IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Credit Card Fraud Detection using Hybrid ModelsIRJET Journal
This document discusses credit card fraud detection using hybrid models. It begins by introducing the problem of credit card fraud and how billions of dollars are lost to fraud each year. The document then discusses how standard models and hybrid techniques using AdaBoost and majority voting are used to detect fraud. Experimental results on a public credit card dataset and a private dataset from a financial institution show that the majority voting technique achieves good accuracy in detecting fraud cases. The key challenges in credit card fraud detection are also summarized, such as imbalanced data, different costs of misclassification, overlapping data patterns, lack of flexibility, and fraud detection costs.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the
growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic
payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment
fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as
one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is
considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body
of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes
face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on
the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different
credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of
detection.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of detection.
The document discusses the evolving landscape of card and identity fraud, noting that:
1) Today's fraud is more sophisticated, complex, and organized than historical fraud, with criminal groups acquiring large volumes of consumer data from multiple sources and using it for various fraud schemes.
2) A key development is the targeting of PIN data, allowing criminals to withdraw cash directly from ATMs or make PIN debit purchases.
3) "Phishing" scams, where consumers are tricked into providing sensitive details, have become a major data acquisition method for criminals. Financial institutions are the most common phishing targets.
This document summarizes a research article about the acceptability of cash loading systems for online purchases and transactions. The study surveyed 257 respondents about their familiarity with and views on cash loading accounts. It found that while most respondents were familiar with cash loading, only a minority had accounts. Interestingly, those without accounts viewed cash loading more favorably than account holders. In general, respondents displayed moderate acceptability of cash loading despite cybersecurity concerns, rejecting the hypothesis that people largely reject such systems. Cash basis users surprisingly had high acceptability of cash loading. The study provides insight into perceptions of emerging digital payment methods.
Consumer Sentinel Network - Federal Trade Commission 2013- Mark - Fullbright
The document is a 102-page report from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) summarizing data from the Consumer Sentinel Network (CSN) for calendar year 2013. Some key details:
- The CSN is a secure online database containing over 9 million consumer complaints available to law enforcement. It receives data from FTC and numerous state/federal agencies and organizations.
- In 2013, the CSN received over 2 million complaints - 55% related to fraud, 14% to identity theft, and 31% other. The top complaint categories were identity theft, debt collection, and banks/lenders.
- For fraud complaints, consumers reported paying over $1.6 billion. Identity theft most
This document provides a stock analysis report on Visa by Birkey Investment Group. It summarizes the payment card industry, analyzes Visa's financial performance and position within the industry, and recommends purchasing Visa stock. Visa dominates the global payment processing market with over 50% of transactions. It has strong financial trends in revenue, earnings, and margins that distinguish it from competitors like MasterCard. Visa's recent acquisition of Visa Europe will help it grow further in the European market. Based on this analysis, the report recommends Visa as a solid investment opportunity.
Money Laundering in the Art, Collectibles, and Luxury Goods IndustryBrandonRuse1
Money laundering and fraud cases in the rare art and luxury goods industry are increasing as the gap between resources and budgets is being widened by COVID-19.
IRJET- Credit Card Fraud Detection using Hybrid ModelsIRJET Journal
This document discusses credit card fraud detection using hybrid models. It begins by introducing the problem of credit card fraud and how billions of dollars are lost to fraud each year. The document then discusses how standard models and hybrid techniques using AdaBoost and majority voting are used to detect fraud. Experimental results on a public credit card dataset and a private dataset from a financial institution show that the majority voting technique achieves good accuracy in detecting fraud cases. The key challenges in credit card fraud detection are also summarized, such as imbalanced data, different costs of misclassification, overlapping data patterns, lack of flexibility, and fraud detection costs.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the
growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic
payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment
fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as
one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is
considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body
of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes
face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on
the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different
credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of
detection.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of detection.
The document discusses the evolving landscape of card and identity fraud, noting that:
1) Today's fraud is more sophisticated, complex, and organized than historical fraud, with criminal groups acquiring large volumes of consumer data from multiple sources and using it for various fraud schemes.
2) A key development is the targeting of PIN data, allowing criminals to withdraw cash directly from ATMs or make PIN debit purchases.
3) "Phishing" scams, where consumers are tricked into providing sensitive details, have become a major data acquisition method for criminals. Financial institutions are the most common phishing targets.
This document summarizes a research article about the acceptability of cash loading systems for online purchases and transactions. The study surveyed 257 respondents about their familiarity with and views on cash loading accounts. It found that while most respondents were familiar with cash loading, only a minority had accounts. Interestingly, those without accounts viewed cash loading more favorably than account holders. In general, respondents displayed moderate acceptability of cash loading despite cybersecurity concerns, rejecting the hypothesis that people largely reject such systems. Cash basis users surprisingly had high acceptability of cash loading. The study provides insight into perceptions of emerging digital payment methods.
Consumer Sentinel Network - Federal Trade Commission 2013- Mark - Fullbright
The document is a 102-page report from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) summarizing data from the Consumer Sentinel Network (CSN) for calendar year 2013. Some key details:
- The CSN is a secure online database containing over 9 million consumer complaints available to law enforcement. It receives data from FTC and numerous state/federal agencies and organizations.
- In 2013, the CSN received over 2 million complaints - 55% related to fraud, 14% to identity theft, and 31% other. The top complaint categories were identity theft, debt collection, and banks/lenders.
- For fraud complaints, consumers reported paying over $1.6 billion. Identity theft most
This document provides a stock analysis report on Visa by Birkey Investment Group. It summarizes the payment card industry, analyzes Visa's financial performance and position within the industry, and recommends purchasing Visa stock. Visa dominates the global payment processing market with over 50% of transactions. It has strong financial trends in revenue, earnings, and margins that distinguish it from competitors like MasterCard. Visa's recent acquisition of Visa Europe will help it grow further in the European market. Based on this analysis, the report recommends Visa as a solid investment opportunity.
Money Laundering in the Art, Collectibles, and Luxury Goods IndustryBrandonRuse1
Money laundering and fraud cases in the rare art and luxury goods industry are increasing as the gap between resources and budgets is being widened by COVID-19.
A paradigm shift in the modus operandi of commerce across the globe has been significantly influenced by the payment card industry with brisk strides in digital technology. The blooming payment card industry has escorted the prosperity in economic growth of most of the countries. Besides, there exists a divergent level in subsuming card payment by different countries due to distinct social, economic and cultural background. In India, excessive use cash payments are due to offbeat business models and varied distinction in literacy levels. This paper aims to analyse outstanding payment cards in India by examining the number of cards in operation and the value of transaction in the past decade. Data from RBI source is collected to analyse for a period of eight years (2011-2019). The research finds that credit card penetration has increased by threefold with average growth of 15% YoY and debit cards increased by more than threefold with average growth of 19% YoY during the period of analysis. Yet, asymmetry between debit cards holders and credit card holders exists in India indicating credit card is still niche product. This provides platform for the payment card industry to unleash the potential to tap market in India.
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury, businesses are 125 times more likely to encounter issues with paper checks than electronic payments. While technology has led companies to outsource payroll and other departments to reduce costs, a similar transition is underway for payment systems. However, many businesses still rely on paper checks for over half of B2B payments due to concerns about security, supplier acceptance of cards, integration challenges, and lack of control. Leading electronic payment solutions like CSI's globalVCard address these concerns by offering higher security than checks, a 40-50% supplier acceptance rate, simple integration processes, and greater control and monitoring of payments through mobile devices. Adopting such solutions can help businesses significantly reduce payment costs
The document is a 59-page report from Euromonitor International published in November 2012 about consumer finance in Ukraine. It provides an overview of the size and structure of the market for various payment cards in Ukraine such as ATM cards, credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards. The report analyzes key players in the market, the number of cards in circulation, transaction numbers and values, and provides strategic analysis and forecasts for sector trends. It is available for single user purchase for $1900.
Visa Inc. is a leading global payments technology company that processes over $7 trillion in transactions annually. The document analyzes Visa's business, industry, and financials. It recommends a bull call spread strategy for Visa due to its strong fundamentals and leadership position, though notes increasing regulation, technology changes, and macroeconomic uncertainty could impact performance. Visa is expected to grow revenues and earnings in the coming years driven by its global network expansion and new payment solutions.
This 75-page report from Euromonitor International provides an analysis of the financial cards and payments market in Singapore between 2007-2012. It includes historical data on transactions, cards in circulation and market value for different card types. The report also forecasts market trends until 2017. It finds that while consumer spending has slowed due to economic uncertainty, the use of financial cards continues to grow as Singapore shifts to becoming a cashless society. Major local banks like DBS, OCBC and UOB remain the leading issuers of cards.
