Battery energy storage systems are becoming more and more popular solution in the household applications, especially, in combination with renewable energy sources. The bidirectional AC-DC power electronic converter have great impact to the overall efficiency, size, mass and reliability of the storage system. This paper reviews the literature that deals with high efficiency converter technologies for connecting low voltage battery energy storage to an AC distribution grid. Due to low voltage of the battery isolated bidirectional AC-DC converter or a dedicated topology of the non isolated converter is required. Review on single stage, two stage power converters and integrated solutions are done in the paper.
Analysis of direct power control AC-DC converter under unbalance voltage supp...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an analysis of Direct Power Control (DPC) technique for the Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC-DC converter under unbalanced supply condition. Unbalance condition will cause the presence of unbalanced current and voltages thus produce the negative components on the grid voltage as well as severe performance degradation of a grid connected Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The input structures for conventional DPC has been modified with a three simpler sequence networks instead of coupled by a detailed Three-Phase system method. The imbalance voltage can be resolved by separating from the individual elements of voltage and current into symmetrical components called Sequence Network. Consequently, the input power relatively improved during unbalanced condition almost 70% through the measurement of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) from the conventional Direct Power Control (DPC) in individual elements which is higher compared to separate components. Hence, several analyses are performed in order to analyze the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations.
New Hybrid Structure Based on Improved Switched Inductor Z-Source and Paralle...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays, more and more distributed generations and renewable energy
sources, such as wind, solar and tidal power, are connected to the public grid
by the means of power inverters. They often form microgrids before being
connected to the public grid. Due to the availability of high current power
electronic devices, it is inevitable to use several inverters in parallel for highpower
and/or low-cost applications. So, inverters should beconnected in
parallel to provide system redundancy and high reliability, which are
important for critical customers. In this paper, the modeling, designing and
stability analysis of parallel-connected three-phaseinverters are derived for
application in renewable energy systems. To enlarge voltage adjustability,
the proposed inverter employs an improved switched inductor Z-source
impedance network to couple the main circuit and the power source.
Compared with the classical Z-source inverter (ZSI) and switched inductor
Z-source inverter (SL-ZSI), the proposed inverter significantly increases the
voltage boost inversion ability and also can increase the power capacity and
the reliability of inverter systems. The proposed topology and its
performances are validated using simulation results which are obtained in
Matlab/Simulink.
02 19 jan17 12566 final paper in ijeecs format(edit)IAESIJEECS
To maintain voltage stability of a power system STATCOM is better solution which can provide the required amount of reactive power under various disturbances. In previous work, STATCOM with various energy storage elements was discussed for voltage and power system stability. Apart from these previous works, this work proposes a new structure of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for voltage stability by using battery and super capacitor. A new model of STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system is designed by using two bidirectional DC-DC converters and results are analyzed for conventional STATCOM and STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system. Results are also analyzed for STATCOM system with out any energy storage system, STATCOM with battery, STATCOM with super capacitor and STATCOM with HESS under sudden load changes by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Grid Connected Distributed Generation System with High Voltage Gain Cascaded ...IJECEIAES
The paper presents distributed generation (DG) system in grid connected mode of operation with asymmetric multi-level inverter (AMLI) topology. Cascaded type DC-DC converter is employed to feed proposed AMLI topology. The DG output voltage (generally low voltage) is stepped up to the required level of voltage using high-gain DC-DC converter. Proposed AMLI topology consists of capacitors at the primary side. The output of high-gain DC-DC converter is fed to split voltage balance single-input multi-output (SIMO) circuit to maintain voltage balance across capacitors of AMLI topology. Cascaded DC-DC converters (both high-gain converter and SIMO circuit) are operated in closed-loop mode. The proposed AMLI feeds active power to grid converting DC type of power generated from DG to AC type to feed the grid. PWM pattern to trigger power switches of AMLI is also presented. The inverting circuit of MLI topology is controlled using simplified I d -I q control strategy in this paper. With the proposed control theory, the active power fed to grid from DG is controlled and power factor is maintained at unity. The proposed system of DG integration to grid through cascaded DC-DC converters and AMLI structure is validated from fixed active power to grid from DG condition. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 5...ijtsrd
This research is to improve the power quality for 500kVA three phase transformer using capacitor bank at Technological University Mandalay . The main purpose of installing a capacitor bank is to compensate the reactive power consumption and reduce the line losses for power quality improvement. The required value of capacitor bank rating for transformer is calculated in this paper. And then the results for loss reduction and reactive power compensation are also compared without and with capacitor bank. In this research, 150 kVAR of capacitor bank is installed to improve the power factor up to 0.99, to decrease reactive power from 138.47 to 0.75kVAR, apparent power from 169.47kVA to 101.93kVA, and percent loss reduction up to 69.14. So, the simple model of reactive power compensation with 150kVAR capacitor bank is helpful for 500 kVA transformer at Technological University Mandalay to reduce reactive power consumption. Phyu Phyu Win | Moe Phyu Thel "Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 500 kVA Three-Phase Transformer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26637.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26637/experimental-research-on-power-quality-improvement-using-capacitor-bank-for-500-kva-three-phase-transformer/phyu-phyu-win
OPTIMAL CURRENT REGULATION STRATEGY FOR THREE-PHASE BACK-TOBACK ACTIVE POWER ...Ijorat1
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to propose a three phase back-to-back power conditioner with optimal a current
regulation strategy in microgrid. To achieve high stability ,the frequency and the voltage of the microgrid is controlled
by using bidirectional power flow control .The active and reactive power of Active Power Conditioner(APC) is used
here. The dc-link capacitor is the main component of the back-to-back power conditioner for power decoupling and
power flow balancing. Optimal current regulation strategy is developed to improve the power quality and stability of
the micro grids as well as to reduce the dc link capacitance. Under steady state, the optimal ac current regulation is
able to achieve the dc-link voltage regulation and to reduce the injected ac line current variation. Simulation result was
used to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed active power conditioner.
Power management by using multiport dc – dc converter for renewable energyeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper proposes, power management of different types of renewable energy source is controlled by multiport DC-DC
converter. In this each port of the converter is connected with controller switch to control the source input of converter. This is
reduces the turn off switching losses by soft switching. The high frequency switches are used to control the power flow. This
converter is proposed to control the hybrid energy generating system, with the ability of bidirectional power flow between battery
and load. The diode bridge rectifier is applicable for high switching frequency operation with realizable component compare with
existing converter. The efficiency of the converter is verified through MATLAB simulation. The operation and design performance
is explained briefly. The proposed converter has reliability operate simultaneous power generation from different renewable
energy source. Fuzzy controller controls the direction of power flow and load voltage of the converter.
