In this paper, an integrated power factor converter with PI controller is proposed. The circuit topology is obtained by integrating two converters namely the buck converter and a boost converter. The boost converter is normally a step up converter which obtain an unity power factor and performs low harmonics at the input. Based on the simple circuit topology and easy control the boost converter or buck-boost converter is used as power factor correctors. Similarly the buck converter regulates the dc-link voltage and provide a stable dc output voltage. To achieve unity power factor, the output voltage of both converter should be higher than the amplitude of the ac line voltage. The steady -state analysis is developed and a design is provided
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Comparison of Buck-Boost and Cuk Converters for BLDC Drive Applications with PFCIJMTST Journal
The devices generally used in industrial, commercial and residential applications need to undergo rectification for their proper functioning and operation. Hence there is a need to reduce the line current harmonics so as to improve the power factor of the system. This has led to designing of Power Factor Correction circuits. This project presents a power factor corrected (PFC) bridgeless (BL) buck–boost converter-fed brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive as a cost-effective solution for low-power applications. The conventional PFC scheme of the BLDC motor drive utilizes a pulse width-modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) for speed control with a constant dc link voltage. This offers higher switching losses in VSI as the switching losses increase as a square function of switching frequency. A BL configuration of the buck–boost converter is proposed which offers the elimination of the diode bridge rectifier, thus reducing the conduction losses associated with it. A PFC BL buck–boost converter is designed to operate in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) to provide an inherent PFC at ac mains. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed concept can be extended with cuk converter for BLDC drive applications using Matlab/Simulink software
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
Now day’s the power factor has become a major problem in power system to improve the power quality of the grid, as power factor is affected on the grid due to the nonlinear loads connected to it. Single phase bridgeless AC/DC power factor correction (PFC) topology to improve the power factor as well as the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the utility grid is proposed. By removing the input bridge in conventional PFC converters, the control circuit is simplified; the total harmonics distortion (THD) and power factor (PF) are improved. The PI controller operates in two loops one is the outer control loop which calculates the reference current through LC filter and signal processing. Inner current loop generates PWM switching signals through the PI controller. The output of the proposed PFC topology is verified for prototype using MATLAB circuit simulations. The experimental system is developed, and the simulation results are obtained.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Comparison of Buck-Boost and Cuk Converters for BLDC Drive Applications with PFCIJMTST Journal
The devices generally used in industrial, commercial and residential applications need to undergo rectification for their proper functioning and operation. Hence there is a need to reduce the line current harmonics so as to improve the power factor of the system. This has led to designing of Power Factor Correction circuits. This project presents a power factor corrected (PFC) bridgeless (BL) buck–boost converter-fed brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive as a cost-effective solution for low-power applications. The conventional PFC scheme of the BLDC motor drive utilizes a pulse width-modulated voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) for speed control with a constant dc link voltage. This offers higher switching losses in VSI as the switching losses increase as a square function of switching frequency. A BL configuration of the buck–boost converter is proposed which offers the elimination of the diode bridge rectifier, thus reducing the conduction losses associated with it. A PFC BL buck–boost converter is designed to operate in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) to provide an inherent PFC at ac mains. The simulation results are presented by using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed concept can be extended with cuk converter for BLDC drive applications using Matlab/Simulink software
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver w...LeMeniz Infotech
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver with resonant-blocking capacitor
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Review of Integrated Power Factor Correction (PFC) Boost converter topologies...IJARBEST JOURNAL
This paper provides a review of various Power Factor Correction (PFC) boost
converter topologies suitable for telecoms. A novel integrated PFC topology is proposed which acts
as a backup power supply for telecommunication systems. The advantage of the proposed circuit is
that it operates based on soft switching principle thereby reducing the switching losses in the
converter. The topologies analyzed in this paper are conventional average current mode control
boost PFC, bridgeless boost PFC, semi-bridgeless boost PFC, totem-pole bridgeless boost PFC and
proposed integrated boost PFC. All these topology studies are investigated by carrying out the
simulation of the converter circuits using PSIM software. A detailed comparison of all the
topologies have been done and they are compared in terms of supply power factor, supply current
THD and displacement factor. From the results, it is inferred that the proposed integrated PFC
provides a reduced supply current THD and improved power factor. The results are validated.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
AN ACTIVE PFC WITH FLYBACK DESIGN FOR INTELLIGENCE IN STREET LIGHT APPLICATIONJournal For Research
As the requirement of energy demand is increasing due to rapid industrial development, it is necessary to meet the growing demand of energy. This can be achieved in two ways: find alternate resource to supply power or energy; or reduce the energy consumption of present resources available. The proposed work is basically the design and implementation of an intelligent street light of 50 W power output from the offline converter by using power LED. As power LED draws huge non sinusoidal current due to the presence of AC-DC converter, a Boost PFC and a fly back converter is used for better power factor and for dc voltage regulation. Along with this a PIR sensor and LDR sensors are also used. A PIC microcontroller is used for PWM dimming. This makes to reduce the power consumption in street light especially in urban cities in which most of the power is wasted in lighting streets during late night.
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output...LeMeniz Infotech
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output voltage and improved conversion efficiency
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
New Topology for Transformer less Single Stage -Single Switch AC/DC ConverterIJMER
This paper presents a transformer less single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter suitable for universal line applications (90–270 Vrms). The topology consists of a buck-type power-factor correction (PFC) cell with a buck–boost dc/dc cell and part of the input power is directly coupled to the output after the first power processing. With this direct power transfer and sharing capacitor voltages, the converter is able to achieve efficient power conversion, high power factor, low voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 120 V) and low output voltage without a high step-down transformer. The absence of transformer reduces the size of the circuit , component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of both inductor currents. Tight voltage regulation is provided by using PID controller. Detailed analysis and design procedures and simulation of the proposed circuit are given .
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transformer less Boost Converter Topologies with Improved Voltage Gain Operat...IJMER
In this project, a new step up converter proposed in a recent work is analyzed, designed, simulated with MATLAB Simulink. Conventional dc–dc boost converters are unable to provide high step-up voltage gains due to the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. This paper proposes transformer less dc–dc converters to achieve high step-up voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio. In the proposed converters, two inductors with the same level of inductance are charged in parallel during the switch-on period and are discharged in series during the switch-off period. The structures of the proposed converters are very simple.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver w...LeMeniz Infotech
Analysis and design of single switch forward-flyback two-channel led driver with resonant-blocking capacitor
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Review of Integrated Power Factor Correction (PFC) Boost converter topologies...IJARBEST JOURNAL
This paper provides a review of various Power Factor Correction (PFC) boost
converter topologies suitable for telecoms. A novel integrated PFC topology is proposed which acts
as a backup power supply for telecommunication systems. The advantage of the proposed circuit is
that it operates based on soft switching principle thereby reducing the switching losses in the
converter. The topologies analyzed in this paper are conventional average current mode control
boost PFC, bridgeless boost PFC, semi-bridgeless boost PFC, totem-pole bridgeless boost PFC and
proposed integrated boost PFC. All these topology studies are investigated by carrying out the
simulation of the converter circuits using PSIM software. A detailed comparison of all the
topologies have been done and they are compared in terms of supply power factor, supply current
THD and displacement factor. From the results, it is inferred that the proposed integrated PFC
provides a reduced supply current THD and improved power factor. The results are validated.