The document provides an 80-page report on financial cards and payments in the US published in December 2012. It includes historical data from 2007-2012 on various card categories (e.g. credit cards, debit cards), number of cards in circulation, transaction values, and forecasts to 2017. It also profiles major players like JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and provides 13 summaries on company backgrounds and competitive positions. The report aims to help readers understand the size and structure of the US payments market.
FIS Research - Accelerating Paper Check MigrationPaul McAdam
Recent research conducted by FIS with 3,205 consumers reveals that migration away from paper checks to debit card, credit card, automated clearing house and other electronic payment services could be accelerated through a combination of motivators and removal of barriers especially for consumer-to-consumer payments. The demise of paper checks would represent a substantial expense reduction for financial institutions as well as revenue enhancement opportunity through shifting check volume to card payments, which generate interchange revenue. However, checks won’t disappear overnight and likely won’t decline much at all among some consumers without significant intervention.
This 77-page report from Euromonitor International analyzes the financial cards and payments market in Australia. It provides historical data from 2007-2012 on metrics like the number of transactions, cards in circulation, and transaction values. It also includes forecasts for 2012-2017. The report profiles the major players in the Australian market like the Big Four banks and establishes the size and structure of the market for different card types. It aims to help readers understand trends, identify growth areas, and assess the competitive landscape and major players.
This document discusses protecting personal identity in the age of increased information tracking. It outlines the risks of identity theft, how thieves steal identities, and statistics on identity theft victims. Key points include that identity theft costs the US economy an estimated $100 billion annually, 47% of victims in 2015 experienced tax or wage-related identity theft, and children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable targets. The document provides tips on reducing identity theft risks and resolving identity theft issues.
The document discusses various types of fraud that occur on the internet, including fraudulent promotions on electronic bulletin boards, disguised advertising in discussion groups, e-mail scams involving worthless products and pyramid schemes, risky investment opportunities and stock manipulations. It provides tips for protecting yourself such as being wary of sites you are unfamiliar with, not revealing personal financial information online unless you are sure where it is going, and knowing the company you plan to do business with. Consumers should report any suspected fraudulent activity to organizations like the National Fraud Information Center.
The document summarizes recent developments in the credit card market in the Czech Republic. It finds that while debit cards dominate the payment card market, the number and use of credit cards issued by both banks and non-bank lenders has grown significantly from 2000 to 2004. The growth in the number of credit cards significantly exceeded the growth in debit cards during this period. It also outlines the key features of bank-issued credit cards and revolving credit cards issued by non-bank lenders.
Company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
This document discusses identity theft in several languages. It defines identity theft as illegally obtaining and using someone's identity, usually for financial gain. It describes common types of identity theft like email theft, keylogging, fake job offers on social media. The document outlines how thieves steal personal information from online sources or by hacking accounts, and how they use the stolen data for crimes like credit card fraud, phone/utilities fraud, loans and taxes. It provides an example of identity theft and statistics on its prevalence and costs. Finally, it gives tips to protect from and respond to identity theft.
Dr. Barbara O'Neill and Carol Kando-Pineda, of the Federal Trade Commission, will present this 90-minute webinar on behalf of the Military Families Learning Network. This 90-minute webinar will include two sections: a general overview of identity theft and discussion about military-specific scams. Topics covered during the first section, presented by Dr. O’Neill, include a definition of identity theft, signs of identity theft, an identity theft risk assessment quiz, types of identity theft, how identity theft occurs, ways to reduce identity theft risk, phishing scams, proactive and reactive identity theft actions, and identity theft resources. Ms. Kando-Pineda plans to discuss getting help for identity theft victims, including the steps they need to take immediately, walking through the new features for consumers on Identitytheft.gov and how they help victims develop a recovery plan, get a heads-up on the latest “imposter” scams, and an update on the Military Consumer campaign and new resources on the way for the military community.
All product and company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
Identity theft is a crime that affects many people and can have significant negative consequences. It involves a criminal obtaining and using someone's personal information, such as their name, Social Security number, bank or credit card details, without permission to commit fraud or other crimes. Common types of identity theft include drivers license identity theft, social security identity theft, medical identity theft, criminal identity theft, and financial identity theft. Victims often do not know how their information was originally stolen. Criminals may obtain it through lost or stolen wallets or mail, computer hacking, phishing scams, or by working for companies that store personal data.
1. Identity theft involves criminals using someone's personal information like Social Security number or credit card to commit fraud.
2. There are several common types of identity theft including financial identity theft, medical identity theft, and criminal identity theft.
3. Identity theft costs billions of dollars each year and can take victims a long time and money to resolve. It is important for individuals and businesses to take steps to protect personal information and monitor for signs of identity theft.
This paper was presented at several conferences around the world, it is a few years old, but the concepts, trends and risks identfied in the is paper are still relevant today
During this workshop, Mr. Taylor will be discussing
how this growing crime is affecting individuals, families and small businesses.
Never before has there been a greater need for understanding identity theft and its impact.
In the workshop you will:
• Learn what ID Theft is and how to minimize the devastating effects
• Be introduced to the major types of identity theft
• Learn how to better protect personal and small business information
• Learn about restoration services and credit monitoring plans
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Testing and ergonomically evaluation of tractor mounted and self mounted coco...eSAT Publishing House
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1. The document discusses the development and testing of a Tractor Mounted and Self Propelled Coconut Climber (TMSPCC) to improve the efficiency of coconut harvesting over traditional manual climbing methods.
2. Ergonomic evaluations were conducted to assess the physiological cost, safety, and ease of operation of the TMSPCC compared to manual climbing. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and discomfort levels were measured for operators of both methods.
3. Testing results found the TMSPCC to be safer and less physically demanding for operators compared to manual climbing. It was able to harvest 100-120 coconut trees per day
A paradigm shift in the modus operandi of commerce across the globe has been significantly influenced by the payment card industry with brisk strides in digital technology. The blooming payment card industry has escorted the prosperity in economic growth of most of the countries. Besides, there exists a divergent level in subsuming card payment by different countries due to distinct social, economic and cultural background. In India, excessive use cash payments are due to offbeat business models and varied distinction in literacy levels. This paper aims to analyse outstanding payment cards in India by examining the number of cards in operation and the value of transaction in the past decade. Data from RBI source is collected to analyse for a period of eight years (2011-2019). The research finds that credit card penetration has increased by threefold with average growth of 15% YoY and debit cards increased by more than threefold with average growth of 19% YoY during the period of analysis. Yet, asymmetry between debit cards holders and credit card holders exists in India indicating credit card is still niche product. This provides platform for the payment card industry to unleash the potential to tap market in India.
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury, businesses are 125 times more likely to encounter issues with paper checks than electronic payments. While technology has led companies to outsource payroll and other departments to reduce costs, a similar transition is underway for payment systems. However, many businesses still rely on paper checks for over half of B2B payments due to concerns about security, supplier acceptance of cards, integration challenges, and lack of control. Leading electronic payment solutions like CSI's globalVCard address these concerns by offering higher security than checks, a 40-50% supplier acceptance rate, simple integration processes, and greater control and monitoring of payments through mobile devices. Adopting such solutions can help businesses significantly reduce payment costs
The document is a 59-page report from Euromonitor International published in November 2012 about consumer finance in Ukraine. It provides an overview of the size and structure of the market for various payment cards in Ukraine such as ATM cards, credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards. The report analyzes key players in the market, the number of cards in circulation, transaction numbers and values, and provides strategic analysis and forecasts for sector trends. It is available for single user purchase for $1900.
Visa Inc. is a leading global payments technology company that processes over $7 trillion in transactions annually. The document analyzes Visa's business, industry, and financials. It recommends a bull call spread strategy for Visa due to its strong fundamentals and leadership position, though notes increasing regulation, technology changes, and macroeconomic uncertainty could impact performance. Visa is expected to grow revenues and earnings in the coming years driven by its global network expansion and new payment solutions.
This 75-page report from Euromonitor International provides an analysis of the financial cards and payments market in Singapore between 2007-2012. It includes historical data on transactions, cards in circulation and market value for different card types. The report also forecasts market trends until 2017. It finds that while consumer spending has slowed due to economic uncertainty, the use of financial cards continues to grow as Singapore shifts to becoming a cashless society. Major local banks like DBS, OCBC and UOB remain the leading issuers of cards.
