycrystalline modules are virtually identical while the amorphous technology appears weaker. However, we
can conclude that the perceived difference between the technologies of the installation implies that
polycrystalline modules have the best performance in terms of the city of Mohammedia.
IV.2.Analysis and comparison of costs:
Because of their high yields, modules in mono-crystalline silicon and polycrystalline, are the most
important modules in the PV market [18].
To identify and decide the most optimal panels it is necessary to do a cost analysis of the various systems
installed. To this aim, taking the whole system installation into account, the cost analysis of each system
together with annual incomes and their break-even points is given in the Table 4.
Fig.9.Total yearly incomes for all three-system
Table.4. Cost analysis for each system installed and their breakeven points.
Components Amorphous Poly-crystalline Mono-crystalline
PV modules 182€ 12 2184€ 255€ 8 2040€ 265€ 8 2120€
inverter 1318€ 1 1318 1318€ 1 1318€ 1318 1 1318€
Taxes and support equipements 565€ 376€ 376€
Total 4067€ 3734€ 3814€
Net initial investment cost 4067€ 3734€ 3814€
PV costs(€/W h) 1.174 1.00 1.04
System costs (€/W h) 2.03 1.867 1.907
Production [KW h] per year 3175 3376 3342
Fixed feed in tariff per kW h 0.0813€ 0.0813€ 0.0813€
Total yearly income 252.2€ 274.503€ 271.753€
Breakeven points 16.12 years 13.6 years 14.03 years
7. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Considering the investment costs, we notice that the polycrystalline system is the least expensive of the three
systems.
From the Figure 9 and table 4 we see that the systems consisting of polycrystalline type modules is more
productive than the two other systems in terms of annual incomes.
IV.3.Analysis and comparison of weight and areas occupied by the systems:
After comparing the generated electricity and the costs of the systems, we can notice that the area occupied by
the systems and their weight are also important criteria to validate the decision.
From the curves 10 and 11 we note that the mono-crystalline and polycrystalline systems are the least heavy
systems, which occupies less area.
IV.4.Analysis and comparison of CO² emissions avoided:
CO² and water vapor are the main gas responsible for the greenhouse effect, but using renewable energy
and specifically PV systems, we can reduce these emissions.
Therefore, the avoided CO² emissions for solar PV systems is determined by assuming that each kWh generated
by the solar energy system replaces each KWh produced by conventional energy systems. Avoided CO² (EMAV
in tones) can be expressed by the equation. [19]
Fig.10. Comparison of the areas occupied by each power system.
Fig.11. Comparison of the weights for the installed systems.
8. Analysis and comparison of different PV technologies for determining the optimal PV panels- A case..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201013745 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
(1)
EC where: is the energy generated by conventional systems (KWh) during a reference period and the FC is the
carbon mitigation factor.
FC: is calculated by subtracting the life cycle of PV transmission system (estimated at 53g CO² eq / KWh for pc-
Si, 61 g CO² eq / KWh for mc-Si and 47 g CO² eq / KWh
For a-Si [20].
(For Morocco is estimated to 746 g CO2/KWh)[21].
Table.5.Comparision of the annual avoided CO2 by each power system.
Installation type Annual avoided CO2 (tonnes)
mc-Si 2.56
pc-Si 2.58
a-Si 2.37
V. Conclusion
The present paper investigates photovoltaic panel comparison between amorphous, poly-crystalline and
mono-crystalline of 2 KWp grid-connected PV systems installed on the roof of the research building of the
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques in Mohammedia (Morocco),
in order to determine the most optimal PV systems of this city. Annual energy generated, annual income,
breakeven points, the occupied surface and the weight of each system, were evaluated and compared for the
three installed technologies. The main results of this study are as following:
The system consisting of poly-crystalline type PV panels is more suitable for the region and more
productive than the two other systems.
The cost analysis shows that, PV cost of electricity, annual incomes and payback period for mono-
crystalline installation are, respectively, 1.04 €/Wh, 271€ and 14.03 years, for poly-crystalline are,
respectively, 1.00€/Wh, 274 € and 13.6 years and are 1.174 €/Wh, 252€and 16.12years for Amorphous
installation.
It is also found that the installed PV systems have the potential of reducing approximately 7.58 tons of CO2
emission: 2.56 tons by mono-crystalline, 2.58 tons by poly-crystalline and 2.37 tons by amorphous,
We conclude that the system consisting of poly- crystalline is the most optimal type for the city of Mohammedia
located in morocco.
Acknowledgements
We thank IRESN institute (Morocco) for their financial support to Propre.ma project.
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