A Novel Approach of Position Estimation and Power Factor Corrector Converter ...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a Power factor Corrected (PFC) Bridgeless Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive. The Bridgeless configuration eliminates the Diode Bridge Rectifier in order to reduce the number of components and the conduction loss. The position sensors used in BLDC drives have drawbacks of additional cost, mechanical alignment problems. These bottle necks results in sensorless technique. The Sensorless technique mostly relies on measurement of Back EMF to determine relative positions of stator and rotor for the correct coil energising sequence can be implemented. This paper introduces the offline Finite Element method for sensorless operation. The proposed sensorless scheme estimates the motor position at standstill and running condition. The obtained Power Factor is within the acceptable limits IEC 61000-3-2. The proposed drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink the obtained results are validated experimentally on a developed prototype of the drive.
AN ACTIVE PFC WITH FLYBACK DESIGN FOR INTELLIGENCE IN STREET LIGHT APPLICATIONJournal For Research
As the requirement of energy demand is increasing due to rapid industrial development, it is necessary to meet the growing demand of energy. This can be achieved in two ways: find alternate resource to supply power or energy; or reduce the energy consumption of present resources available. The proposed work is basically the design and implementation of an intelligent street light of 50 W power output from the offline converter by using power LED. As power LED draws huge non sinusoidal current due to the presence of AC-DC converter, a Boost PFC and a fly back converter is used for better power factor and for dc voltage regulation. Along with this a PIR sensor and LDR sensors are also used. A PIC microcontroller is used for PWM dimming. This makes to reduce the power consumption in street light especially in urban cities in which most of the power is wasted in lighting streets during late night.
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output...LeMeniz Infotech
A three level quasi-two-stage single-phase pfc converter with flexible output voltage and improved conversion efficiency
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
New Topology for Transformer less Single Stage -Single Switch AC/DC ConverterIJMER
This paper presents a transformer less single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter suitable for universal line applications (90–270 Vrms). The topology consists of a buck-type power-factor correction (PFC) cell with a buck–boost dc/dc cell and part of the input power is directly coupled to the output after the first power processing. With this direct power transfer and sharing capacitor voltages, the converter is able to achieve efficient power conversion, high power factor, low voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 120 V) and low output voltage without a high step-down transformer. The absence of transformer reduces the size of the circuit , component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of both inductor currents. Tight voltage regulation is provided by using PID controller. Detailed analysis and design procedures and simulation of the proposed circuit are given .
A Low Cost Single-Switch Bridgeless Boost PFC ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes the single-switch bridgeless boost power factor correction (PFC) converter to achieve high efficiency in low cost. The proposed converter utilizes only one active switching device forPFC operation as well as expecting higher efficiency than typical boost PFC converters. On the other hand, the implementation cost is less than traditional bridgeless boost PFC converters, in where two active switching deivces are necessary. The operational principle, the modeling, and the control scheme of the proposed converter arediscussed in detail. In order to verify the operation of the proposed converter, a 500W switching model is built in PSIM software package. The simulation results show that the proposed converter perfectly achieves PFC operation with only a single active switch.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transformer less Boost Converter Topologies with Improved Voltage Gain Operat...IJMER
In this project, a new step up converter proposed in a recent work is analyzed, designed, simulated with MATLAB Simulink. Conventional dc–dc boost converters are unable to provide high step-up voltage gains due to the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. This paper proposes transformer less dc–dc converters to achieve high step-up voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio. In the proposed converters, two inductors with the same level of inductance are charged in parallel during the switch-on period and are discharged in series during the switch-off period. The structures of the proposed converters are very simple.
Comprehensive Study of Single-Phase AC-DC Power Factor Corrected Converters w...Asoka Technologies
Solid-state switch mode AC-DC converters having high-frequency transformer isolation are developed in buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations with improved power quality in terms of reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) of input current, power-factor correction (PFC) at AC mains and precisely regulated and isolated DC output voltage feeding to loads from few Watts to several kW. This paper presents a comprehensive study on state of art of power factor corrected single-phase AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components and design considerations, performance evaluation, power quality considerations, selection criteria and potential applications, latest trends, and future developments. Simulation results as well as comparative performance are presented and discussed for most of the proposed topologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Single-Input Double Output High Efficient Boost Dc–Dc ConverterIJMER
The aim of this project is to develop a high-efficiency single-input multiple-output (SIMO) dc–dc converter. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of a low-voltage input power source to a controllable high-voltage dc bus and middle-voltage output terminals. The high-voltage dc bus can take as the main power for a high-voltage dc load or the front terminal of a dc–ac inverter.Moreover, middle-voltage output terminals can supply powers for individual middle-voltage dc loads or for charging auxiliary power sources (e.g., battery modules). In this project, a coupled-inductor based dc–dc converter scheme utilizes only one power switch with the properties of voltage clamping and soft switching, and the corresponding device specifications are adequately designed. As a result, the objectives of high-efficiency power conversion, high step up ratio, and various output voltages with different levels can be obtained
Universal demand for power increases due to continuous development to fulfil all these demand. Resources
are used with optimization. A high efficiency and high power factor converters are the major parts of energy
transfer system. This paper present a general review on single stage forward and flyback converter topologies to get
better its performance. This is paper presents a kind general idea of increasing efficiency and power factor of single
stage forward and fly back converter.
Power Factor Corrected Bridgeless Converter Based Improved Power Quality Swit...paperpublications3
Abstract: Many electronic appliances powered up from the utility, utilize the classical method of AC-DC rectification which involves a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) followed by a large electrolytic capacitor. The uncontrolled charging and discharging of this capacitor instigates harmonic rich current being drawn from the utility which goes against the international power quality standard limits. Personal computer (PC) is one of the electronic equipment which is severely affected by power quality problems. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is an integral part of the computer that converts AC to multiple numbers of suitable DC voltages to impart power to different parts of the PC. It contains a diode bridge rectifier (DBR) with a capacitor filter followed by an isolated DC-DC converter to achieve multiple dc output voltages of different ratings. That result in a highly distorted, high crest factor, periodically dense input current at the single phase ac mains; this violates the limits of international power quality (PQ) standards such as IEC 61000 -3-2 . Employing various power factor corrected (PFC) single-stage and two stage converters effect a perceivable PQ improvement in these SMPSs. Hence from the analysis of different power factor converters a bridgeless buck boost converter is designed and implemented here for near unity power factor.
Keywords: Switched mode power supplies(SMPS), Power Factor correction(PFC) Converter, Power Quality, DC-to-DC Converters, AC-DC rectification.
Title: Power Factor Corrected Bridgeless Converter Based Improved Power Quality Switched Mode Power Supply
Author: Stephy Mathew, Asst. Prof. Nayana J, Asst. Prof. Remya K P
ISSN 2349-7815
International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Paper Publications
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
This paper presents the simulation design of dc/dc interleaved boost converter with zero-voltage switching (ZVS). By employin the interleaved structure, the input current stresses to switching devices were reduced and this signified to a switching conduction loss reduction. All the parameters had been calculated theoretically. The proposed converter circuit was simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink and PSpice software programmes. The converter circuit model, with specifications of output power of 200 W, input voltage range from 10~60 V, and operates at 100 kHz switching frequency was simulated to validate the designed parameters. The results showed that the main switches of the model converter circuit achieved ZVS conditions during the interleaving operation. Consequently, the switching losses in the main switching devices were reduced. Thus, the proposed converter circuit model offers advantages of input current stress and switching loss reductions. Hence, based on the designed parameters and results, the converter model can be extended for hardware implementation.