The document provides an 80-page report on financial cards and payments in the US published in December 2012. It includes historical data from 2007-2012 on various card categories (e.g. credit cards, debit cards), number of cards in circulation, transaction values, and forecasts to 2017. It also profiles major players like JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and provides 13 summaries on company backgrounds and competitive positions. The report aims to help readers understand the size and structure of the US payments market.
FIS Research - Accelerating Paper Check MigrationPaul McAdam
Recent research conducted by FIS with 3,205 consumers reveals that migration away from paper checks to debit card, credit card, automated clearing house and other electronic payment services could be accelerated through a combination of motivators and removal of barriers especially for consumer-to-consumer payments. The demise of paper checks would represent a substantial expense reduction for financial institutions as well as revenue enhancement opportunity through shifting check volume to card payments, which generate interchange revenue. However, checks won’t disappear overnight and likely won’t decline much at all among some consumers without significant intervention.
This 77-page report from Euromonitor International analyzes the financial cards and payments market in Australia. It provides historical data from 2007-2012 on metrics like the number of transactions, cards in circulation, and transaction values. It also includes forecasts for 2012-2017. The report profiles the major players in the Australian market like the Big Four banks and establishes the size and structure of the market for different card types. It aims to help readers understand trends, identify growth areas, and assess the competitive landscape and major players.
This document discusses protecting personal identity in the age of increased information tracking. It outlines the risks of identity theft, how thieves steal identities, and statistics on identity theft victims. Key points include that identity theft costs the US economy an estimated $100 billion annually, 47% of victims in 2015 experienced tax or wage-related identity theft, and children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable targets. The document provides tips on reducing identity theft risks and resolving identity theft issues.
The document discusses various types of fraud that occur on the internet, including fraudulent promotions on electronic bulletin boards, disguised advertising in discussion groups, e-mail scams involving worthless products and pyramid schemes, risky investment opportunities and stock manipulations. It provides tips for protecting yourself such as being wary of sites you are unfamiliar with, not revealing personal financial information online unless you are sure where it is going, and knowing the company you plan to do business with. Consumers should report any suspected fraudulent activity to organizations like the National Fraud Information Center.
The document summarizes recent developments in the credit card market in the Czech Republic. It finds that while debit cards dominate the payment card market, the number and use of credit cards issued by both banks and non-bank lenders has grown significantly from 2000 to 2004. The growth in the number of credit cards significantly exceeded the growth in debit cards during this period. It also outlines the key features of bank-issued credit cards and revolving credit cards issued by non-bank lenders.
Company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
This document discusses identity theft in several languages. It defines identity theft as illegally obtaining and using someone's identity, usually for financial gain. It describes common types of identity theft like email theft, keylogging, fake job offers on social media. The document outlines how thieves steal personal information from online sources or by hacking accounts, and how they use the stolen data for crimes like credit card fraud, phone/utilities fraud, loans and taxes. It provides an example of identity theft and statistics on its prevalence and costs. Finally, it gives tips to protect from and respond to identity theft.
Dr. Barbara O'Neill and Carol Kando-Pineda, of the Federal Trade Commission, will present this 90-minute webinar on behalf of the Military Families Learning Network. This 90-minute webinar will include two sections: a general overview of identity theft and discussion about military-specific scams. Topics covered during the first section, presented by Dr. O’Neill, include a definition of identity theft, signs of identity theft, an identity theft risk assessment quiz, types of identity theft, how identity theft occurs, ways to reduce identity theft risk, phishing scams, proactive and reactive identity theft actions, and identity theft resources. Ms. Kando-Pineda plans to discuss getting help for identity theft victims, including the steps they need to take immediately, walking through the new features for consumers on Identitytheft.gov and how they help victims develop a recovery plan, get a heads-up on the latest “imposter” scams, and an update on the Military Consumer campaign and new resources on the way for the military community.
All product and company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
Identity theft is a crime that affects many people and can have significant negative consequences. It involves a criminal obtaining and using someone's personal information, such as their name, Social Security number, bank or credit card details, without permission to commit fraud or other crimes. Common types of identity theft include drivers license identity theft, social security identity theft, medical identity theft, criminal identity theft, and financial identity theft. Victims often do not know how their information was originally stolen. Criminals may obtain it through lost or stolen wallets or mail, computer hacking, phishing scams, or by working for companies that store personal data.
1. Identity theft involves criminals using someone's personal information like Social Security number or credit card to commit fraud.
2. There are several common types of identity theft including financial identity theft, medical identity theft, and criminal identity theft.
3. Identity theft costs billions of dollars each year and can take victims a long time and money to resolve. It is important for individuals and businesses to take steps to protect personal information and monitor for signs of identity theft.
This paper was presented at several conferences around the world, it is a few years old, but the concepts, trends and risks identfied in the is paper are still relevant today
During this workshop, Mr. Taylor will be discussing
how this growing crime is affecting individuals, families and small businesses.
Never before has there been a greater need for understanding identity theft and its impact.
In the workshop you will:
• Learn what ID Theft is and how to minimize the devastating effects
• Be introduced to the major types of identity theft
• Learn how to better protect personal and small business information
• Learn about restoration services and credit monitoring plans
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Testing and ergonomically evaluation of tractor mounted and self mounted coco...eSAT Publishing House
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1. The document discusses the development and testing of a Tractor Mounted and Self Propelled Coconut Climber (TMSPCC) to improve the efficiency of coconut harvesting over traditional manual climbing methods.
2. Ergonomic evaluations were conducted to assess the physiological cost, safety, and ease of operation of the TMSPCC compared to manual climbing. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and discomfort levels were measured for operators of both methods.
3. Testing results found the TMSPCC to be safer and less physically demanding for operators compared to manual climbing. It was able to harvest 100-120 coconut trees per day
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Life cycle assessment and simulation enablers of sustainable product designeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses partial encryption of compressed video. It proposes a method where only crucial parts of compressed video are encrypted, rather than encrypting the entire video stream. This results in significant reductions in processing time, computational requirements, bit rate, and bandwidth needed for encryption and transmission. The document provides background on video compression standards like MPEG-4 and encryption techniques. It then describes testing of the partial encryption method on images and outlines the problems with fully encrypting video streams that partial encryption aims to address.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document proposes a method for video copy detection using segmentation, MPEG-7 descriptors, and graph-based sequence matching. It extracts key frames from videos, extracts features from the frames using descriptors like CEDD, FCTH, SCD, EHD and CLD, and stores them in a database. When a query video is input, its features are extracted and compared to the database to detect if it matches any videos already in the database. Graph-based sequence matching is also used to find the optimal matching between video sequences despite transformations like changed frame rates or ordering. The method is shown to perform better than previous techniques at detecting copied videos through transformations.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Testing the flexural fatigue behavior of e glass epoxy laminateseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes several papers on document clustering techniques. It discusses hierarchical clustering and similarity measures, as well as multi-representation clustering. Several clustering algorithms are examined, including K-means clustering and graph-based clustering. The document also analyzes similarity measures like multi-viewpoint similarity and evaluates the performance of different clustering methods on document collections.
Fusion method used to tolerate the faults occurred in disrtibuted systemeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a fusion method for tolerating faults in distributed systems. The fusion method uses a combination of error correcting codes and selective replication to tolerate crash faults. It maintains "K" additional fused backups instead of "K+1" replicas required by replication. This provides an O(n) space savings over replication and results in minimal overhead during normal operation. The method encodes primary data structures into the fused backups. It can insert, delete, and update data in both the primary structures and backups efficiently. The proposed fusion technique saves space for fault tolerance compared to replication.
This document summarizes several approaches to automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) that have been proposed in previous literature. It categorizes ALPR techniques into color-based, edge-based, and texture-based methods. Several papers are reviewed that detect license plates using features like color, edges, aspect ratio and use techniques like sobel filtering, connected component analysis, neural networks for character recognition. Accuracies of the different approaches are provided, typically in the 90-95% range. The document provides a literature review of past research on ALPR segmentation and recognition.
Design and implementation of an ancrchitecture of embedded web server for wir...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Credit Card Fraud Detection System Using Machine Learning AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to detect credit card fraud. It begins with an abstract that introduces credit card fraud as an increasing problem and machine learning as a solution. The introduction provides more background on credit card fraud and detection methods. It then discusses several machine learning algorithms that can be used for credit card fraud detection, including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost. It concludes that hybrid models combining individual algorithms performed best on a publicly available credit card dataset, with the highest Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.823. References are provided on related work in credit card fraud detection techniques.