Keywords: Isolator, high frequency link, soft switching, multiport converter, PV panel, wind turbine generator (WTG
High gain dc-dc step up converters have been used in renewable energy systems, for example, photovoltaic grid connected system and fuel cell power plant to step up the low level dc voltage to a high level dc bus voltage. If the conventional boost converter is to meet this demand, it should be operated at an extreme duty cycle (duty cycle closes to unity), which will cause electromagnetic interference, reverse recovery problem and conduction loss at the power switches. This paper proposes a class of non-isolated dc-dc step up converters which provide very high voltage gain at a small duty cycle (duty cycle < 0.5). Firstly, the converter topologies are derived based on active switched inductor network and combination of active and passive switched inductor networks; secondly, the modes of operation of proposed active switched inductor converter and combined active and passive switched inductor converter are illustrated; thirdly, the performance of the proposed converters are analyzed mathematically in details and compared with conventional boost converter. Finally, the analysis is verified by simulation results.
Analysis of direct power control AC-DC converter under unbalance voltage supp...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an analysis of Direct Power Control (DPC) technique for the Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC-DC converter under unbalanced supply condition. Unbalance condition will cause the presence of unbalanced current and voltages thus produce the negative components on the grid voltage as well as severe performance degradation of a grid connected Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The input structures for conventional DPC has been modified with a three simpler sequence networks instead of coupled by a detailed Three-Phase system method. The imbalance voltage can be resolved by separating from the individual elements of voltage and current into symmetrical components called Sequence Network. Consequently, the input power relatively improved during unbalanced condition almost 70% through the measurement of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) from the conventional Direct Power Control (DPC) in individual elements which is higher compared to separate components. Hence, several analyses are performed in order to analyze the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations.
New Hybrid Structure Based on Improved Switched Inductor Z-Source and Paralle...IJPEDS-IAES
Nowadays, more and more distributed generations and renewable energy
sources, such as wind, solar and tidal power, are connected to the public grid
by the means of power inverters. They often form microgrids before being
connected to the public grid. Due to the availability of high current power
electronic devices, it is inevitable to use several inverters in parallel for highpower
and/or low-cost applications. So, inverters should beconnected in
parallel to provide system redundancy and high reliability, which are
important for critical customers. In this paper, the modeling, designing and
stability analysis of parallel-connected three-phaseinverters are derived for
application in renewable energy systems. To enlarge voltage adjustability,
the proposed inverter employs an improved switched inductor Z-source
impedance network to couple the main circuit and the power source.
Compared with the classical Z-source inverter (ZSI) and switched inductor
Z-source inverter (SL-ZSI), the proposed inverter significantly increases the
voltage boost inversion ability and also can increase the power capacity and
the reliability of inverter systems. The proposed topology and its
performances are validated using simulation results which are obtained in
Matlab/Simulink.
02 19 jan17 12566 final paper in ijeecs format(edit)IAESIJEECS
To maintain voltage stability of a power system STATCOM is better solution which can provide the required amount of reactive power under various disturbances. In previous work, STATCOM with various energy storage elements was discussed for voltage and power system stability. Apart from these previous works, this work proposes a new structure of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for voltage stability by using battery and super capacitor. A new model of STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system is designed by using two bidirectional DC-DC converters and results are analyzed for conventional STATCOM and STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system. Results are also analyzed for STATCOM system with out any energy storage system, STATCOM with battery, STATCOM with super capacitor and STATCOM with HESS under sudden load changes by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Grid Connected Distributed Generation System with High Voltage Gain Cascaded ...IJECEIAES
The paper presents distributed generation (DG) system in grid connected mode of operation with asymmetric multi-level inverter (AMLI) topology. Cascaded type DC-DC converter is employed to feed proposed AMLI topology. The DG output voltage (generally low voltage) is stepped up to the required level of voltage using high-gain DC-DC converter. Proposed AMLI topology consists of capacitors at the primary side. The output of high-gain DC-DC converter is fed to split voltage balance single-input multi-output (SIMO) circuit to maintain voltage balance across capacitors of AMLI topology. Cascaded DC-DC converters (both high-gain converter and SIMO circuit) are operated in closed-loop mode. The proposed AMLI feeds active power to grid converting DC type of power generated from DG to AC type to feed the grid. PWM pattern to trigger power switches of AMLI is also presented. The inverting circuit of MLI topology is controlled using simplified I d -I q control strategy in this paper. With the proposed control theory, the active power fed to grid from DG is controlled and power factor is maintained at unity. The proposed system of DG integration to grid through cascaded DC-DC converters and AMLI structure is validated from fixed active power to grid from DG condition. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 5...ijtsrd
This research is to improve the power quality for 500kVA three phase transformer using capacitor bank at Technological University Mandalay . The main purpose of installing a capacitor bank is to compensate the reactive power consumption and reduce the line losses for power quality improvement. The required value of capacitor bank rating for transformer is calculated in this paper. And then the results for loss reduction and reactive power compensation are also compared without and with capacitor bank. In this research, 150 kVAR of capacitor bank is installed to improve the power factor up to 0.99, to decrease reactive power from 138.47 to 0.75kVAR, apparent power from 169.47kVA to 101.93kVA, and percent loss reduction up to 69.14. So, the simple model of reactive power compensation with 150kVAR capacitor bank is helpful for 500 kVA transformer at Technological University Mandalay to reduce reactive power consumption. Phyu Phyu Win | Moe Phyu Thel "Experimental Research on Power Quality Improvement using Capacitor Bank for 500 kVA Three-Phase Transformer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26637.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26637/experimental-research-on-power-quality-improvement-using-capacitor-bank-for-500-kva-three-phase-transformer/phyu-phyu-win
OPTIMAL CURRENT REGULATION STRATEGY FOR THREE-PHASE BACK-TOBACK ACTIVE POWER ...Ijorat1
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to propose a three phase back-to-back power conditioner with optimal a current
regulation strategy in microgrid. To achieve high stability ,the frequency and the voltage of the microgrid is controlled
by using bidirectional power flow control .The active and reactive power of Active Power Conditioner(APC) is used
here. The dc-link capacitor is the main component of the back-to-back power conditioner for power decoupling and
power flow balancing. Optimal current regulation strategy is developed to improve the power quality and stability of
the micro grids as well as to reduce the dc link capacitance. Under steady state, the optimal ac current regulation is
able to achieve the dc-link voltage regulation and to reduce the injected ac line current variation. Simulation result was
used to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed active power conditioner.
Power management by using multiport dc – dc converter for renewable energyeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper proposes, power management of different types of renewable energy source is controlled by multiport DC-DC
converter. In this each port of the converter is connected with controller switch to control the source input of converter. This is
reduces the turn off switching losses by soft switching. The high frequency switches are used to control the power flow. This
converter is proposed to control the hybrid energy generating system, with the ability of bidirectional power flow between battery
and load. The diode bridge rectifier is applicable for high switching frequency operation with realizable component compare with
existing converter. The efficiency of the converter is verified through MATLAB simulation. The operation and design performance
is explained briefly. The proposed converter has reliability operate simultaneous power generation from different renewable
energy source. Fuzzy controller controls the direction of power flow and load voltage of the converter.