This paper proposes a non-isolated soft-switching bidirectional dc/dc converter for interfacing energy storage in DC microgrid. The proposed converter employs a half-bridge boost converter at input port followed by a LCC resonant tank to assist in soft-switching of switches and diodes, and finally a voltage doubler circuit at the output port to enhance the voltage gain by two times. The LCC resonant circuit also adds a suitable voltage gain to the converter. Therefore, overall high voltage gain of the converter is obtained without a transformer or large number of multiplier circuit. For operation in buck mode, the high side voltage is divided by half with capacitive divider to gain higher step-down ratio. The converter is operated at high frequency to obtain low output voltage ripple, reduced magnetics and filters. Zero voltage turn-on is achieved for all switches and zero current turn-on and turn-off is achieved for all diodes in both modes i.e., buck/boost operation. Voltage stress across switches and diode is clamped naturally without external snubber circuit. An experimental prototype has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory to verify the performance of the proposed converter.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Conver...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent times, high-brightness light emitting diodes (HB-LEDs) are
developing rapidly and it is confirmed to be the future development in
lighting not only because of their high efficiency and high reliability,
however also because of their other exceptional features: chromatic variety,
shock and vibration resistance, etc. In this paper, a bridgeless (BL) Isolated
Interleaved Zeta Converter is proposed for the purpose of reducing the diode
failures or losses; the value of output ripples also gets decreased. The
proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) is used for controlling the brightness of LED
Driver with inherent PFC at ac mains using single voltage sensor. The fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) is used to adjust the Modulation Index of the voltage
controller in order to improve the dynamic response of LED Lamp driver.
Based on the error of converter output voltage, FLC is designed to select the
optimum Modulation Index of the voltage controller. The proposed LED
driver is simulated to achieve a unity power factor at ac mains for a wide
range of voltage control and supply voltage fluctuations.
Extremely high duty cycle of boost converter may result in higher conduction losses. To achieve a high
conversion ratio without operating at extremely high duty ratio, some converters based on transformers or coupled
inductors or tapped inductors have been provided. However, the leakage inductance in the transformer, coupled
inductor or tapped inductor will cause high voltage spikes in the switches and reduce system efficiency. A novel
single switch cascaded dc-dc converter of boost and buck boost converters have extended voltage conversion ratio
to d/(1-d)2. The features of the converter are high voltage gain; only one switch for realizing the converter, the
number of magnetic components is small etc. So comparing with other topologies cascaded converter is more
effective. Simulation of the converter for a dc input voltage and fixed duty cycle was done, and the same was
verified experimentally for a low input voltage. The software used for simulation was MatlabR2014a
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
GM Distributed Generation Inverters in a Micro grid by Controlling Energy Man...IOSRJEEE
This project introduces a micro grid, which consists of different distributed generation units which are connected to the distribution grid. The operations of the DG units are coordinated by the power management algorithm in grid and islanded operations. The primary generation unit of the micro grid is the wind turbine and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is used to supplement the variability in the power. In micro grid a battery is incorporated to overcome the difficulty of shortage of power demand during Islanded operation and to improve crest demands throughout grid connected operation. Previously the power management system was done using model predictive algorithm control design. Which has complex mathematical calculations to find out critical values Now in this project, ANFIS controller is used as the control design which reduces the design complexity as the logical operations are performed to find out critical values, the power quality such as harmonic compensation for nonlinear loads of the distribution system, will be improved when compared to model predictive algorithm control design and also It has fast response. The complete proposed system will be tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results reveal the attractive performance characteristics of the proposed system.
Load Performances of a PIC Based Speed Governor for Micro Hydro Power PlantIOSRJEEE
In the study; a micro hydro power plant prototype was designed with a 750 Wcross flow type turbine and a 500 W generator. Control operations are realized by using a PIC16F877 microcontroller. The voltage frequency obtained from the generator were measured with the zero crossing circuit and transferred to the microcontroller. Using the micro controller, depending on the frequency error, the PWM signal was formed. The PWM signal was applied through the H bridge circuit to the DC motor which drives the setting wing. The rotation movement of the motor was transferred to the setting wing through a threaded rod and a mechanical arm. When setting of the number of turns on the turbine, the value of the frequency of the used 500 W generator working in conjunction with the turbine could be kept on desired levels. After the design,Loading and load shedding performances of the designed system were examined and discussed.
A New Design in Parabolic Trough Using Heat RetentionIOSRJEEE
The paper gives the summary of new design of parabolic trough using heat retention method. It gives a brief idea of on heat retention and describes about the components and operation of parabolic trough. This is an updating of parabolic trough collector system. The advantages collectors are also discussed
Investigation of Power Quality Indices in Jordanian Distribution GridIOSRJEEE
he sensitivity and the highly connected modern power systems make Power quality problems a priority in these systems. Both utilities and consumers have essential role in dealing with these problems. It is utilities responsibility to provide a clean and reliable power. On the other hand, it is consumer’s responsibility to draw power with acceptable indices. In this Paper, the type of the consumer’s facility is chosen as a basis for managing power quality indices. In this paper, comprehensive power quality in Jordan Low-Voltage Electrical Power Grid is measured. The loads are divided into five categories: : (i) industrial loads, (ii) commercial loads, (iii) hospital loads, (iv) residential loads, and (v) office loads. Assuming each category will affect the grid in similar way, which will facilitate prediction of power quality problems. Also, this methodology will help proposing new regulation that governs the relation between utilities and consumers. The power quality indices considered in this paper are; THD, Crest factor, K-factor, Power factor, Harmonic to active power ratio, Voltage imbalance, and Frequency variations. The results show similar results for the loads with the same type. Also, the results show the correlation between the current total harmonic distortion and utility voltages and neutral-to-ground voltage, and between voltage and current imbalance.
Improving Distribution System Performance in Deregulated Electricity Industry...IOSRJEEE
In many developing countries, domestic electricity consumers having single phase appliances are most times supplied with single phase meters with incoming three phase supply lines. Due to frequent phase faults, these customers often change their supply from one phase to another whenever there is low voltage or no supply in the phase they are currently connected to. This action coupled with the fact that there is uneven distribution of loads on the distribution transformers in residential areas, lead to more transformer overload with consequential loss of power, equipment, man-hours, revenue and in extreme cases, life. When electricity was treated as a welfare commodity or as part of government social responsibility, these consequences where ignored. But with commercialization, privatization and deregulation, cost minimization and profit maximization have become the watchwords. As a means of minimizing this, utilizing the concept of phase-constrained electricity billing scheme in the deregulated Nigerian Power Industry was presented in this work. The phaseconstrained billing model involves re-arranging the service lines and setting up constraint matrices to relate the phase and service lines utilizable by customer to the electricity bill using penalty factors. To test the acceptability of this model, a customer behavior and utilization index based questionnaires were administered in the field. The survey was analyzed using the statistical attitude measurement technique based on the 5-point Likert Scale. The responses obtained showed that introducing a penalty factor in the billing which ensure that those using more phases pay higher will minimize frequent change of phases; and provide a direction for utilities and customers in resolving the power quality and availability problems associated with frequent phase changing.
High Efficiency Dc-Dc Converter for Renewable Energy Applications and High Vo...IOSRJEEE
Renewable sources like solar PV cell is prefer to be operated at low voltages. This paper proposes a novel high voltage gain, high efficiency dc-dc converter based on coupled inductor, intermediate capacitor. The input energy acquired from the source is first stored in the coupled inductor and intermediate capacitor in a lossless manner. Improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the system. Exorbitant duty cycle values are not required for high voltage gain, when prevent the problems such as diode reverse recovery. Presence of a passive clamp network causes reduced voltage stress on the switch. Overall performance of the renewable energy with a step-up DC/DC converter using closed loop control action is used in the proposed system, improving the overall efficiency of the system.