State of Cyber Crime Safety and Security in BankingIJSRED
The document discusses cybercrime threats facing the banking system, including online fraud, malware, and hacking. These threats have grown significantly over the past 20 years, costing banks billions annually. Common cybercrimes impacting banks are phishing, identity theft, ransomware, and money laundering. To improve security, banks need better authentication systems, employee training, and integrated cybercrime laws. Overall, the rising costs of cybercrime pose a major risk to banks that must be addressed through increased security efforts.
Credit Cards Frauds and Cybersecurity Threats Machine Learning Detection Algo...ijtsrd
Credit and Debit cards have become the choice mode of payment online as a result of the proliferation of electronic transactions and advancement in Information and Communication Technology ICT . Because of the increased use of credit cards for payment online, the number of fraud cases associated with it has also increased scammers and fraudsters are stealing credit card information of victims online and thereby stealing their monies. There is the need therefore to stop or abate these frauds using very powerful fraud detection system that detects patterns of credit card frauds in order to prevent it from occurring. In this paper we x rayed the concept of credit card frauds and how they are carried out by fraudsters. Python 3.7.6 programming language, Jupyter Notebook 6.0.3 and Anaconda Navigator 1.9.12 were used as experimental test bed. Also, we implemented two different supervised machine learning algorithms on an imbalanced dataset such as Decision Tree and Random forest techniques. A comparative analysis of the credit card detection capabilities of these machine learning algorithms were carried out to ascertain the best detection algorithm using different performance evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, f1 score, confusion matrix. Experimental results showed that Random Forest outperformed Decision Tree algorithm slightly in performance metrics used for performance evaluation. Obodoeze Fidelis C. | Oliver Ifeoma Catherine | Onyemachi George Olisamaka | Udeh Ifeanyi Frank Gideon | Obiokafor, Ifeyinwa Nkemdilim "Credit Cards Frauds and Cybersecurity Threats: Machine Learning Detection Algorithms as Countermeasures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52440.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/52440/credit-cards-frauds-and-cybersecurity-threats-machine-learning-detection-algorithms-as-countermeasures/obodoeze-fidelis-c
Payment card fraud costs billions each year and is becoming more sophisticated. An online carding course was designed to teach novice criminals carding techniques over 6 weeks with 20 lectures and instructors. The course cost nearly $1000 and taught students how to make thousands each month. It covered buying stolen credit card details from online shops, committing fraud, and cashing out illegally obtained goods. Understanding these courses helps defenders address the latest criminal methods.
Economic offenses through Credit Card Frauds Dissectedamiable_indian
The document discusses credit card fraud, including types of fraud, statistics, and techniques used. It defines credit card fraud as theft carried out using stolen credit card information. Common methods for obtaining card information include skimming, theft, phishing, and buying/selling stolen numbers online. Fraudsters can then make unauthorized purchases or create cloned cards. The costs of fraud are high both for consumers through higher fees and merchants through chargebacks and lost business.
The document discusses types of credit card fraud, statistics on credit card fraud, and factors that contribute to credit card fraud. It provides an overview of common credit card fraud schemes and techniques used by fraudsters. The document also outlines recommended precautions for merchants to prevent online credit card fraud and detection techniques to control fraud. Glossary terms are defined that describe elements of credit cards and online payment processing relevant to understanding credit card fraud.
Secure Payments: How Card Issuers and Merchants Can Stay Ahead of FraudstersCognizant
Our latest research reveals that merchants and card issuers should take a layered approach to mitigating risk, by working with consumers to improve fraud detection and prevention.
This white paper discusses challenges that financial institutions face in managing enterprisewide fraud. It notes that fraud is increasing in volume and sophistication, targeting the fastest growing channels like online and mobile that are most vulnerable. Traditionally, fraud has been managed within business unit silos rather than taking an enterprisewide view. This allows fraudsters, who view the institution holistically, to exploit inconsistencies. The paper recommends analyzing patterns and perpetrators across the entire enterprise to better prevent, detect, and investigate fraud.
Review on Fraud Detection in Electronic Payment GatewayIRJET Journal
This document reviews fraud detection in electronic payment gateways. It begins with an abstract that discusses how credit card fraud has increased with the rise of electronic commerce and online payments. It then provides background on payment gateways and discusses common types of credit card fraud like stolen cards, phishing, and internal theft. The literature review covers previous research on using techniques like hidden Markov models, support vector machines, and fingerprint recognition for fraud detection. The proposed system would add an additional layer of security to online transactions by generating a secret code and one-time password for each transaction and only proceeding if the user provides the correct code and password. This is intended to help verify the authenticity of transactions and reduce fraudulent activity.
This report analyzes card payment fraud trends from 2012. It contains 67 pages analyzing types of fraud, examples of fraud in different countries/regions, and strategies used by banks and organizations to combat fraud. The report examines challenges in reducing fraud and discusses technologies and initiatives used to detect and prevent fraud into the future.
A Comparative Study on Online Transaction Fraud Detection by using Machine Le...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used machine learning and Python to detect online transaction fraud. It describes how online transactions and fraud are increasing. The study used a real credit card dataset to train models like KNN, NB, and SVM to detect fraudulent transactions based on user behavior patterns and restrict fraudulent users after three failed attempts. The goal was to develop a system that can detect fraud in real-time and prevent losses for banks and credit card users.
Big data analytical driven fraud detection for finance; banks and insuranceSyed Danish Ali
Big data and machine learning analytics can help banks and insurers combat fraud and reduce losses from hacking. Techniques like anomaly detection can flag suspicious transactions to identify issues before they become major problems. While not a perfect solution, these tools provide insights and alerts that go beyond traditional methods. Their use can decrease fraud incidents and strengthen organizations' technological defenses, but hacking will still remain an ongoing challenge given human factors and hackers' continuing innovation.
This research paper analyzes ATM fraud, including cash withdrawal fraud, fund transfer fraud, password hacking, and pin misplacement. The paper proposes combining biometric identification like thumbprint scans with PINs to authenticate ATM users and reduce fraud. Currently, fraudsters can use stolen card information and PINs obtained through phishing emails to commit ATM fraud. The paper suggests designing ATMs with integrated biometric scanners without slowing down transaction speeds to strengthen security.
The credit card has become the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as
regular purchase, in cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. Credit card frauds are increasing
day by day regardless of the various techniques developed for its detection. Fraudsters are so expert that
they generate new ways for committing fraudulent transactions each day which demands constant
innovation for its detection techniques. Most of the techniques based on Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy
logic, neural network, logistic regression, naïve Bayesian, Machine learning, Sequence Alignment,
decision tree, Bayesian network, meta learning, Genetic Programming etc., these are evolved in
detecting various credit card fraudulent transactions. This paper presents a survey of various techniques
used in credit card fraud detection mechanisms.
Next generation payment technologies gain acceptanceDawn Kehr
Next generation payment technologies like contactless smart cards, biometrics, and e-commerce payment tools are gaining acceptance due to offering convenience and new security features. These technologies include contactless credit and debit cards that use radio frequencies for payment, fingerprint scanners for retail purchases, and online services like PayPal that allow shopping without sharing credit card information. While improving security, data protection is still a shared responsibility of technology providers and businesses implementing these solutions.
Corporate role in protecting consumers from the risk of identity theftIJCNCJournal
The Internet has made it possible for users to be robbed of their reputation, money and credit worthiness by
the click of a mouse. The impact of identity theft severely limits victims’ ability to participate in commerce,
education and normal societal functions. This paper evaluates resurgence in syndicated cyber attacks,
which includes but not limited to identity theft, corporate espionage and cyber warfare taking advantage of
the Internet as a medium of operations. The paper highlights the increase of cyber related attacks in the
past ten years due to lack of transatlantic international corporation between participating countries,
coherent information security policies, data aggregation and sound international laws to facilitate
prosecution of perpetrators. The cyber space coupled with availability of free hacking tools has contributed
to resurgence in syndicated identity theft, corporate espionage and identity theft by organized crime
elements taking advantage of the Internet as a medium of operations. This paper presents conclusive
solution that users, organizations and consumers can enact to protect themselves from the threat of cyber
attacks culminating into identity theft, financial loss or both.
Running head HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 1 .docxwlynn1
Running head: HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 1
How to avoid internet scams at the workplace
Christophe Bassono
CIST3000: Advanced Composition IS&T
Amanda L. Gutierrez, M.S. & M.A.
UNO-Fall 2018
HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 2
Online Fraud: How to Avoid Internet Scams in the Workplace
This section outlines how the researcher envisions presenting the report. The outline
demonstrates the different sections in which the report will be broken into and the
information that will be contained in each section
Introduction
Definition
Online fraud refers to deceitful schemes that are done using the internet. Online fraud may
come in the form of financial theft, identity theft or a combination of both.