Keywords: Isolator, high frequency link, soft switching, multiport converter, PV panel, wind turbine generator (WTG
High gain dc-dc step up converters have been used in renewable energy systems, for example, photovoltaic grid connected system and fuel cell power plant to step up the low level dc voltage to a high level dc bus voltage. If the conventional boost converter is to meet this demand, it should be operated at an extreme duty cycle (duty cycle closes to unity), which will cause electromagnetic interference, reverse recovery problem and conduction loss at the power switches. This paper proposes a class of non-isolated dc-dc step up converters which provide very high voltage gain at a small duty cycle (duty cycle < 0.5). Firstly, the converter topologies are derived based on active switched inductor network and combination of active and passive switched inductor networks; secondly, the modes of operation of proposed active switched inductor converter and combined active and passive switched inductor converter are illustrated; thirdly, the performance of the proposed converters are analyzed mathematically in details and compared with conventional boost converter. Finally, the analysis is verified by simulation results.
Electric Springs has been testified recently to enhance voltage regulation in distribution systems using demand side management. In this paper, a 7-level Multilevel Inverter (MLI) with a resonant switched capacitor Converter based on sinusoidal PWM, is implemented to analyze the performance of an electric spring under voltage variations at PCC. By the proposed MLI based ES, voltage regulation of critical load voltage is studied for voltage sag and swell conditions. Remarkable features of the proposed topology are maintaining voltage balance in input capacitors and reduction of power components. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/Simulink on distribution system with DGs equipped with MLI based ES under line voltage anomalies. Tested results are analyzed with THD% in critical load voltage.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper presents a circuit configuration of five-level PWM voltage-source inverter developed from the three-level H-bridge inverter using only a single DC input power source. In the proposed five-level inverter, an auxiliary circuits working as the voltage balancing circuits of the inverter’s DC capacitors is presented. The auxiliary circuits work to keep stable DC capacitor voltages of the inverter, and also to reduce the capacitor size of the inverter. The unique point of the proposed balancing circuits is that it needs only a single voltage sensor to control the voltages of the two capacitors in the inverter. Moreover, a minimum number the inverter’s switching devices is also an important feature of the proposed inverter topology. A simple proportional integral controller is applied to control the voltage of the DC capacitors. The proposed topology is tested through computer simulation using PSIM software. Laboratory experimental tests were also conducted to verify the proposed inverter circuits. The computer simulation and experimental test results showed that the proposed balancing circuits works properly keeping stable voltages across the two DC capacitors of the inverter using only a single voltage sensor. The inverter also works well to synthesize a five-level PWM voltage waveform with sinusoidal load current.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Open-Delta VSC Based Voltage Controller in Isolated Power SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a reduced switch voltage source converter (VSC)
topology implemented as a voltage controller in isolated power systems. In
isolated power systems generally self-excited induction generators (SEIG)
are used mainly for their ruggedness and economic reasons. Mostly for
constant power applications such as pico hydro uncontrolled turbine driven
self excited induction generators feeding three-phase loads are employed.
The proposed reduced switch voltage controller is used to regulate and
control the voltage at the generator terminals as it is subjected to voltage
drops, dips or flickers when the isolated power system is subjected to various
critical loads. In this paper the controller is realized using a three-leg fourswitch
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled
voltage-source converter (CC-VSC) and a self-supporting dc bus containing
two split capacitors, thus reducing the IGBT count and hence cost. This
reduced switch topology forms an Open-Delta type converter. The proposed
generating system along with the controller is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB along with Simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes.
The system is simulated and the capability of the isolated generating system
along with the reduced switch based voltage controller is presented here
where the generator feeds linear and non-linear loads are investigated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The voltage source inverters (VSI) are ever required section in the AC motor drive and power system interface. The electrical drive segment, the VSI based drives are unavoidable and they are closely operated with induction motor, permanent magnate synchronous motor and BLDC motor. These drives are normally needed high torque-power characters. Hence, the input DC-link side voltage is increased with help of increasing input AC in the rectifier input. However, this causes the power quality disturbance in the AC main and DC-link. In order to go for a increasing the AC voltage, the rectifier out is connected with DC to DC boost converter and they are increasing the DC voltage to meet out the drive DC-link voltage demand. With this aim, the paper proposes the idea to connect high step non-isolated high gain coupled DC to DC converter with three phase VSI for drives applications. The proposed converter has an ability to increase the voltage five times and the counter winding arrangement ratio of the converter is help for the further increase of gain. Inn this interface the front end DC to DC converters inductors are charged by making the short circuit with inverter switching. The converter voltage gain is controlled by shoot through of the VSI switch (converter gain directly proportional to inverter shoot through). The proposed converter has a higher degree of freedom in their values of winding and output voltage. Hence, the DC-link voltage of the inverter can be extended in any level. The operation principle and modes of the proposed DC to DC Source tied VSI is analyzed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software simulation. The laboratory based small scale power circuit is developed with help of control algorithm. The entire implementation is done through PIC microcontroller platform. The deign Investigation, system simulation and experimentation confirming the proposed DC to DC converter tied VSI drive system.
Power electronic interface has reached a new level in the area of hybrid energy integration nowadays. The existence for the concept of hybrid energy integration is truly questionable without a proper power electronic interface. In this paper, a modified dual input DC-DC converter which is capable of incorporating two distinct V-I characteristic sources such as solar-PV, battery, fuel cell, etc., is proposed. The converter has the ability to operate in both unidirectional and bidirectional mode with buck, buck-boost and boost operation. The software simulation of the proposed converter has been conducted in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a detailed manner and an experimental prototype of the propsed converter has been built to validate the simulation results.
Analysis of multiport dc dc converter in renewable energy sourceseSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-port DC-DC converter has attracted special interest in applications where multiple energy sources are used. In this project, a three-port converter with three active full bridges, two LCC resonant tanks, and a three-winding transformer is proposed. It uses a single power conversion stage with high-frequency link to control power flow between batteries, load, and a renewable source such as solar cell. The converter has capabilities of bidirectional power flow in the battery and the load port. The converter has high efficiency due to soft-switching operation in all three bridges. Design procedure for the three-port converter is explained and experimental results are presented. Index Terms— Bidirectional power, phase-shift control at constant switching frequency, soft-switching operation, three-port converter, LCC resonant converter, three-winding transformer.