Performance Indicators For Grid-Connected PV Systems: A Case Study In Casabla...IOSRJEEE
The main goal of this paper is to compare a one year performance of 5.94 KWp grid-connected PV module technology systems, constituted by three types of photovoltaic solar panels (Monocrystalline (mc-Si) (2.04KWp), polycrystalline (pc-Si) (2.04KWp) and amorphous (a-Si) (1.86 KWp))-silicon installed on the roof of the faculty of science Ben M’sik Casablanca. The study is based on the data collected along 2 years (2015- 2016) about energy production. The elements of performance evaluated monthly and annually include: energy output, system efficiency, reference yield, final yield, performance ratio, annual capacity factor and CO2 emissions avoided. The investigation of the annual: productivity (EAC,Y), system efficiency (Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 ), performance ratio (PR), capacity factor (CF) and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for a-Si are found as 2941.15KWh, 7.21%, 73.1%, 18.05% and 1.765tonsrespectively. EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided for pc-Si are found as 3331.15KWh, 11.4%, 75.6%, 18.64% and 1.999tons respectively. Mc-Si installation exhibits slightly higher values of EAC,Y, Ƞ푠푦푠 ,푌 , PR, CF and amount of CO2 emissions avoided which are 3370.89KWh, 11.7%, 76.7%, 18.86% and 2.023tons respectively. The results show that mc-Si system presents the best performance followed by pc-Si and by a-Si. In addition, a developed study was carried out to establish the relation between the efficiency and temperature, performance ratios and radiation, in order to know the behavior of each technology for each period of the year and for the whole year. Without forgetting a comparison of all results found with the previous studies in different locations.
A Review of Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Metal OxideIOSRJEEE
This study intends to provide a review of recent progress in gas sensors based on several theoretical and empirical investigations regarding semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures. Modified or doped oxide nano-wires, device structures such as electronic noses and low power consumption self-heated gas sensors, and their gas sensing performance has also been evaluate. Finally, the researcher also point out some challenges for prospect investigation and practical application.
Stability Control System for a Two-WheelerIOSRJEEE
A two-wheeler is statically unstable but as the speed increases vehicle achieves stability. At low speed, the vehicle loses its stability. In order to achieve stability, the driver has to balance the vehicle. While negotiating a curve, a vehicle has to lean to a certain angle, if this angle exceeds the certain value, the vehicle tends to skid. In this paper the stability control system is incorporated, so that a vehicle will maintain stability even at low speeds. The stability of a two-wheeler depends on weight distribution, tyre dynamics, speed and steering angle. In this paper, only two parameters are considered, one is steering effect and another one is speed. For developing a simplified model, the speed of the vehicle is kept as constant, using which the effect of steering angle is analysed and accordingly a controller is incorporated for providing stability.
Voltage Sag and Swell Identification Using FFT Analysis and Mitigation with DVRIOSRJEEE
- Power quality issues like voltage sag, swell, harmonics and transients can affect the power system performance. Voltage sag and swell are now-a-days treated to reduce power quality issues by power engineers. A small variation in voltage can badly affect the operation of power system and connected loads as well. This paper presents the voltage sag and voltage swell identification using FFT analysis. The paper also presents the mitigation for identified voltage sag and swells issues addressed with DVR. DVR consists of a voltage source converter and is controlled with d-q theory which is simple producing reference signals and gate pulses for switches of DVR. The proposed concept was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and results were presented for identification and mitigation. FFT analyses for identification of voltage sags and swell existence in different phases of power system network were shown. Mitigation of voltage sag and swell with DVR was also shown with results
Design of Intrusion Tolerance System based on Service Redundancy LevelIOSRJEEE
The Internet is an open space where a great number of computer systems are connected. Since many services are provided through the Internet, malicious users can easily intrude on any of those systems by using the vulnerabilities of the Internet. Although Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (IDPS) can be used to defend against such malicious activities, it is not always possible to completely protect a targeted system against the attacks. For this reason, Intrusion Tolerance Systems (ITS) has been proposed to maintain services even in threatening environments, where some malicious attacks have intruded into a system successfully. In this paper, we propose a new ITS based upon maintaining a service redundancy level to ensure that all services are properly provided to users even if a malicious intrusions such as VM (virtual machine) escape attack exists. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can guarantee the operation of every ongoing service by maintaining the service redundancy level of all services
Compensation of Harmonics of Fully Controlled Loads by Using SAHFIOSRJEEE
In this paper, Three Phase Shunt Active Harmonic Filter is used for harmonic compensation of fully Controlled loads by using new thyristorized Pulse Generator Circuits which generates 12 Pulses for two NonLinear three phase Loads. The three phase Non-Linear Loads are connected at the secondary of three phase Transformers with Three Phase Breakers having Transition time 5/60seconds. A new Pulse Generator topology is used for generating pulses for each of three phase non-linear loads. The Circuit used for Compensation of Harmonics having three phase IGBT based Inverter. The IGBT base d Shunt Active Harmonic Filter gets firing Pulses from PLL phase Locked Loop& Hysteresis Switching HS. The used PLL extracts the Fundamental component of load current which is then multiplied with same RMS gain for generating the Reference current for Hysteresis Current Controller. The used Hysteresis Current Controller compares the reference current
Design of the Pulse Oximetry Measurement Circuit and Its Sensing System Based...IOSRJEEE
The pulse oximetry circuit and its sensing system is designed based on the standard CMOS technology of 0.18um. The reflection oxygen sensor is used to collect the pulse oximeter signal of human body, then the collected physiological signals are processed by the data processing circuit The data processing circuit is composed of two parts: the amplifying circuit and the band-pass filter circuit, and the pulse oximeter data processed by the data processing circuit is written into the tag through the SPI communication The RFID reader read the data in the RFID tag through wireless communication, and display the data . The experimental results show that the maximum error is ±1%. The maximum error of the pulse is ±1.9%. The stability and feasibility of pulse blood oxygen sensing system is demonstrated in this paper and it will have a good application prospect in the direction of wearable medical wisdom research
Magneto Optic Current Transformer Technology (MOCT)IOSRJEEE
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers .For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown. The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions. In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they introduce electromagnetic interference through the ground loop into the digital systems. Magneto-optical current transformer(MOCT)technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems. The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect that is the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path. MOCT is a passive optical current transducer which uses light to accurately measure current on high voltage systems and determines the rotation angle & converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the current
On Essentiality of RoHS in EE R&D EcosystemIOSRJEEE
Sustainable development demands environmentally friendly products and hence Research and Development ecosystem needs to adopt environmental compliances. This fact is truer for Electrical and Electronics products as its new product launch rate is very high which also produces high rate of obsolescence and hence e-waste. In India one of the environmental standards is RoHS and in this review a case has been presented for early adoption of the compliance in Indian Research and Development ecosystem through modified Nair’s Product Development Cycle. Advantages of early adoption are avoidance of repetition of expected pollution from e-waste again in future, preventing health issues among researchers who handle such substances and improvement of industry confidence on the pre-competitive R&D. Finally RoHS2 instead of RoHS1 has been recommended for adoption to prevent rejection of developed product in future
A high stable on-chip CMOS temperature sensorIOSRJEEE
A high stable CMOS temperature sensor is presented. A low-pass filter circuit is added in the output of traditional CMOS temperature sensor to improve the stability of its output,. The supply power voltage of the temperature sensor is 1.8V. The PSRR of the temperature sensor is -82dB in low frequency state. And the PSRR is -45dB in worst case. The OP-AMP of sensor has 63º phase margin. The output mode is voltage, whose linearity error is less than 0.2% and resolution ratio is more than 2.6mV/℃
Improvement of Load Power Factor by Using CapacitorIOSRJEEE
Series and parallel capacitors in the power system effect reactive power to improve power factor and voltage because of increasing the system capacity and reducing losses. Reactive power of series capacitor is the same to the current. There are certain unpleasant aspects in the capacitor series. Generally, the cost to install a series capacitor is higher than parallel capacitor. It is caused by complex protection equipment for series capacitor and designing series capacitors for greater power than parallel capacitor to solve the future cost. Installation of capacitors is important to reduce of a system reactive power. Transmission line would be most economical if it is used to send active power where the need of reactive power can be obtained by distribution system in substation level. This will allow user in optimum transmission line, improve operational performance and reduce energy losses. It requires a system and planning carefully to fulfill the need of system reactive power in the same way with active power planning and it is programmed an additional generator capacity.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Design of LED Driver Power Based on LNK417EGIOSRJEEE
In recent years, people have been committed to the development and the design of new lighting sources. The life of LED lamps depends on the life of the LED driver which has a great relationship with the life of the electrolytic capacitor. In this paper the advantages of the drive power of the electrolytic capacitor are analyzed and the design of the PFC circuit and the transformer is described in details. On the basis of the LNK417 driver chip, a novel single-stage flyback drive circuit without the electrolytic capacitor is designed, which combines the power factor correction technology and constant current control to avoid the use of large electrolytic capacitors. The design and implementation of the control circuit are given and the overall performance is tested and analyzed in the article. The test results show that the driver is of high efficiency, high PF and long life etc. The efficiency is up to 85% and the PF value is not less than 0.9.