History of Online Fraud
An influx of online fraud began to be experienced in the 1990s with the increased technology
use and e-commerce. In the beginning, online fraud was done by using the names of famous
celebrities of the time to commit internet crimes. Over time, more technical and sophisticated
plans were developed such as creating card-generator applications with real credit card
numbers, setting up dummy merchant websites and mass identity theft. Today, despite
attempts by various governments to regulate and mitigate online fraud, more sophisticated
online fraud schemes have been established ranging from credit card fraud to phishing,
hacking, and identity theft (Saeger & Probert, 2015).
In the recent past, computer fraud has evolved through a series of advancements outplaying
the traditional security defenses such as the two-factor authentication, antivirus, and SSL
encryption in the process. Zeus and SpyEye are the most common attack tools used by
hackers since they support the gathering of vast volumes of extremely sensitive
authentication data. It has been established that no single application is immune to attacks
and the malicious attackers are focusing more on online banking accounts because they offer
HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 3
most direct payoff. Online fraud is based on three core technologies: the botnet controllers
capable of handling hundreds of thousands of bots, highly effective data collection, and
sophisticated Trojans that are updateable.
Form grabbing for PCs running IE/Windows has been a simplified approach for fraud. The
technique helps attackers to extract data within browsers. The deployment of form grabbing
on compromised PCs allowed hackers to obtain numerous numbers of online bank account
IDs and passwords. The password-based authentication was termed no longer safe for online
banking prompting the introduction of two-factor authentication (Mellinger, 2011).
Nevertheless, criminals still found the loophole that helps them to challenge the security of
two-factor authentication through web injects. Malicious attackers that promote online fraud
have created various techniques.
An Enhanced Automated Teller Machine Security Prototype using Fingerprint Bio...Eswar Publications
The steady growth in electronic transactions has promoted the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) thereby making it the main transaction channel for carrying out financial transactions. However, this has also increased the amount of fraudulent activities carried out on Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) thereby calling for efficient security mechanisms and increasing the demand for fast and accurate user identification and
authentication in ATMs. This research analyses, designs and proposes a biometric authentication prototype for integrating fingerprint security with ATMs as an added layer of security. A fingerprint biometric technique was fused with personal identification numbers (PIN's) for authentication to ameliorate the security level. The prototype was simulated using a fingerprint scanner and Java Platform Enterprise Edition was used to develop an ATM application which was used to synchronize with a fingerprint scanner thereby providing a biometric authentication scheme for carrying out transactions on an ATM.
Survey on Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Different Data Mining Techniquesijsrd.com
In today's world of e-commerce, credit card payment is the most popular and most important mean of payment due to fast technology. As the usage of credit card has increased the number of fraud transaction is also increasing. Credit card fraud is very serious and growing problem throughout the world. This paper represents the survey of various fraud detection techniques through which fraud can be detected. Although there are serious fraud detection technology exits based on data mining, knowledge discovery but they are not capable to detect the fraud at a time when fraudulent transaction are in progress so two techniques Neural Network and Hidden Markov Model(HMM) are capable to detect the fraudulent transaction is in progress. HMM categorizes card holder profile as low, medium, and high spending on their spending behavior. A set of probability is assigned to each cardholder for amount of transaction. The amount of incoming transaction is matched with cardholder previous transaction, if it is justified a predefined threshold value then a transaction is considered as a legitimate else it is considered as a fraud.
Similar to An overview of plastic card frauds and solutions for (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
smart pill dispenser is designed to improve medication adherence and safety f...
An overview of plastic card frauds and solutions for
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AN OVERVIEW OF PLASTIC CARD FRAUDS AND SOLUTIONS FOR
AVOIDING FRAUDSTER TRANSACTIONS
Jangam Upendar1
, Etikala Gurumohan Rao2
1, 2
Asst. Prof., Dept. of CSE, SwarnaBharathi College of engineering, AP, INDIA
uppi24sr@gmail.com, gurumohanrao@gmail.com
Abstract
Payment card fraud is causing billions of dollars in losses for the card payment industry. Besides direct losses, the brand name can be
affected by loss of consumer confidence due to the fraud. As a result of these growing losses, financial institutions and card issuers
are continually seeking new techniques and innovation in payment card fraud detection and prevention. Credit card fraud falls
broadly into two categories: behavioral fraud and application fraud. Credit card transactions continue to grow in number, taking an
ever-larger share of the US payment system and leading to a higher rate of stolen account numbers and subsequent losses by banks.
Improved fraud detection thus has become essential to maintain the viability of the US payment system. Increasingly, the card not
present scenario, such as shopping on the internet poses a greater threat as the merchant (the web site) is no longer protected with
advantages of physical verification such as signature check, photo identification, etc. In fact, it is almost impossible to perform any of
the ‘physical world’ checks necessary to detect who is at the other end of the transaction. This makes the internet extremely attractive
to fraud perpetrators. According to a recent survey, the rate at which internet fraud occurs is 20 to25 times higher than ‘physical
world’ fraud. However, recent technical developments are showing some promise to check fraud in the card not present scenario. This
paper provides an overview of payment card fraud and begins with payment card statistics and the definition of payment card fraud. It
also describes various methods used by identity thieves to obtain personal and financial information for the purpose of payment card
fraud. In addition, relationship between payment card fraud detection is provided. Finally, some solutions for detecting payment card
fraud are also given.
Index Terms: Online Frauds, Fraudsters, card fraud, CNP, CVV, AVS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the modern world, plastic cards are becoming the primary
payment method for in person and online purchases. Due to
the popularity of payment cards, the market for credit and
debit cards is continuously growing. According to the U.S.
Census Bureau, the number of U.S. credit and debit cards is
expected to reach 585 and 1,278 million respectively in 2011.
However, as the use of payment cards has become more
widespread, so has the amount of fraud related to these cards?
Fraudsters are becoming more organized and are using
increasingly sophisticated methods to obtain and misuse
consumer personal and financial information. Payment card
fraud is causing billions of dollars in losses for the card
payment industry. Besides direct losses, the brand name can
be affected by loss of consumer confidence due to the fraud.
As a result of these growing losses, financial institutions and
card issuers are continually seeking new techniques and
innovation in payment card fraud detection and prevention.
2. PAYMENT CARDS FRAUD: OVERVIEW
Technological and financial innovations in the payment
industry affect consumers’ choice of payment vehicles by
offering more convenient payment methods. Consumers now
use electronic payment methods more extensively than in the
past. A recent Federal Reserve payments study found that in
2009 electronic payments exceeded three-quarters of all
noncash payments, with sixty percent attributed to payments
made with payment cards, such as debit, credit and prepaid
cards.
Source: Federal Reserve Payments Study [1]
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As consumer spending patterns are changing, the global card
market has expanded rapidly in recent years. Cards are useful
and convenient for consumers, widely accepted by merchants,
and one of the most efficient ways of payments. They have
replaced cash and checks to a great extent. It is estimated that
there are 10,000 payment card transactions made every second
around the world. [2] According to data from the U.S. Census
Bureau, there were 176 million credit card holders and 181
million debit card holders in the United States in 2008. These
numbers are projected to grow to 183 and 188 million
respectively in 2011[3]. The number of U.S. credit and debit
cards continues to grow and is expected to reach 585 and
1,278 million respectively in 2011[4]. On the one hand,
innovation in payments has resulted in greater consumer
convenience and efficiency. On the other hand, innovations
and new technologies also created more complexity and
introduced new risks factors presented by new products, new
providers, and new technologies. Unfortunately, as cards have
become the primary payment vehicle in retail transactions,
they have also become an enticing target for criminals.