Single Phase Matrix Converter for Input Power Factor Improvementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Push-Pull Converter Fed Three-Phase Inverter for Residential and Motor LoadIJPEDS-IAES
The proposed paper is an new approach for power conditioning of a PV
(photo-voltaic) cell array. The main objective is to investigate an approach to
provide and improve the delivered electric energy by means of power
conditioning structures with the use of alternative renewable resources
(ARRs) for remote rural residential or industrial non-linear loads. This
approach employs a series-combined connected boost and buck boost DCDC
converter for power conditioning of the dc voltage provided by a photovoltaic
array. The input voltage to the combined converters is 100 V
provided from two series connected PV cells, which is converted and
increased to 200 V at the dc output voltage. Series-combined connected
boost and buck-boost DC-DC converters operate alternatively. This helps to
reduce the input ripple current and provide the required 400 Vdc on a
sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter. Analysis of the two series-combined
DC-DC converters is presented along with simulation results. Simulations of
the series-combined DC-DC converters are presented with an output DC
voltage of 200 V and a maximum output load of Po=600 W.
Pi controller based of multi level upqc using dq0 transformation to improve p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance enhancement of DC/DC converters for solar powered EV IJECEIAES
The paper initially presents the essential drive arrangement required for electric vehicle. It requests high power bidirectional stream ability, with wide info voltage range, and yield voltage of vitality stockpiling gadgets, for example, super capacitors or batteries shift with the adjustment in stack. At that point the tenacity and outline of previously mentioned converter is proposed in this paper. The converter which relates a half extension topology, has high power stream ability and least gadget focuses on that can appropriately interface a super capacitor with the drive prepare of a crossover electric vehicle. Besides, by contrasting the fundamental qualities and applications with some ordinary bidirectional DC/DC converter, the proposed converter has low gadget rating and can be controlled by obligation cycle and stage move. Finally, the most essential attributes of this converter is that it utilizes the transformer spillage inductance as the essential vitality exchange component and control parameters, Simulation waveforms in light of MATLAB recreation are given to exhibit the integrity of this novel topology, and this converter is additionally reasonable for high power application, specifically to control the charge-release of super capacitors or batteries that can be utilized as a part of cross breed solar based electric vehicle.
A Novel Three Phase Multi-string Multilevel Inverter with High DC-DC Closed o...rnvsubbarao koppineni
this inverter reduces
number power devices and high performances.
Before this inverter provide a high step up DC-DC
converter with PI controller for better conversion
efficiency and to improve the output dc voltage of
varies renewable energy sources. This multi-string
multilevel inverter consists of six switches only
instead of eight switches in cascaded H-bridge
multilevel inverter in order to reduce conversion
losses. The main objective of this paper is to save
cost and size by removing any kind of transformer
as well as reducing the power devices
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
Electric Springs has been testified recently to enhance voltage regulation in distribution systems using demand side management. In this paper, a 7-level Multilevel Inverter (MLI) with a resonant switched capacitor Converter based on sinusoidal PWM, is implemented to analyze the performance of an electric spring under voltage variations at PCC. By the proposed MLI based ES, voltage regulation of critical load voltage is studied for voltage sag and swell conditions. Remarkable features of the proposed topology are maintaining voltage balance in input capacitors and reduction of power components. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/Simulink on distribution system with DGs equipped with MLI based ES under line voltage anomalies. Tested results are analyzed with THD% in critical load voltage.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper presents a circuit configuration of five-level PWM voltage-source inverter developed from the three-level H-bridge inverter using only a single DC input power source. In the proposed five-level inverter, an auxiliary circuits working as the voltage balancing circuits of the inverter’s DC capacitors is presented. The auxiliary circuits work to keep stable DC capacitor voltages of the inverter, and also to reduce the capacitor size of the inverter. The unique point of the proposed balancing circuits is that it needs only a single voltage sensor to control the voltages of the two capacitors in the inverter. Moreover, a minimum number the inverter’s switching devices is also an important feature of the proposed inverter topology. A simple proportional integral controller is applied to control the voltage of the DC capacitors. The proposed topology is tested through computer simulation using PSIM software. Laboratory experimental tests were also conducted to verify the proposed inverter circuits. The computer simulation and experimental test results showed that the proposed balancing circuits works properly keeping stable voltages across the two DC capacitors of the inverter using only a single voltage sensor. The inverter also works well to synthesize a five-level PWM voltage waveform with sinusoidal load current.
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Open-Delta VSC Based Voltage Controller in Isolated Power SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a reduced switch voltage source converter (VSC)
topology implemented as a voltage controller in isolated power systems. In
isolated power systems generally self-excited induction generators (SEIG)
are used mainly for their ruggedness and economic reasons. Mostly for
constant power applications such as pico hydro uncontrolled turbine driven
self excited induction generators feeding three-phase loads are employed.
The proposed reduced switch voltage controller is used to regulate and
control the voltage at the generator terminals as it is subjected to voltage
drops, dips or flickers when the isolated power system is subjected to various
critical loads. In this paper the controller is realized using a three-leg fourswitch
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled
voltage-source converter (CC-VSC) and a self-supporting dc bus containing
two split capacitors, thus reducing the IGBT count and hence cost. This
reduced switch topology forms an Open-Delta type converter. The proposed
generating system along with the controller is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB along with Simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes.
The system is simulated and the capability of the isolated generating system
along with the reduced switch based voltage controller is presented here
where the generator feeds linear and non-linear loads are investigated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The voltage source inverters (VSI) are ever required section in the AC motor drive and power system interface. The electrical drive segment, the VSI based drives are unavoidable and they are closely operated with induction motor, permanent magnate synchronous motor and BLDC motor. These drives are normally needed high torque-power characters. Hence, the input DC-link side voltage is increased with help of increasing input AC in the rectifier input. However, this causes the power quality disturbance in the AC main and DC-link. In order to go for a increasing the AC voltage, the rectifier out is connected with DC to DC boost converter and they are increasing the DC voltage to meet out the drive DC-link voltage demand. With this aim, the paper proposes the idea to connect high step non-isolated high gain coupled DC to DC converter with three phase VSI for drives applications. The proposed converter has an ability to increase the voltage five times and the counter winding arrangement ratio of the converter is help for the further increase of gain. Inn this interface the front end DC to DC converters inductors are charged by making the short circuit with inverter switching. The converter voltage gain is controlled by shoot through of the VSI switch (converter gain directly proportional to inverter shoot through). The proposed converter has a higher degree of freedom in their values of winding and output voltage. Hence, the DC-link voltage of the inverter can be extended in any level. The operation principle and modes of the proposed DC to DC Source tied VSI is analyzed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software simulation. The laboratory based small scale power circuit is developed with help of control algorithm. The entire implementation is done through PIC microcontroller platform. The deign Investigation, system simulation and experimentation confirming the proposed DC to DC converter tied VSI drive system.
Power electronic interface has reached a new level in the area of hybrid energy integration nowadays. The existence for the concept of hybrid energy integration is truly questionable without a proper power electronic interface. In this paper, a modified dual input DC-DC converter which is capable of incorporating two distinct V-I characteristic sources such as solar-PV, battery, fuel cell, etc., is proposed. The converter has the ability to operate in both unidirectional and bidirectional mode with buck, buck-boost and boost operation. The software simulation of the proposed converter has been conducted in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a detailed manner and an experimental prototype of the propsed converter has been built to validate the simulation results.