Design Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Controlled Svc for Long Over Head Tra...IOSRJEEE
The basic control objectives of a power system are system voltage control, system frequency control, protection and economic operation. Reactive power control is a subset of overall system control and stability. A power system is said to be well designed if it gives a good quality of reliable supply. By good quality is said meant the voltage levels are maintained within the reasonable limits. If the voltage variation is more than a pre specified value, the performance of the equipment suffers and the life of most of the equipment is sacrificed. When power is supplied to a load through transmission line keeping sending end voltage constant, the load voltage undergoes variations depending upon the magnitude of the load. The higher the load greater is the voltage variation. The transmission line distributed parameters through out the line, on light loads or at no loads become predominant and consequently the line supplies charging VAR (generates reactive power). In order to maintain the terminal voltage at the load bus adequate, reactive reserves are needed. FACTS devices like SVC can supply or absorb the reactive power at receiving end bus or at load end bus in transmission system, which helps in achieving better economy in power transfer. The fuzzy control has emerged as one of the most active and fruitful areas for research in the applications of fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy control is based on fuzzy logic – a logical system which is much closer in sprit to human thinking and nature language than traditional logical system. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on an expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy. Knowledge acquisition in FLC application plays an important role in determining the level of performance of a fuzzy control system. FLC based on the fuzzy model of a process is needed when higher accuracy and reliability are required. Only small efforts have been expended in applying fuzzy
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. IV (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 51-63
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI
Controller for Low Power Applications
N.Abarnadevi1
, S.Tamilmani2
1
( PG Scholar, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Coimbatore, India)
2
(Teaching Fellow, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus,
Coimbatore, India)
Abstract: In this paper, an integrated power factor converter with PI controller is proposed. The
circuit topology is obtained by integrating two converters namely the buck converter and a boost
converter. The boost converter is normally a step up converter which obtain an unity power factor
and performs low harmonics at the input. Based on the simple circuit topology and easy control the
boost converter or buck-boost converter is used as power factor correctors. Similarly the buck
converter regulates the dc-link voltage and provide a stable dc output voltage. To achieve unity
power factor, the output voltage of both converter should be higher than the amplitude of the ac line
voltage. The steady -state analysis is developed and a design is provided.
Keywords: Boost converter, Buck converter, PI controller, power factor correction (PFC).
I. Introduction
Now a days, The ac/dc converters have been widely used for many offline appliances, such as
telecommunications power supply, LED driver, uninterruptible power supply, etc.[1],[2]. Due to the increasing
amount urges the researchers to develop the more advanced ac/dc converters, such as they should be highly
efficient, compact in size, and at reasonable cost. To meet the standards of harmonic regulation such as, a power
factor corrector is usually needed.
Because of the advantages of simple circuit topology and ease control, the boost or buck converters are
widely used for power factor correction[3]-[6]. To achieve unity power factor, the output voltage of both
converter should be higher than the amplitude of the ac line voltage. The proposed integrated ac/dc converter
consists of two stages. The first one is the ac to dc conversion and the second one is dc to dc stage. The boost
converter performs the function of power factor correction and buck converter regulates the dc link voltage.
Although it's good performance, the two stage operation has two energy conversion processes, which could
produce some losses including switching loss, conduction loss, and magnetic core loss. Other than the buck and
boost converter approaches, the cuk and sepic converter are also used as the power factor correctors and regulate
the dc voltage. The combined form of buck and the boost converter is cuk converter and the sepic converter is
the combination of boost and buck-boost converter. Advantage of both converter is they have a simple circuit
topology because they use only one active switch and one diode. An unity power factor can be achieved by
operating the boost converter either at discontinuous conduction mode(DCM) or continuous conduction
mode(CCM). And the buck or buck-boost converter regulate the output voltage of the boost converter to achieve
the smooth dc voltage. Before turning ON the active switch, the output voltage is across its parasitic capacitor.
The stored energy in the parasitic capacitor is discharged by turning on the active switch, it causes high
switching losses and a high spike current. They also operate at the critical conduction mode to active high power
factor. The widely used method is synchronous rectification (SR) while operating these converters. Replacing
the freewheel diode, by using MOSFET hence the conduction loss is effectively reduced. Although, the SR
technique requires additional control circuitry to adjust the timing of the switches. Commonly DC to DC
converters are used in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers, by the power
supply from the batteries. Such electronic devices often contain (sometimes higher or lower than the supply
voltage).The switched DC to DC converters had an another method to increase voltage from the partially
lowered battery so the space should be saved instead of using multiple batteries to accomplish the same thing.
Mostly DC to DC converter regulate the output voltage also except high efficiency LED power sources. The
DC/DC converters is commonly used to maximize the energy harvest for photovoltaic systems and for wind
turbines those are called power optimizers. Transformers are used for voltage conversion at main frequencies of
50-60 HZ must be large and heavy for power exceeding a few watts. This makes them expensive, and they are
subject to energy losses in their windings and due to eddy currents in their cores. DC/DC techniques that use
transformers or inductors work at much higher frequencies, requiring only much smaller, lighter, and cheaper
wound components. Consequently these techniques are use where a mains transformer could be used; for
2. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
example, for domestic electronic appliances it is needed to rectify mains voltage to DC, by using switch-mode
techniques to convert it to high frequency AC at the desired voltage, then rectify to DC. The entire complex
circuit is cheaper and more efficient than a simple mains transformer circuit of the same output. Because of high
efficiency and high power factor the researchers have presented many single stage ac/dc converters based on the
integration of PFC stage and a dc to dc stage. Comparing with two stage approaches, the single stage method
has advantage of less component count and the circuit topology is simple and the circuit efficiency is improved
with single power conversion process.