Payment card fraud existed since the introduction of cards into
the payment system. As the card market has expanded rapidly
in recent years, the fraud level associated with payment cards
has increased as well. Each year, card fraud costs billions of
dollars, and figures continue to rise. According to a report
released in January 2010 by Aite Group LLC, “card fraud
costs the U.S. card payments industry about $8.6 billion per
year. Although just 0.4% of the $2.1 trillion in U.S. card
volume per year, this number remains a troubling area for the
industry due to the volatile nature of fraud”[5]. In addition to
actual financial losses, payment card fraud affects consumer
confidence in electronic payments systems and card-issuers’
reputations. For example, Visa stated in its annual
performance report (10K) “an increase in fraudulent and other
illegal activity involving our cards could lead to reputational
damage to our brands and reduce the use and acceptance of
our cards”[6]. In the U.S., credit and debit card fraud is the
number one fear. Concerns about fraud are greater than that of
terrorism, computer and health viruses and personal safety. [7]
Payment card fraud is related to identity fraud and its
definition can be derived from the identity fraud definition. As
defined in the Javelin identity fraud survey report [8], identity
theft occurs when someone’s personal information is taken by
another individual without explicit permission. Identity fraud
is the actual misuse of information for financial gain and
occurs when illegally obtained personal information is used to
make payments, create new accounts and attempt to obtain
services such as employment or health care. Therefore
payment card fraud can be defined as a misuse of personally
identifiable information obtained by another individual
without explicit permission for financial gain. Modern
fraudsters are organized professionals using increasingly
sophisticated methods to capture cardholder account
information. Criminals continue to develop new attack
methods, using all kinds of sophisticated techniques [9].
3. METHODS OF IDENTITY FRAUD FOR THE
PURPOSE OF PAYMENT CARD FRAUD
As defined earlier, payment card fraud is a misuse of
personally identifiable information obtained by another
individual without explicit permission for financial gain.
There are numerous methods of identity theft committed for
the purpose of payment card fraud. Here are some methods
commonly used by the criminals to obtain personal
information:
3.1. Lost or Stolen Wallet
Most people carry bank cards and personal identification cards
in their wallets. This information can be used to commit a
fraud or it can be sold to criminals. As illustrated in Exhibit 2,
payment card fraud is most often a result of a lost or stolen
wallet or purse.
3.2. “Shoulder Surfing”
Identity thieves can simply use observation techniques, such
as looking over someone's shoulder to obtain personal
information when an unsuspecting individual fills out a form
or uses a PIN number. Shoulder surfing is particularly
effective in crowded places because it makes it easier to
observe someone.
3.3. “Dumpster Diving”
Dumpster diving is one of the very popular methods used for
identity theft. Thieves dig through trashcans or garbage
dumpsters searching for pieces of personal information such
as discarded trash for credit card offers, bank statements,
medical statements and other papers that contain personal
information. The average American uses 650 pounds of paper
a year. Americans receive almost 4 million tons of junk mail
every year [10] most of which goes to the landfill unopened.
Carelessly thrown away documents, bills, credit card and
banking statements, and other personal papers can make a
public dumpster or a personal trash a goldmine of information
for the identity thief. Besides consumers, businesses and
organizations such as hospitals, accounting firms and
profitable corporations discard millions of pounds of paper
containing personal information. Not always are reasonable
steps taken to destroy personal financial information and
personal identification numbers issued by government entities.
As a result, personal information ends up in the hands of
criminals. The simple solution to the problem is to use a
shredder to destroy documents and papers containing personal
information that might be used by the fraudsters.
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Fig1: Javelin Strategy & Research
3.4. Mail Theft
Fraudsters intercept mail to steal newly issued credit or debit
cards, bank statements, credit offers, new checkbooks and tax
forms. The theft of mail from businesses is also growing.
Incoming and outgoing mail can contain checks, new
checkbooks, financial records from the firm's CPA, bank cards
and bank statements, employee payroll records and other
important information.
3.5. Imposters
Thieves can pose as someone else to commit identity theft. For
example, in a number of raids in California, discarded postal
employee uniforms were found amongst bags of stolen mail,
suggesting that impersonating mail carriers is an effective
tactic for thieves. Another example is “pretesting” when
criminals call a bank posing as a customer in order to find out
personal information.
3.6. Home or Workplace
Unfortunately, family members, friends, co-workers and in-
home employees can steal personal information in our homes
and workplaces. As illustrated in Exhibit 3, Javelin Strategy &
Research data indicates that quite often fraud victims
personally knew the perpetrator, who was either a friend,
relative, or in-home employee. This is especially true for fraud
victims with less than $50,000 in annual household income.
Such occurrences highlight the need for consumers to protect
information not only at the point of transaction, but also in the
home.
Fig2: Javelin Strategy & Research
3.7. Inside Sources
As shown in Fig2, 15% of personal information obtained by
identity thieves is received through corrupt and dishonest
business employees with access to sensitive data such as
personal records, payroll information, insurance files, account
numbers, sales records, etc. Reports have shown that over
80% of financial institutions in the U.S. have been affected by
employee fraud, and 65% recognize that the threat is
becoming more serious.
3.8. Data Breaches
New technologies and the Internet have created new means for
criminals to gain access to consumers’ personal information.
One of the "high-tech" methods of identity theft is hacking.
Some criminals have the ability to break into computer
databases at e-commerce merchants, credit card processors, or
payment gateway service providers to gain large scale access
to customer personal information that can be used to commit
payment card fraud. Databases at financial institutions,
hospitals, retailers, government agencies, schools, libraries
have all been breached, leaving millions of Americans
potentially exposed to fraud involving compromised data.
Several data breaches have been discussed in the media in the
last few years. For example, in January 2007, the T.J. Maxx
Company reported that 45.7 million credit and debit card
numbers were compromised, along with 455,000 merchandise
return records containing customers' driver's license numbers.
In March 2007, nearly 8.6 million records of customer
information were stolen from Dai Nippon printing company,
including names, addresses, and credit card numbers. In
January 2008, GE Money, which handles credit card
operations for J.C. Penney and many other retailers, disclosed
the loss of computer data backup tape containing 150,000
social security numbers and in-store credit card information
from 650,000 retail customers. Heartland Payment Systems,
one of the largest payment processors in the U.S., announced
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that its processing systems were breached in 2008 by self-
taught computer hacker, Albert Gonzalez. The breach
impacted an estimated 130 million credit/debit cards - the
largest such incident ever reported. The most recent massive
data breach was experienced by Sony Corporation in 2011.
The breach resulted in the theft of personal data for more than
100 million online accounts. Data breaches are not always a
result of computer hacking. A significant number of data
losses happen due to logistical difficulties in handling
consumer information. For example, data can be misplaced by
employees, exposed through an error, or lost in transport.
Therefore, attention should be paid to how data is stored,
transported and handled.
3.9. Skimming
The most commonly known type of payment card fraud
involves skimming card details. Skimming is copying the data
held in the magnetic strip on the back of the payment card.
This data is then used to make purchases where the card itself
is not present or to replicate the card. This type of crime is
hard to detect, as victims may not be aware of fraudulent
payments until their next statement arrives. Skimming can
occur both at the point-of-sale (especially in restaurants, bars
and gas stations where the card is often out of the cardholder’s
control for some time) as well as at ATM machines. A
corrupted employee would use your card with an unauthorized
device that records the data contained on the magnetic strip.
Alternatively, the skimming device might be fitted around the
card entry slot of a cash machine so that the card's data is
copied when it is inserted into the ATM machine. A pinhole
camera is placed above the PIN pad, so that the PIN is also
recorded for use in a fraudulent transaction. Skimmed data is
often collected from hundreds of cards and sold to criminal
organizations who then manufacture the cloned cards. In 2010,
a skimming ring was broken up in Boston, Massachusetts.
Five men were accused of skimming bank cards from ATM
machines and then withdrawing money. The men allegedly
withdrew approximately $146,000 from customers of Citizens
Bank, Wells Fargo Bank and BNY Mellon Bank, according to
court papers. A T.G.I Friday’s restaurant waiter in Coon
Rapids, West St. Paul, Minnesota was arrested for skimming
customers’ payment cards. His skimming scam affected at
least 15 victims with losses totaling in excess of $30,000
3.10. Phishing
More sophisticated criminals are “fishing” for personal and
financial information through phishing schemes. Although the
loss from phishing is relatively low, it is one of the fastest
growing crimes on the Internet. Phishing involves creating
authentic-looking emails that appear to be from legitimate
businesses, such as an Internet service provider (ISP), bank,
online payment service, or even a government agency. These
e-mails might include official-looking logos and marketing
slogans and other identifying information taken directly from
legitimate websites. They also might include convincing
details about your personal history that criminals found on
your social networking page. The e-mail often describes a
situation that requires immediate attention and includes threat
of account closure unless the recipients “verify”, “update”,
“validate,” or “confirm” their account information
immediately by clicking on a provided web link. Consumers
then are re-directed to a bogus website, where victims are
persuaded into providing sensitive information, including
account information, usernames or passwords, Social Security
numbers, credit/debit card number, CVV code, ATM card
PIN, place of birth, mother’s maiden name and other
identifiable information. There are some new versions of
phishing such as “smishing” and “vishing”. A smishing scam
involves SMS text messages instead of e-mail. As in
traditional phishing, the victim is told that an urgent matter
needs to be discussed. The text redirects the victim to a
legitimate looking website that asks you to "confirm" your
personal or financial information, or instructs the recipient to
call a toll-free number for confirmation. A phone number
normally directs victims to a legitimate sounding automated
voice response system, similar to the voice response systems
used by many financial institutions, which will ask for the
same personal and financial information. Vishing is another
form of phishing and uses a combination of e-mail and
telephone, or just telephone. Just like with online phishing
attacks, which direct consumers to phony web sites, recipients
of the scam e-mails or recorded phone messages are instructed
to call a toll-free number where victims are lured to provide
personal and financial information. Because most people are
more apt to trust text messages and phone messages than
suspicious-looking emails, smishing and vishing provide
fraudsters another area for attack.