Analysis of multiport dc dc converter in renewable energy sourceseSAT Journals
Abstract Multi-port DC-DC converter has attracted special interest in applications where multiple energy sources are used. In this project, a three-port converter with three active full bridges, two LCC resonant tanks, and a three-winding transformer is proposed. It uses a single power conversion stage with high-frequency link to control power flow between batteries, load, and a renewable source such as solar cell. The converter has capabilities of bidirectional power flow in the battery and the load port. The converter has high efficiency due to soft-switching operation in all three bridges. Design procedure for the three-port converter is explained and experimental results are presented. Index Terms— Bidirectional power, phase-shift control at constant switching frequency, soft-switching operation, three-port converter, LCC resonant converter, three-winding transformer.
Single Phase Matrix Converter for Input Power Factor Improvementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Push-Pull Converter Fed Three-Phase Inverter for Residential and Motor LoadIJPEDS-IAES
The proposed paper is an new approach for power conditioning of a PV
(photo-voltaic) cell array. The main objective is to investigate an approach to
provide and improve the delivered electric energy by means of power
conditioning structures with the use of alternative renewable resources
(ARRs) for remote rural residential or industrial non-linear loads. This
approach employs a series-combined connected boost and buck boost DCDC
converter for power conditioning of the dc voltage provided by a photovoltaic
array. The input voltage to the combined converters is 100 V
provided from two series connected PV cells, which is converted and
increased to 200 V at the dc output voltage. Series-combined connected
boost and buck-boost DC-DC converters operate alternatively. This helps to
reduce the input ripple current and provide the required 400 Vdc on a
sinusoidal PWM three-phase inverter. Analysis of the two series-combined
DC-DC converters is presented along with simulation results. Simulations of
the series-combined DC-DC converters are presented with an output DC
voltage of 200 V and a maximum output load of Po=600 W.
Pi controller based of multi level upqc using dq0 transformation to improve p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance enhancement of DC/DC converters for solar powered EV IJECEIAES
The paper initially presents the essential drive arrangement required for electric vehicle. It requests high power bidirectional stream ability, with wide info voltage range, and yield voltage of vitality stockpiling gadgets, for example, super capacitors or batteries shift with the adjustment in stack. At that point the tenacity and outline of previously mentioned converter is proposed in this paper. The converter which relates a half extension topology, has high power stream ability and least gadget focuses on that can appropriately interface a super capacitor with the drive prepare of a crossover electric vehicle. Besides, by contrasting the fundamental qualities and applications with some ordinary bidirectional DC/DC converter, the proposed converter has low gadget rating and can be controlled by obligation cycle and stage move. Finally, the most essential attributes of this converter is that it utilizes the transformer spillage inductance as the essential vitality exchange component and control parameters, Simulation waveforms in light of MATLAB recreation are given to exhibit the integrity of this novel topology, and this converter is additionally reasonable for high power application, specifically to control the charge-release of super capacitors or batteries that can be utilized as a part of cross breed solar based electric vehicle.
A Novel Three Phase Multi-string Multilevel Inverter with High DC-DC Closed o...rnvsubbarao koppineni
this inverter reduces
number power devices and high performances.
Before this inverter provide a high step up DC-DC
converter with PI controller for better conversion
efficiency and to improve the output dc voltage of
varies renewable energy sources. This multi-string
multilevel inverter consists of six switches only
instead of eight switches in cascaded H-bridge
multilevel inverter in order to reduce conversion
losses. The main objective of this paper is to save
cost and size by removing any kind of transformer
as well as reducing the power devices
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
A REVIEW ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THREE-PHASE TWO-STAGE GRID-CONNECTED MICijiert bestjournal
Module integrated converters (MICs) in single phase have witnessed recent market success due to unique features such as improved energy harvest,improved system efficiency,lower installation costs,plug - and - play operation,and enhanced flexibility and mo dularity. The MIC sector has grown from a niche market to mainstream,especially in the United States. Assuming further expansion of the MIC market,this paper presents the micro inverter concept incorporated in large size photovoltaic (PV) installations such as megawatts (MW) - class solar farms where a three - phase ac connection is employed. A high - efficiency three - phase MIC with two - stage zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation for the grid - tied PV system is proposed which will reduce cost per watt,improve re - liability,and increase scalability of MW - class solar farms through the development of new solar farm system architectures. The first stage consists of a high - efficiency full - bridge LLC resonant dc � dc converter which interfaces to the PV panel and prod uces a dc - link voltage.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
Optimized Power Flows in Microgrid with and without Distributed Energy Storag...Power System Operation
This study presents a combined algebraic and power flow model of a microgrid. The aim of this study is to introduce a strong tool which is capable to compare physical parameters of a microgrid which are hardly possible to calculate only by common algebraic optimization methods. Especially interesting is comparison between microgrids without energy storage, with a single bigger battery plant and with distributed batteries. This study focuses mainly on high voltage (HV) part of a transformer, inductive power and power losses in microgrids. Modelled microgrid consists of five robust nodes (which can represent living quarters with renewable energy production and energy storage) connected into a single transformer node, which later leads to the transmission system.
High Step-Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy Sy...IJRES Journal
In this project, A novel high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed.Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio.The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved.
High Step-Up Converter with Voltage Multiplier Module for Renewable Energy Sy...irjes
In this project, A novel high step-up converter, which is suitable for renewable energy system, is proposed.Through a voltage multiplier module composed of switched capacitors and coupled inductors, a conventional interleaved boost converter obtains high step-up gain without operating at extreme duty ratio.The configuration of the proposed converter not only reduces the current stress but also constrains the input current ripple, which decreases the conduction losses and lengthens the lifetime of the input source. In addition, due to the lossless passive clamp performance, leakage energy is recycled to the output terminal. Hence, large voltage spikes across the main switches are alleviated, and the efficiency is improved.
A Power quality problem is an occurrence of nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a
failure or a misoperation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and
critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost
significant financial losses. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. This
paper presents a single-stage, three-phase grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The proposed system
is dual purpose, as it not only feeds extracted solar energy into the grid but it also helps in improving power
quality in the distribution system. The presented system serves the purpose of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), feeding SPV energy to the grid, harmonics mitigation of loads connected at point of common coupling
(PCC) and balancing the grid currents. The SPV system uses a three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) for
performing all these functions. An improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)-based control algorithm is proposed
for control of VSC. In the proposed system, a variable dc link voltage is used for MPPT. An instantaneous
compensation technique is used incorporating changes in PV power for fast dynamic response. The SPV system
is first simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and simpower system toolboxes.