II. Circuit Configuration And Operation Modes
Fig 1.Circuit topology of integrated ac/dc converter
In two stage converter they obtain high power factor with wide load range. If both active switches of
the two stage converter operate at the hard switching condition, resulting in a high switching loss and voltage
stress.
In order to reduce the power issues created by two stage converter, an integrated ac/dc converter is
proposed which is shown in Fig.1. The circuit topology of an integrated ac/dc converter is constructed by
relocating the position of semiconductor devices. The proposed converter is simply operated by using two
switches without zero switching network and complex control. The integrated converter consists of a power
switch, diodes and capacitors. Since the switch has a low voltage rating and low conducting resistance, therefore
the integrated converter has high efficiency. The output voltage was then taken as feedback and compared with
the desired value of the output voltage and the difference is then fed to the PI control which then produces the
PWM signal to the switch of the converter. Here the MOSFETs S1 and S2 are used as active switches and the
antiparallel diode Ds1 and Ds2 are their intrinsic body diodes. The proposed integrated circuit mainly consists
of a low pass filter (Lm and Cm), a diode bridge rectifier (D1 to D4), then the boost and a buck converter. The
boost converter is composed of Lp, Ds1, S2 and Cdc and similarly the buck converter is composed of Lb, D5,
Ds2, S1 and Co. The buck and the boost converter are operated at the high frequency, fs. The power factor
correction is obtained by the boost converter. When the boost converter operates at the discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM), the average value of the inductor current at every high switching cycle is
approximately a sinusoidal function. The low pass filter is used to reduce the high frequency current. Hence the
boost converter can wave shape the input line current to be sinusoidal and in phase with the input voltage.
Otherwise called high power factor and low total harmonic distortion (THDi) is achieved. And similarly the
buck converter regulates the output voltage of the boost converter to supply stable dc voltage to the load.
Although, the VGS1 and VGS2 are the two gate voltages obtained from a half bridge gate driver integrated
circuit are used to alternately turn ON and OFF the switches S1 and S2. The two gate voltages are the
complementary rectangular wave voltages. To prevent the active switches from cross conducting, there is a short
non overlap time is called "dead time". In this period, the VGS1 and VGS2 are at the low level. Neglecting the
short dead time, the duty cycle of VGS1 and VGS2 is 0.5.
In steady state the circuit operation can be divided in to eight modes that's shows in Fig.2. It shows the
equivalent circuit of each operating modes. The rectified voltage Vrec represents the low pass filter and the
diode rectifier. The Fig.3 illustrates the theoretical waveforms in operating modes of the buck converter at
DCM. The circuit operation is described as follows.
3. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 53 | Page
Fig. 2 Operation modes (a) Mode I (b) Mode II (c) Mode III (d) Mode IV (e) Mode V (f) Mode VI (g) Mode VII
(h) Mode VIII.
A. Mode I (t0 < t < t1 )
In Mode 1, S1 is at ON state, the boost inductor current ip is zero and the buck inductor current ib is
supplied by the dc link capacitor which flows through the S1 , D5 , Lb , and Co.
When S1 is turned OFF by the gate voltage,vGS1 the mode 1 get started. The time interval of this mode 1 is the
turn-off transition. At the beginning of this mode 1, ib is diverted from S1 and get flow through the output
capacitors CDS1 and CDS2. Then CDS1 and CDS2 are charged and discharged, respectively. The voltage across
CDS2 (vDS2 ) are decreases and to be lower than the rectified input voltage vrec , the boost-inductor current ip
get starts to increase. When vDS2 reaches −0.7 V, DS2 turns ON and Mode I ends.
B. Mode II (t1 < t < t2 )
In Mode II, voltage vDS2 is maintained at −0.7 V by the antiparallel diode DS2 . After the short dead
time, the gate voltage, vGS2 turned ON the switch S2 . If the on resistance of S2 is small, most of ib current
will flow through S2 in the direction from its source to drain. By neglecting this small value of vDS2 , the
voltages across Lb and Lp are equal to
vb (t) = −Vo
vp (t) = vrec (t) = Vm |sin (2πfL t)|
Where fL is the frequency and Vm is the amplitude of the Input line voltage, respectively. Since the
time interval of ModeI is very short. The boost converter is operate at DCM; therefore, ip increases linearly
from zero with a rising slope that is proportional to vrec. In Mode II, ib is higher than the ip . And the current ib
has two loops. Parts of ib flow through S2 and the others are equal to ip and flow through the line-voltage
source, diode rectifier, and Lp. This mode 2 ends when ip rises to become higher than ib .
4. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 54 | Page
C. Mode III (t2 < t < t3 )
In Mode III operation, ip is higher than that of ib .Here also the Current ip has two loops. Parts of ip
are equal to ib and flow into the buck converter, while the rest flow through S2 . The current direction in S2 is
changed naturally, i.e., from drain to source. The voltage and current equations for vb , vp , ib , and ip are the
same as (1) - (4). Current ib continuously decreases. On this period, ip keeps increasing. Since the buck
converter is designed to operate at DCM, ib will decrease to zero at the end of this mode.
D. Mode IV (t3 < t < t4 )
In this mode 4 operation , S2 remains ON to carry boost inductor current ip . Because buck inductor current ib
is zero, the buck converter is at "OFF" state and the output capacitor Co supplies the current to load. When S2 is
turned OFF by the gate voltage vGS2 , Mode IV ends.
E. Mode V (t4 < t < t5 )
The boost inductor current ip reaches a peak value at the time instant of turning OFF S2 . For maintaining flux
balance in Lp , ip will be diverted from the S2 to flow through CDS1 and CDS2 when the switch S2 is turned
OFF. CDS1 and CDS2 are discharged and charged, respectively. Buck inductor current ib is zero at the
beginning of this mode and it will start to increase, when the voltage across CDS1 (vDS1 ) decreases to be lower
than the Vdc − Vo , that is the voltage across Lb becomes positive. When vDS1 reaches −0.7 V, DS1 turns ON
and Mode V ends.
5. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 55 | Page
F. Mode VI (t5 < t < t6 )
At the beginning of Mode VI operation, vDS1 is maintained at about −0.7 V by the antiparallel diode DS1 .
After the short dead time, the gate voltage vGS1 turned ON the switch S1 . If the on-resistance of switch S1 is
small enough, most of boost inductor current ip will flow through S1 in the direction from its source to drain.
By neglecting this small value of vDS1 , the voltage imposed on Lp and Lb can be, respectively, expressed as
vp (t) = vrec (t) − Vdc = Vm |sin (2πfL t)| − Vdc
vb (t) = Vdc − Vo .
In Mode VI, boost inductor current ip is higher than buck inductor current ib . There are two loops for buck
inductor current ip .Parts of ip flow through S1 to charge the dc-link capacitor Cdc and the rest are equal to ib
and flow into the buck converter. This mode ends when boost inductor current ib rises to become
higher than the buck inductor current ip .
G. Mode VII (t6 < t < t7 )
In operation Mode VII, ib is higher than that of ip . Here there are two loops for ib . Parts of ib are equal to ip
and flow into the boost converter, while the rest flow through switch S1 . The current direction in switch S1 is
changed naturally, i.e., from drain to source. The voltage and the current equations for vp , vb , ip , and ib are
the same as (5)-(8).Buck inductor current ib increases continuously, while boost inductor current ip keeps
decreasing. The circuit operation enters next mode as soon as ip decreases to zero.