3.11. Social Networking
Social networking websites such as Face book, Twitter,
MySpace, LinkedIn and Flicker are growing in popularity. As
of November 2009, more than half of all U.S. consumers
indicated they have used or are using social networking sites.
Social networking brings millions of people together around
the world; however, it also creates new opportunities for
cyber-crime. Banking and payments activity on the social
networking web sites has attracted the attention of criminal
hackers, fraudsters, spammers and scammers. There are many
dangers in social networking. One of them is that personal
pages can expose sensitive, personally identifiable information
that can be used by fraudsters to commit identity theft. Identity
thieves are spending a lot of resources and time on these
networks and, because of this, the danger of social networking
has taken a sharp increase in the last few years. Another
danger is that most people use the same password to get into
work computers, email accounts, online bank accounts, Face
book and other social networking web accounts. "Crooks
understand that most users use the same password for
everything," says Tom Clare, head of product marketing at
Blue Coat, an Internet security company that does annual
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reports on web threats. "If they can get your user credentials
for your Face book account, there is a good chance that they
have the password for your bank account." People tend to trust
social networking sites more than in any other online activities
because these sites are built for helping people to make friends
and to communicate. However, privacy and security controls
are weak on these websites. Therefore, identity thieves will
continue to target social networking sites to get personal
information. Phishing scams are quite common on Face book.
They appear as Face book games and quizzes.
4. CATEGORIES OF PAYMENT CARD FRAUD
Payment card fraud comes in a variety of forms. The most
commonly known type involves skimming card details.
However, as payment systems have experienced a number of
changes and the use of credit and debit cards has risen,
payment card fraud has become more sophisticated and more
widespread. According to the Aite Group report on card data
security "the greatest threats to the card industry are malware,
counterfeit card fraud and CNP (card-not-present) fraud".
Commonly known types of payment card fraud are:
4.1. Credit Card Application Fraud
Credit card application fraud is a form of identity fraud and
occurs when a criminal uses victim’s personal information to
obtain a credit card in the name of a legitimate user and upon
receiving the card uses it without the victim’s knowledge. This
may occur if a criminal can obtain enough personal
information about the victim to completely fill out the credit
card application, or is able to create convincing counterfeit
documents. This form of fraud is difficult to detect and often
results in large fraud amounts and serious difficulties for re-
establishing the victim’s credit history. Consumers can
prevent this type of fraud by regularly monitoring their credit
reports for activity or accounts that are not immediately
recognized.
4.2. Account Takeover
Account takeover happens when fraudsters try to take over an
existing account, first by obtaining personal information about
the victim, and then contacting their card issuer while
impersonating the legitimate cardholder to notify of address
change and asking for mail to be redirected to a new address.
The criminal then reports the card lost and asks for a
replacement to be sent. Bank statements also will be sent to
this new address, making victims unaware of the fraud.
4.3. Lost or Stolen Cards
This type of fraud is the oldest form of payment card fraud
used by criminals. When criminals obtain cards, either
because they were lost or because they were stolen, they can
impersonate the victim in order to buy goods and services,
whether in person or online. As shown in Exhibit 4, the most
common methods of fraud used by criminals are through
making in store and online purchases.
Identity Fraud Survey Report: Consumer Version.
Fig3: Common Methods of Payment Card Fraud
4.4. Card-not-Received Fraud
Card-not-Received fraud occurs when legitimate cards are
intercepted while in transit between manufacturer and
cardholder. Losses attributable to card-not-received fraud have
declined as a result of card activation programs, where
cardholders must contact their financial institution to confirm
their identity. The bank runs a series of security questions
before the card is activated. These security questions aim to
confirm certain details of the individual, such as date of birth,
address, mother's maiden name and other personal details that
the issuer may have on file regarding the account holder.
4.5 Counterfeit Cards
A counterfeit, cloned or skimmed card is one that has been
printed, embossed or encoded with genuine card details. Card
details are obtained from data breaches, card skimming, or
purchased from other criminals. As described earlier,
skimming is a process where card data on the agnatic strip is
copied electronically onto another card. Organized criminals
are now using the latest computer devices (embossers,
encoders, and decoders often supported by computers) to read,
modify, and clone magnetic strip information on counterfeit
payment cards. Counterfeit cards can be used anywhere from
ATM cash withdrawals to in-person transactions at a point-of-
sale. In 2009, eight foreigners were indicted on charges of
card fraud. Thieves hacked into computer system at RBS
World Pay Inc., the U.S. payment processing division of
Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, and stole account and
PIN numbers for 44 prepaid payroll accounts, which were
used by companies to distribute salaries to debit cards. Then
they cloned prepaid ATM cards, which thieves then used to
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withdraw $9.4 million cash from 2,100 ATMs in 280 cities
around the world, including in the U.S. The unprecedented
coordinated operation took no more than 12 hours.
4.6. ATM Fraud
According to Javelin Strategy & Research, in 2009, 10% of
fraud victims in the U.S. were victims of fraudulent ATM
withdrawals (Exhibit 4). This usually involves skimming
devices being installed in the ATM machines. Besides
skimming and using cloned cards at the ATM, there are other
forms of card fraud that occur at ATM machines. One of them
is called “Lebanese loop”. Lebanese loop is a deceptive tactic
where the criminal inserts a device made of bent metal,
plastic, or videotape sleeve into the ATM machine leaving
only a tiny flap sticking out. When the victim uses the
machine, the card becomes trapped when inserted. The
criminal then tricks victim into entering the PIN in their
presence, while they 'help' to fix the machine. When the victim
leaves to report the broken ATM machine, the criminal returns
to the ATM, disables the device, removes the card and using
the PIN, withdraws funds. Another ATM fraud involves
'shoulder-surfing'. A criminal will watch a victim enter a PIN
number at the machine by looking over the victim’s shoulder,
then steal the card by distracting the victim or pick-pocketing
and withdraw money from the victim’s account. The losses
from these low-tech methods are usually limited to daily
withdrawal amounts.
4.7. Card-not-Present Transaction
Card-not-present transaction (CNP) is a transaction made
using a payment card that is not physically present at the
point-of-purchase. It could be a mail order/telephone order
(MOTO) or an online sale. As these types of transactions are
becoming more popular with customers, they are also creating
many opportunities for credit card fraud. In CNP transactions,
perpetrators do not need a physical card to make a purchase.
In transactions made in-person, customers using a credit card
may authenticate themselves by providing a signature that also
authorizes the transaction. Customers using a debit card can
authenticate themselves and authorize the transaction by
providing a personal identification number (PIN) or by
providing a signature. In card-not-present transactions there is
no opportunity to physically check the card to determine its
authenticity or the identity of the cardholder, therefore there is
always some risk of payment fraud. Fraud committed without
the actual use of a card accounts for more than 60% of fraud
cases according to Javelin Strategy & Research (Exhibit 4). To
confirm the consumer’s identity in the CNP transaction, the
merchant can require the customer to provide information
such as name of card holder, billing address, account number,
expiration date, and the card security code/verification value
(CVV) that is imprinted on the card. In fraud committed in
connection with card-not-present transactions, criminals are
often using stolen account information resulting from security
breaches of systems that store cardholder or account data,
including systems operated by merchants, financial institutions
and other third-party data processors. Underground payment
card shops and illegal websites are set up by criminals to sell
compromised payment card data. These shops are advertised
in fraudsters’ forums and accessible to registered users.