Hybrid bypass technique to mitigate leakage current in the grid-tied inverterIJECEIAES
The extensive use of fossil fuel is destroying the balance of nature that could lead to many problems in the forthcoming era. Renewable energy resources are a ray of hope to avoid possible destruction. Smart grid and distributed power generation systems are now mainly built with the help of renewable energy resources. The integration of renewable energy production system with the smart grid and distributed power generation is facing many challenges that include addressing the issue of isolation and power quality. This paper presents a new approach to address the aforementioned issues by proposing a hybrid bypass technique concept to improve the overall performance of the grid-tied inverter in solar power generation. The topology with the proposed technique is presented using traditional H5, oH5 and H6 inverter. Comparison of topologies with literature is carried out to check the feasibility of the method proposed. It is found that the leakage current of all the proposed inverters is 9 mA and total harmonic distortion is almost about 2%. The proposed topology has good efficiency, common mode and differential mode characteristics.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
A non-isolated tri-port converter is a fully compact and functional system by the integration of basic converters. This can be used for renewable energy applications. This converter is capable of achieving different switching patterns of power flow between the source and load, interfaced sources of various voltage and current levels with the dc grid. This tri-port converter has to be used for continuous power distribution of rechargeable battery, photovoltaic panels and load. Due to the implementation of this dc-dc converter some operations like buck, boost and buck-boost operations became easy. Use of this converter helps in easy implementation of the system. The solar PV panel implementation boosts the system to a high level and bidirectional flow became easy from source to load and vice versa.
Similar to An Overview of Bidirectional AC-DC Grid Connected Converter Topologies for Low Voltage Battery Integration (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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whole battery if there is no bypass switches implemented. Such connection requires careful cell matching to
minimize balancing losses, cell matching is a challenge when replacing a faulty cell. When the voltage of the
battery is high then inverter with a state-of-the-art non-isolated (usually traditional buck-boost) converter can
be used with only two switches and one inductor therefore the converter is cheap, reliable and efficient.
To use traditional non-isolated topologies, the difference between input voltage (DC bus) and the
output voltage (battery) should be less than 4:1 to maintain high efficiency. It means for single phase solution
voltage of the battery must be above 150 V. For realization of a 1kWh Li-ion battery with 48V the capacity
of the cell must be approximately 21Ah but for 400 volt level -0,25 Ah. Whereas for the 10 kWh battery, the
cell size must be approximately 208 Ah for lower and 25Ah for higher voltage. As the energy density of the
state-of-the-art batteries is very high (for example XALT 75 Ah cell [6]), some of them even exceeds 100
Ah, the cells in a range of 40-60Ah are well known and widely used and in the near future the capacity will
be even higher.
48 V Li-ion modules are available from different manufacturers with different capacity. From the
previous calculations can be concluded that low voltage battery is a good choice for storage capacity less
than 5 kWh. By parallel connection of the modules any required storage capacity can be obtained and system
becomes modular. For the connection of the low voltage battery to the grid traditional non-isolated converter
topologies is not suitable [7]. The converter mostly requires galvanic isolation to step-up the voltage, and this
means a transformer and more switches and predictable lower efficiency therefore. Due to this reason
isolated bidirectional or a dedicated non-isolated AC-DC converters plays critical role to decrease price and
increase efficiency of the AC coupled BESS for residential application.
AC coupled storage system provides higher flexibility through off-grid modes, it means that the
home has power even when the grid is down, grid charging and network support capabilities (for example
power factor correction). Very important advantage is that the AC coupled BESS can be fitted to any solar
system, any inverter and can be installed easily.
Although AC coupled system is more expensive and less efficient, it becomes more and more
popular into the real industrial applications due to easy installation. The fastest developing companies that
provides this solution are SMA (www.sma.de), Sonnen (https://sonnen-batterie.com) and Enphase [8]. All of
them are using high voltage battery so it is possible to use simpler non-isolated converter topology. The peak
efficiency of the SMA converter reaches 97 percents. There are a quite a lot smaller companies that also use
AC coupled BESS with 48 V battery, for example, Leonardo Pro 3000/48-16 ac storage system [9] has peak
efficiency equal to 95 percent. Figure 1 shows energy storage unit complement with solar energy generation
[2]. In [10] is provided analysis of some commercial BESS systems for PV generation under load profile that
is close to the real application. Taken into account that BESS provides losses not only during charging but
also during discharging overall efficiency for AC coupled BESS is only 61% [10] therefore can be concluded
that highly efficient in the whole load range bidirectional DC-AC converter is highly requested.
Figure 2 shows classification of the topologies for low voltage battery integration into AC grid. The
most typical case is to use isolated single or multi stage topologies as these topologies are well known and
the control is simple. The use of high gain non isolated topologies can possibly reduce price and size of the
converter. Also multiport converter can be used for integration of energy source and battery or different types
of storages into the grid. Such type of the converter can be designed with reduced number of components and
smaller size. These converters are good option to supply the balance between the renewable energy source
generation and load due to variable nature of both. Multiport converters can be classified into three types:
non-isolated, partly-isolated and isolated three-port converters. To introduce low voltage BESS isolated or
high-gain non-isolated multiport converters are good option. Usually as a multiport converter is used DC-DC
converter in combination with traditional DC-AC inverter. The possible reduction of size, costs and losses
can be obtained with the development of novel multiport DC-AC single stage converters having less
semiconductor switches and passive elements. The paper will provide overview of the most promising
topologies for BESS integration into AC grid and gives insight into novel topologies that can be improved
further.
Figure 1. Energy storage unit complement with solar energy generation [2]
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Figure 2. Classification of the topologies for low voltage battery integration in to the AC grid
2. ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL AC-DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
This chapter provides a brief review of most promising isolated bidirectional AC-DC converters
proposed by different research groups in recent years and compares their features in terms of the number of
components and reported efficiencies. The structure of the power converter for AC coupled BESS can be
divided into single stage and double stage.
2.1. Isolated Single-stage AC - DC Converter Topologies
The single-stage AC-DC converters do not have intermediate DC-link storage element. Due to only
one conversion stage it is possible to reduce number of semiconductor switches and potentially increase the
efficiency and decrease volume, weight, and costs. Most of the topologies including single-stage and two-
stage topologies use electrolytic capacitors to absorb the 120/100Hz power produced through the single-stage
AC-DC power conversion. This component has a limited lifetime and reduces the reliability of the system.
Some topologies let the 100/120Hz power to go to the battery. This low frequency power ripple produces
extra heat inside the battery which results in a reduction of the lifespan of the battery. This problem also must
be considered when choosing proper topology.
Flyback based topology is very simple, it is commonly used for low power applications. There are
number of different flyback AC-DC unidirectional topologies for low power application. But also it is
possible to develop such converter for bidirectional power flow [11], [12]. From Figure 3 can be seen that it
is needed to add addition flyback converter to provide bidirectional power flow. So the number of the
switches is increased and efficiency is not high. But still it is good solution for low power application where
price is very important. More often bidirectional flyback converter is used in two stage topology.