H. Mode VIII (t7 < t < t8 )
6. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 56 | Page
The switch S1 remains ON and the buck inductor current ib keeps increasing. When the gate voltage
vGS1 is at low level to turn OFF S1, this mode get ended and the circuit operation again returns to Mode I of the
next high-frequency cycle. Based on the circuit operation, prior to turning on one active switch, the output
capacitance is discharged to about 0.7 V by the inductor current. Then, the intrinsic body diode of the active
switch is turns ON to clamp the active voltage at nearly zero voltage. In this way, each active switch achieves
ZVS operation. The reason for operating the buck converter at DCM is, In operation Mode II, ip rises and ib
decreases. It should be noted that the ip rises in proportional to the input voltage and has a small peak value of
zero-cross point of the input voltage. If the buck converter is operated at CCM, ib could be keep higher than ip .
On this condition, the circuit operation would not enter in to the Modes III and IV, and gate voltage vDS1 is
maintained at about Vdc. When S1 is turned ON, ib is diverter from S2 to S1 .CDS1 is discharged at the high
voltage of Vdc, resulting a spike current and high switching losses.
III. Circuit Analysis
According to the operating modes in the previous section, it can be clearly seen that the antiparallel diode of the
active switch of one converter serves as the freewheeling diode of the other converter. Therefore, the two
converters can be analyzed separately.
A. Boost-Converter-Type Power-Factor Corrector
The boost-inductor current ip increases from zero and reaches then a peak value at the end of the Mode IV.
Practically, the frequency of the input line voltage, fL , is much lower than that of the converters. It is reasonable
to consider that the rectified input voltage vrec as a constant over a high-frequency cycle. The peak values of
boost inductor current ip can be expressed as
ip,peak (t) = Vm |sin (2πfL t)| (1)
Lp
= Vm |sin (2πfL t)| Ts (2)
2Lp
Where T is the high-frequency switching period. At the beginning of Mode V, boost inductor current ip start to
decrease. Therefore the above equation can be rewritten from
ip (t) = Vm |sin (2πfL t)| Ts
2Lp
−Vm |sin (2πfL t)| − Vdc (t − 0.5Ts)
Lp (3)
From the above equation, the duration of the interval during which the boost inductor current ip decreases from
the peak value to zero is described by
tp,off (t) = 0.5TsVm |sin (2πfL t)|
Vdc − Vm |sin (2πfL t)| (4)
In order to operate the boost converter at discontinuous mode (DCM), tp,off (t) must always be less than the half
of the switching period
tp,off (t) ≤ 0.5Ts .
Combining above two equations, the gate voltage Vdc should be high enough to ensure the discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM ) operation over an entire input line-frequency cycle, as follows:
Vdc ≥ 2Vm.
It is noted that the peak values of boost inductor current ip follow a sinusoidal envelope. The average value of ip
over a high-frequency cycle is given by
ip (t) = (0.5Ts + tp,off (t)). ip,peak (t) (5)
. 2Ts
After substituting the equations
ip (t) = Vm |sin (2πfL t)| . 1
8. Lp. fs° 1/ k - 1 .|sin (2πfL t)| (6)
where the index k is defined as
k = Vdc/ Vm
It can be seen that the iin will be close to a sinusoidal waveform at a large value of index k. In other words, gate
voltage Vdc should be high enough to have a sinusoidal input current. Using above equations, the input power
can be obtained by the taking average of the instantaneous product of the input voltage and current over one
line-frequency cycle.
Assuming a circuit efficiency of η, the output power can be expressed as the equation
7. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Po = ηV
Since the input voltage is purely sinusoidal, then the power factor is defined as the ratio of input power to the
product of the root-mean-squared values of input voltage and current can be obtained by using above equations.
PF = Pin
Vm /2 Iin, rms (7)
The power factor as a function of index k is calculated, by using above equations. As shown, high power factor
can be achieved at a high-valued k. The index k should be higher than 2. In this situation, power factor is better
than 0.99.
B. Buck Converter
For discontinuous conduction mode ( DCM) operation, buck inductor current ib rises from zero. Neglecting
the short transition of turning OFF switch S2 , the rising time of buck inductor current ib is equal to 0.5Ts.
Then, the ib has a peak value that is equal to
ib,peak = (Vdc − Vo ) TS
2Lb (8)
The buck inductor current ib starts to decrease, when the switch S1 is turned OFF. The time duration for buck
inductor current ib decreasing from the peak value to zero is given by
tb,off = (Vdc − Vo ) TS
2Vo (9)
For the DCM operation, tb,off should be less than 0.5Ts. This leads to
Vdc ≤ 2Vo
As shown in Fig. 3, buck inductor current ib is with a triangular waveform and its average value can be
derived by
ib = (0.5Ts + tb,off )ib,peak
2Ts
= (Vdc − Vo )VdcTs
8LbVo (10)
At the steady-state operation, the average value of buck inductor ib will be equal to the output current
ib = Io = Vo/ Ro (11)
By Combining above all equations, the formula of Lb for discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)operation is
derived as follows:
Lb = (Vdc − Vo )VdcTs
8VoIo
= (Vdc − Vo )Vdc
8Pofs (12)
Fig. 3. Theoretical waveforms of the proposed converter
8. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 58 | Page
IV. Design Example And Experimental Results
An illustrative example for driving the 60 1-W high-brightness LEDs is provided. These light emitting
diode ( LEDs) are connected in series. The rated voltage and current of each LED are 3.6 V and 0.28 A,
respectively. Table I lists the circuit parameter specifications. The input voltage is 110Vrms 10%. The
switching frequency is about 50 kHz at rated power operation. In this design example, both buck and boost
converters are designed to operate at discontinuous conduction mode ( DCM). The circuit parameters are
designed as follows.
TABLE I: Circuit Specifications
Input Line Voltage, vin 110 Vrm s 10%, 60 Hz
High Switching Frequency, fS 1 , fS 2 50 kHz
Output Power, Po 60 W
Output Voltage, Vo 216 V ( = 3.6 V × 60)
Output Current, Io 28.28.
Fig. 4. V-I curve of tested LED.
A. Parameters Design
Vdc should be limited between 2Vm to 2Vo . Taking the chosen to be Vdc = 360V. In this case, index k is
calculated to be 2.3. From Fig. 6, the power factor higher than 0.99 can be expected. Assuming 95% circuit
efficiency, Lp and Lb can be calculated by
Lp = 0.95
8 50 60
= 0.76 mH (k = 2.3)
Lb = (360
8
= 2.14 mH.
Filter inductor Lm and Filter capacitor Cm are designed to perform as a low-pass filter to filter out the
high-frequency components of the boost inductor ip . By rule of thumb, the natural frequency of a low-pass
filter is about 1 decade below the switching frequency. Here, the natural frequency of low pass filter is designed
to be 5 kHz, and Lm and Cm are determined to be Lm = 2.16 mH ,Cm = 0.47 μF.