Initially, these shops were offering information obtained
through data breaches or skimming devices. However, as
“demands” grew, other information, such as full identities
including SSN, addresses, account information, e-mail
accounts, commonly used passwords, and mother’s maiden
names became available. According to Symantec, stolen credit
card information is available at a cost as low as 6 cents when
they are purchased in bulk. Bank account credentials are sold
at a cost of $10 to $1000 per account number. Vladislav
Horohorin, arrested in 2009, was managing such underground
websites for hackers. He used criminal forums such as
“CarderPlanet” and “carder.su” to advertise stolen data and
directed buyers in the buying process. "The network created
by the founders of CarderPlanet, including Vladislav
Horohorin, remains one of the most sophisticated
organizations of online financial criminals in the world,"
Michael Merritt, assistant director for investigations at the
Secret Service, said in a statement, "This network has been
repeatedly linked to nearly every major intrusion of financial
information reported to the international law enforcement
community.”
5. DETECTION AND PREVENTION
5.1. Impact of Payment Card Fraud
Interestingly enough, cardholders are the least affected party
in the card fraud. This is due to the fact that cardholder
liability is limited. However, there are some differences in the
liability amounts for credit and debit cards. Cardholder’s
maximum liability under federal law for unauthorized use of
their credit card is $50. The liability under federal law for
unauthorized use of the ATM or debit card depends on how
quickly the cardholder reports the loss. If a stolen/lost card
was reported before it is misused, the card issuer cannot hold
the cardholder responsible for any unauthorized transfers. If
unauthorized use occurs before a stolen/lost card was reported,
the liability under federal law depends on how quickly the loss
is reported. For instance, if the loss is reported within two
business days after the card went missing, the cardholder will
not be responsible for more than $50 for unauthorized use.
However, if the loss is not reported within two business days
after the loss was discovered, the liability can be up to $500
because of an unauthorized transfer. There is a risk of
unlimited loss in case a cardholder fails to report an
unauthorized transfer within 60 days after the bank statement
containing unauthorized use is mailed to him/her. Because
debit cards, like checks, access checking accounts, in this
unfortunate case, a cardholder can lose all the money in the
checking account. However, for unauthorized transfers
involving only debit card number (not the loss of the card), the
liability occurs only for transfers that take place after 60 days
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following the mailing of the bank statement containing the
unauthorized use and before the loss was reported. Merchants
are the most impacted party in payment card fraud, especially
in CNP transactions where merchants cannot inspect cards for
authenticity or confirm that a customer has possession of the
card. According to a 2009 LexisNexis Risk Solutions report,
U.S. merchants are incurring $100 billion in fraud losses due
to unauthorized transactions and fees associated with charge
backs, nearly 10 times the identity fraud cost incurred by
financial institutions. Payment card issuer losses remain
relatively well-contained despite the continuing evolution of
card fraud. Loss of consumer confidence can be devastating.
As fraud continues to grow, issuers are forced to increase their
investments in new technology to better protect against fraud.
5.2. Fraud Prevention and Detection
Preventing fraud can be achieved by using a number of anti-
fraud techniques and practices, such as card activation, card
verification codes, consumer education, address verification
services, and real-time POS authorization, to name but a few.
In card-present transactions, the merchant can verify the
validity of the payment information provided be the customer
by verifying both the cardholder’s identity and the card’s
authenticity. Payment card fraud becomes more difficult when
point-of-sale (POS) is chip-enabled. The Chip and PIN
verification should help to reduce card fraud. The chip on the
card verifies the authenticity of the card and the PIN verifies
the cardholder. Use of PIN number is more secure than using a
signature. While solutions such as the EMV card standard or
PIN technology have been introduced in most European
countries, as well as in Canada and Mexico, it is not
commonplace in the U.S. Chip and PIN cards have been
proven to be successful in reducing certain types of fraud such
as lost/stolen card and use of counterfeit cards. However, in
card-not-present transactions, they are not useful. In CNP
transactions, there can be signs that indicate that fraud is
involved such as first time shopper; unusual quantities of
order, items with high resale value, multiple transactions on
one card over a very short period of time, etc.Merchants
should train their personnel to recognize fraud indicators.
Being able to recognize suspicious orders may be particularly
important for merchants involved in telephone sales; therefore,
employees should be given clear instructions on the steps to
verify these transactions.
New techniques developed to reduce fraud in CNP
transactions include Card Verification (CVV2/CVC2) and the
Address Verification Service (AVS). Address Verification
Service (AVS) verifies the cardholder's billing address on file
with the card issuer. However, if a fraudster knows the
victim’s address, the address verification fails to prevent
fraud. Card Verification Value/Code compares the card
security value/code, the 3- or 4-digit numeric code on the
payment card, with the issuer's value on file. This helps to
verify that the customer is in physical possession of a valid
card during a card-not-present transaction.
Visa and MasterCard offer 3D authentication such as
“Verified by Visa” and “Secure Code”. MasterCard Secure
Code and Verified by Visa enable cardholders to validate
themselves to their card issuers through the use of personal
passwords they create when they register their cards with the
programs. To address issue of data breaches and mass data
compromise, the Payment Card Industry Security Standards
(PCI DSS) have been developed. All organizations that
transmit, store or process credit card data must be compliant
with the requirements of the PCI standard, which sets the rules
for data security management, policies, procedures, network
architecture, software design and other protective measures.
5.3 Technology Solutions
Detecting fraud is essential once prevention mechanisms have
failed. There are a number of algorithmic solutions for fraud
detection. These include data mining techniques such as
decision trees, clustering techniques, and artificial neural and
Bayesian networks. For example, consider a decision tree-
based classification approach. The goal is to train a decision
tree to detect various types of fraud. In the simple case, the
decision tree would learn to detect whether the patterns are a
fraudulent activity or not. That is, the decision tree will be
trained to recognize one of two classes: Yes to mean that it is a
fraudulent activity and No to mean it is a benign activity. Then
the decision tree is tested with the test data and it will detect
whether the activity is fraudulent or not. More sophisticated
decision trees can be built to detect multiple classes. That is, in
the case of fraudulent activity, the tree would detect the type
of fraud, such as credit card fraud or bank account fraud.
One issue with data mining solutions is the existence of false
positives and negatives. Due to fact that the amount of data to
be processed is often very large, the techniques have to extract
only the useful features and carry out the training. This will
likely result in false positives and false negatives. Therefore, a
major goal of the data mining researchers and developers is to
reduce the number of false positives and negatives.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper first provided an overview of payment card fraud
which began with payment card statistics and the definition of
payment card fraud. It then described various methods used by
identity thieves to obtain personal and financial information
for the purpose of payment card fraud. Next an overview of
fraud types was given. This was followed by a discussion of
payment card fraud as a type of terrorist financing. Finally,
prevention and detection techniques including data mining
solutions were discussed. As more and more of the financial
and other data are digitized, the opportunities for payment
card fraud will continue to increase exponentially.
Furthermore, the thieves are also getting more and more
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sophisticated and learning new fraudulent techniques. They
are also trained to thwart the defensive mechanisms imposed.
That is, the adversary will learn the patterns utilized by the
solutions and attempt to develop methods to thwart the
solutions. Therefore, in addition to the technological solutions,
we also need to learn the behavior of the adversary.
Appropriate game theoretic strategies have to be investigated
so that we can win the games against the thieves. Ultimately,
we need to develop and integrate solutions that will use data
mining, risk analysis, game theory and adversarial learning so
that we can be one step ahead of the thieves, hackers and the
terrorists.
REFERENCES
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[2]. Sources: American Bankers Association, March 2009.
Quoted at creditcards.com
[3]. U.S. Census Bureau’s, Statistical Abstract on the United
States: 2011.
[4] S.Benson Edwin Raj, A. Annie Portia, ―Analysis on
Credit Card Fraud Detection Methods‖, IEEE March 2011
[5] M.Hamdi Ozcelik, Mine Isik, ―Improving a credit card
fraud detection system using Genetic algorithm‖, IEEE 2010.
[6] Genetic algorithms for credit card fraud detection by
Daniel Garner, IEEE Transactions May 2011.
[7].Kearns M. and Mansour Y., A fast, bottom-up decision
tree pruning algorithm with near-optimal generalization, in J.
Shavlik,ed., ‘Machine Learning:
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BIOGRAPHIES
J. Upendar Received M. Tech in Web
Technologies from JNTU, Hyderabad and
now presently working as Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE, Swarna Bharathi College of
Engineering, and Khammam. His research
interests include Mobile Computing, Image
Processing, Data Mining, Computer
Networks and Software Engineering.
E. Gurumohan Rao Received M. Tech
Computer Science and Engineering from
JNTU, Hyderabad. B. Tech in Computer
Science & Engineering from KU, Warangal.
And now presently working as Associate
Professor, Dept of CSE, Swarna Bharathi
College of Engineering, Khammam .His
research interests includes Mobile Computing, Image
Processing, Data Mining and Computer Networks