Battery
CF
T1
T2
T4
T3
T5
TR
AC grid
Figure 3. Shematics of a bidirectional flyback converter [11]
Highly efficient AC-DC converter is proposed in [13] and shown in Figure 4. Due to the alternating
line voltage, bidirectional switching devices on the AC side have to be employed. These can be realized by
an anti-serial connection of two MOSFETs. As a prototype system, a 3.3 kW battery charger to connect to
the single-phase 230 V AC grid with an output voltage range of 280 V DC to 430 V DC. The peak efficiency
of the converter exceeds 97.5 percents. Of course, for application to connect 48 V battery the efficiency will
be lower but the topology have low number of switches and control of the converter is not very complicated.
Improved control algorithm of similar topology is presented in [14]. Additional benefit gives possibility to
develop multilevel converter.
Topologies for low voltage BESS
integration into the AC grid
Isolated
High gain non-
isolated
Single stage Multistage
Multiport dc-dc
Multiport
inverter
Isolated Partly
isolated
High gain
non isolated
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Figure 4. Schematics of a bidirectional single-phase single-stage bidirectional isolated AC-DC converter with
PFC [13]
A very simple topology is proposed in [15] ( Figure 5) but for further improvement of the efficiency
there is used resonant circuit to provide zero voltage switching plus an extra shunt-active filter to absorb the
low frequency AC power. Although in the article is not mention efficiency of the converter, can be predicted
that it can reach high value. A similar topology can be applied to the 3 phase AC system with high frequency
AC link [16], [17] and usage of bidirectional switches.
T1
T2
T3
T4
AC grid
TR
T3
T4
C5
C4
T3
T4
C1
C2
C3
Cres
Cf
Lf
CF
LF
Lres
L1
Active filter
Battery
Figure 5. Single-stage topology proposed in [15]
In [18] it is proposed topology with a current source inverter (CSI) (Figure 6) to interface the grid. A
DC-DC converter with push - pull or full-bridge in low and high voltage side is used to feed the current to
CSI. Contrary to conventional topology, current instead of voltage is fed from the low voltage to high voltage
side. The proposed circuit has a quit simple control strategy and a continuous BESS charging and discharging
current. In the paper also is presented low scale prototype that shows very smooth waveforms.
Output
Filter
L1
=
T1 T3
T2 T4
VOUT(a,b,c)
T5 T7 T9
T6 T8 T10
AC grid
D1 D2
D3 D5
D6 D8
D7
D4
TR
T11 T12
Battery
Figure 6. Full-bridge and push-pull in combination with current source inverter proposed in [18]
T1
T2
T3
T4
AC grid
TR
C2
C3
CF
Lleakage
T6 T8
T5 T7
Battery
LF
L1
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Another approach with the use of unipolar voltage switches is shown in Figure 7 [19]. The proposed
topology and modulation strategy is implemented in a 20 kW prototype. Measurements are conducted and
show that the methods operate as expected. The method comprises two essential parts, namely a neutral-
voltage lift capacitor and a quad active bridge topology. Experimental results show that the load step is
stable, the power factor is close to unity, and the phase current THD is less than 5%.
L1
T1 T3
T2 T4
TA
T5 T7
T6 T8
TB
T9
T11
T10
T12
TC
T13
T15
T14
T16
AC grid
Aphase
Bphase
Cphase
N
CF
CCM
Battery
Figure 7. Quad active bridge single stage bidirectional three-phase AC-DC converter with isolation [19]
In [21] is shown that using a single stage dual active bridge topology (Figure 8), it is possible
improvement of the efficiency, volume, number of components and cost compared to the traditional dual
stage topologies. The experimental prototype is demonstrated in the paper [20] with a 3,7 kW power,
bidirectional power flow and unity power factor. The converter interfaces a 400 V DC - bus with the 230 V
AC grid. The high power density prototype converter has high conversion efficiencies - 96% peak efficiency,
a high power factor and low THD.
T5 T7
T6 T8
TR
T1 T3
T2 T4
T9
T11
T10
T12
AC grid
Synchronous
rectifier stage
EMC
filter
High frequency
capacitor
C1
Active full
bridge
L1
Lc1
Lc2
Inductors and high
frequency transformer
Active full
bridge 2
C2 C3
Dc side high and
low frequency
capacitors
Battery
Figure 8. Schematic of the single-phase, single-stage, bidirectional and isolated AC-DC converter topology
presented in [20]
The bidirectional isolated single stage converters is used less often that multi stage topologies due to
control is more complex, there is no one widely used topology, the calculations and optimization process is
complicated. The main benefits of single stage topology are reduced number of semiconductors and volume
of magnetic components. Several topologies shows pretty good efficiency, there is many possibilities to
increase efficiency further including the use of new topologies and wide band gap devices, also important
task is to maintain power factor and THD within the limits
2.2. Isolated Multi Stage Bidirectional AC-DC Converter Topologies
A two stage DC-AC converter consists of a bidirectional DC-DC conversion stage and a
bidirectional DC-AC stage with PFC functionality. DC-DC stage regulates the DC voltage to the necessary
level so that the inverter stage can be directly connected to the AC voltage grid. The AC-DC converter
performs the rectification of the AC voltage into a DC voltage and regulates the power quality of the grid. At
the DC side of the converter is connected a DC-link storage - an inductor to provide current source output or
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more usually a capacitor to provide voltage DC-bus. As AC-DC stage and the isolated DC-DC conversion
stage are separated via the DC energy storage element both systems can be optimized more preciously.
The review of advanced PFC topologies is done in [22] and shows that bidirectional Swiss rectifier
have the best performance for 3 phase application in comparison to six-switch rectifier with switchable
output polarity and ant parallel six-switch converter combination. High efficiency and power density solution
is proposed in [23] that utilizes interleaved multi-cell con Figureuration and works near to the boundary
conduction mode. The principle is validated using measurement results on a 200 W prototype. The realized
PFC rectifier achieved an efficiency of η = 94.6 percents and a power factor of 99.3 percents at a very
small size.
Detailed review of over 400 papers in field of single-phase AC-DC converters is done in [24],
review of multilevel topologies is done in [25]. Multilevel bidirectional converters offer the advantages of
low voltage stresses on switches, reduced losses at reduced switching frequency for the same level of
performance in terms of reduced harmonics and high power factor at the input AC mains and regulated
ripple-free DC output voltage at varying loads. Usually multilevel inverter topologies are used in high
voltage applications but due to possibility to reduce THD and reduced losses they become more popular in
low voltage applications. More frequently used topologies are diode clamped, flying capacitor and cascaded
multilevel converters. The increased costs due to increased number of switches and lower reliability are the
main disadvantages of these topologies. Very high efficient AC-DC converter is proposed in [26]. The
converter is based on multi-cell converter approach that allows to break the performance barriers of
conventional systems by leveraging the advantages of using multiple interleaved low voltage and/or low
current converter cells. The DC-AC converter together with DC-DC converter reaches efficiency of 98
percent, power density 2.2kW/dm3 by 3.3 kW power and 48 V output voltage.