B. Dimming Operation
The Light emitting diode( LED) had been tested at different power. Fig. 7 shows the V–I curve of LED. Based
on these experimental results, the LED voltage as a function of output power can be expressed as
Vo = 0.0003 0.0407 + 2.4742 +150
For the dimming operation, the output voltage is adjusted to regulate the LED current. Po is functions of y and
fs .The parameter y would vary slightly when index k is in the neighbor of 2.3. Hence, it is reasonable to assume
that Po is inversely proportional to the switching frequency. Then Vdc can be expressed as
Vdc = Vo + + 32 LbPofs
2
TABLE II: Circuit Parameters
9. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 59 | Page
Filter Inductor Lm 2.16 Mh
Filter Capacitor Cm 0.47 μF
Boost Inductor Lp 0.76 mH
DC-Link Capacitors Cd c 100 μF
Buck Inductor Lb 2.14 mH
Buck Capacitor Co 100 μF
Active Switches S1 , S2 IRF840
Diode MUR460
The prototype circuit is built and tested. Table II lists the circuit parameters. Since the I-V characteristic
of an LED is similar to that of a diode characteristics, a small variation in the LED voltage will result in the
significant change in its current. Generally, the constant current control with the low-frequency pulse-width
modulation is usually used to realize the LED dimming. However, it requires complicated circuit to detect the
peak value of the pulsed LED current.
Fig. 5. Control circuit.
In this prototype circuit, 60 LEDs are connected in series, and then, more voltage change is needed to
dim the light emitting diode (LED). It makes the series-connected LEDs can be easily dimmed by the voltage
control. The closed-loop control circuit that mainly consists of a double-ended controller (L6599) for half-bridge
topology and a photo coupler (PC817). The L6599 provides a pair of gate voltages with fixed dead time (0.3 μs)
to drive both the active switches. Output voltage regulation is achieved by modulating the switching frequency.
The feedback signal of the output voltage is transferred to the pin 4 of L6599 through the phototransistor of the
optocoupler to modulate the switching frequency. The output voltage is varied by adjusting the variable resistor
VR1 for dimming LED.
Figs. 6-9 shows the voltage and current waveforms that are measured the rated output power. Fig. 6
shows the waveforms of the input voltage, the input current, and the boost-converter current. It has been seen
that the boost converter operates at discontinuous conduction mode over an entire cycle of the line voltage. The
input current is nearly close to a sinusoidal waveform. Although, the input current and the input voltage are in
phase with each other. High power factor and the low total harmonic distortion (THDi ) can be achieved. The
measured power factor and (THDi ) are 0.994 and 9.27%, respectively. It complies with the standards of IEC
61000-3-2 class D. It reaches nearly unity power factor.
Fig. 7 shows the waveforms of the output voltage and output current. The measured values well satisfy
the theoretical prediction. The inductor-current waveforms of both converters are shown in Fig. 8. Both
converters operate at DCM. Fig. 9 shows the voltage and current waveforms of the active switches, which are
measured at the peak point and the zero-crossing point of the input-line voltage, respectively. As shown, both
the active switches are switched ON at nearly zero voltage. With ZVS operation at both active switches, the
circuit efficiency is as high as 94.8%. It is noted that boost inductor current ip is almost zero at the zero-
crossing point of the ac voltage and cannot fully discharge the output capacitance of switch S1 within the dead
time. When switch S1 is turned ON at the end of dead time.
10. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 60 | Page
Fig. 6. Waveforms of vin , iin , and ip (vin : 200 V/div, iin , ip : 2 A/div, time: 5 ms/div)
Fig. 7. Waveforms of Vo and Io (Vo: 100 V/div, Io: 0.1 A/div, time: 5 ms/div).
11. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
Fig. 8. Waveforms of ip , and ib (ip , ib : 2 A/div, time: 10 us/div).
The remaining charges in the output capacitance rapidly flowthrough the switch S1 , resulting in the
spike current, as shown in Fig. 9(b). In order to know how much the efficiency can be improved with proposed
integrated circuit, a two-stage boost and buck prototyped circuit is built and tested with the same circuit
specification as the proposed circuit. At 50-kHz switching frequency, the measure efficiency of the two-stage
circuit is 90.7%.
12. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
Fig. 9. Waveforms of vDS1 , iS 1 , vDS2, and iS 2 at (a) the peak point and(b) the zero-crossing point
of the input-line voltage (vDS1 , vDS2 : 200 V/div, iS 1 , iS 2 : 2 A/div, time: 5 us/div).
Fig. 10. Measured power factor, THDi, and circuit efficiency for different output power.
The measured curves of the power factor, THDi, and circuit efficiency over a load ranges from 30% to
100% rated power are shown in the Fig. 10. Power factor is close to unity over the wide load range, while THDi
increases dramatically when the output power is less than 50% of rated power. Since the output power is
inversely proportional to the switching frequency, more circuit losses would happen at light load. The circuit
efficiency drops to 0.84 at 30% rated power.
13. Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Power Applications
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1201045163 www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
V. Conclusion
The high-efficiency integrated ac/dc converter that combines the boost converter and a buck converter
is proposed. By freewheeling the inductor currents of the converters to flow through each of the intrinsic diodes
of the MOSFETs, both the active switches are turned ON at zero voltage switching ZVS. It assures high circuit
efficiency. The boost converter is designed to operate at discontinuous conduction mode( DCM) to perform the
function of power factor correction PFC. It requires that dc link voltage should be two times higher than that of
the amplitude of input voltage. The buck converter further regulates the dc-link voltage to obtain the stable dc
voltage with low ripple contents. Experimental results based on the 60-W prototype circuit show that high
circuit efficiency, high power factor, and low harmonics THDi can be achieved over a wide load range. A circuit
efficiency of 94.8%, power factor of 0.993 and a THDi of 9.27% are measured at rated output power.
References
[1] J.M.Alonso, J.Vi˜na,D.G.Vaquero, G.Martinez, and R.Os´orio, "Analysisand design of the integrated double buck-boost converter
as a high-powerfactor driver for power-LED lamps," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59,no. 4, pp. 1689-1697, Apr. 2012.
[2] M. Delshad and B. Fani, "A new active clamping sof t switching Weinberg converter," in Proc. IEEE Symp. Ind. Electron. Appl.,
2009, pp.910-913
[3] Y. C. Hsieh, M. R. Chen, and H. L. Cheng, "An interleaved flyback converter featured with zero-voltage-transition," IEEE Trans.
Power Electron.,vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 79-84, Jan. 2011.
[4] C. M.Wang, C. H. Lin, and T. C. Yang, "High-power-factor soft-switcheddc power supply system," IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 26, no. 2,pp. 647-654, Feb. 2011.
[5] A. Mousavi, P. Das, and G. Moschopoulos, "A comparative study of a new ZCS DC-DC full-bridge boost converter with a ZVS
active-Clamp converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1347-1358,Mar. 2012.
[6] M. Z.Youssef and P. K. Jain, "Anovel single stageAC-DC self-oscillating series-parallel resonant converter," IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 21,no. 6, pp. 1735-1744, Nov. 2006.
[7] R. T. Chen, Y. Y. Chen, and Y. R. Yang, "Single-stage asymmetrical half bridge regulator with ripple reduction technique," IEEE
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1358-1369, May 2008.
[8] D. L. O'Sullivan, M. G. Egan, and M. J. Willers, "A family of single stageresonant ac/dc converters with PFC," IEEE Trans. Power
Electron.,vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 398-408, Feb. 2009.
[9] G. Moschopoulos and P. K. Jain, "Single-phase single-stage power-factor corrected converter topologies," IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 52,no. 1, pp. 23-35, Feb. 2005.
[10] S. S. Lee, S. W. Choi, and G. W. Moon, "High-efficiency active-clamp forward converter with transient current build-up (TCP)
ZVS technique,"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 310-318, Feb.2007.