A few hundred publications can be found in the thematic of isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter.
A good comparison of the efficiency of the state-of-the-art converters is done in [21] between one stage dual
active bridge (DAB) (Figure 9) and series resonant converter (SCR) and DAB and SRC combination with
non-isolated buck-boost converter (Figure 9). The results presented in the paper shows that two stage
structure of the DC-DC converter is more efficient and the power density is even higher. The most efficient
topology is dual stage SRC converter. The output voltage in the experiments was equal to 15 V, power 2 kW,
the efficiency of the converter is above 90 percent in the wide load range. In [27] is proposed to use GaN
transistors to increase efficiency of the DAB converter. Dual active bridge topology is investigated in many
scientific papers [28], [29], [30] and LLC resonant converter [31], [32], [33] also. The main drawbacks of
these topologies are that the number of the components are high and control and optimization is complex.
Figure 9. Bi-directional DAB converter and bidirectional dual stage DC-DC converter based on the
combination of an isolation stage with a non-isolated voltage converter [25]
Figure 10 shows a bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter based on current fed half-bridge
topology. The low-voltage side is a current-source half-bridge converter that functions as a boost converter
and an inverter. The high-voltage side is a voltage source half-bridge converter. Lossless snubber capacitors
are used to achieve ZVS in the converter. The half-bridge topology has a minimum count of active devices
and ZVS is achieved without additional active devices. It has the same total device rating as the full-bridge
topology, and a reasonable ripple DC current at the low-voltage side. The drawbacks of the half-bridge
topology is that the switching devices are subjected to twice the DC voltage of the battery. Also the split DC
capacitors in the half-bridge topology have to withstand the rated current value. The buck and boost
operations of the converter have been verified at the rated power of 1.6 kW. An efficiency of more than 94 %
was achieved at the rated power [34]. The bidirectional current fed topologies also is proposed in [35]-[39],
the efficiency of these converters reaches 95-96 percents. In [40] is analyzed current fed two inductor
bidirectional DC-DC converter using resonance but in the paper reported efficiency is not significantly
higher.
T1 T3
T2 T4
TR
T5
T7
T6
T8
C1
L1
C2 C3
VDCbus
Battery
T1 T3
T2 T4
TR
T5
T7
T6
T8
C1
LR
C2
VDCbus
CR
C3
T9
T10
L
Battery
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Figure 10. Current fed half bridge converter [34]
In [41] comparison between isolated bi-directional Cuk converter, isolated bidirectional full-bridge
converter and isolated bidirectional half-bridge converter is provided. It is found that isolated bi-directional
half-bridge converter has the best efficiency-in this case around 90 percent for battery voltage 48 V and
power 2 kW.
Very interesting modular principle offers company ''Vicor corporation'' [43]. They offers
bidirectional resonant DC-DC converter with fixed duty cycle with very high efficiency (Figure 11) in
combination with non-isolated converter that regulates current to the load. The converter supports a wide
input voltage range and high power. It uses unique sine amplitude converter topology with open loop control.
Primary circuit is stacked half bridge and secondary is center tap with synchronous rectification. The
converter uses ZVS and ZCS soft switching techniques and operates at 1.1 MHz fixed switching frequency to
provide low noise output voltage, high efficiency and high power density. The converter with transformation
factor of 1/8 is used to implement 384 V to 48 V bidirectional conversions. The proposed converter can
achieve more than 96% efficiency from 15% load to 100% load in both directions.
Figure 11. Bidirectional DC-DC converter for high power applications [42]
The performance of the bidirectional converters can be increased by using GaN transistors (as
example [44], [45]), or SiC devices [46], [47] also by optimization or by integrating of the magnetic [48],
[49], by implementing soft switching techniques [50], [56]-[58], by implementing a novel control algorithms
and so on.
3. NON-ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL HIGH STEP UP AC-DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
To integrate low voltage battery into the grid it is possible to use not only isolated converters but
also non isolated converters with high voltage step up/step down functionality, the review of such topologies
is given in [54], [55]. The drawbacks of such topologies are complexity, lower efficiency and reliability.
Mostly these topologies have unidirectional power flow.
In [56] is proposed high step-up/step-down bidirectional DC-DC converter (Figure 12) in which the
coupled inductor Lc is used. This converter is a combination of the conventional buck-boost and a voltage
doublers cell. In some region it is possible to realize zero voltage switching. A 1-kW prototype is
demonstrated in the paper operating at 100 kHz switching frequency and built for a battery storage system
with voltage 40-60 V and high voltage side voltage equal to 400V. The efficiency of the converter is between
94 and 96 percents. The non isolated high step up bidirectional DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
also are reported in [57], [58], [59]. In these converters much effort has to be made to overcome the problem
associated with the leakage inductor, and the power rating of the coupled-inductor-based converter is limited
by the capacity of the magnetic core.
L1
VDCbus
T1
T2
TR
CF
T3
T4
C1
C2
C3
C4
Battery
T1
T
2
TR
C1
C2
C3
C4
VDCbus
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
CF
Battery
Non-isolated
bidirectional DC-
DC converter
DC
DC
CR1
CR2
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Figure 12. Bidirectional DC-DC converter for high power applications [56]
The switched capacitor converters are analyzed in [60], [61] and have relatively light weight and
high efficiency and high power density but have high input current ripple and poor regulation. The switched
capacitor bidirectional converter proposed in [61] is composed of only semiconductor switches and
capacitors. The prototype of the converter is presented in the paper, 75 kHz switching frequency is selected,
the battery voltage is equal to 20 V, output voltage is equal to 173 V and overall power is 100W. The
reported efficiency is from 95 to 98.5 percent in all load range.
In [62] a transformer is integrated into a conventional non-isolated buck-boost converter to achieve
high voltage conversion ratio. The switches are shared by the buck-boost converter and the transformer.
Experimental results of 1 kW prototype that transforms voltage from a 48 V to 400 V and vica versa
demonstrates peak efficiency equal to 96.6% for both the step-up and step-down modes.
Multilevel switching cells are introduced into the buck-boost converters in solutions described in
[63], [64] to improve the voltage conversion ratio and reduce the voltage stress of power switches. Such
multilevel bi-directional converters are attractive for energy storage systems but hard switching reduces the
efficiency of the converters and additional circuit or control strategy is needed to keep the voltage balance of
the switches. Cascaded and series con Figureurations are adopted to reduce the voltage stresses on switches
and increase the voltage conversion ratio of the conventional bidirectional buck-boost converter in [65], [66].
In [68], [69] is proposed bidirectional quadratic boost based inverter. Experimental results in [68]
shows that a input voltage of 19 V DC is capable of producing a 240 V AC without the use of a step up
transformer. In [70] proposed transformerless Cuk derived high boost DC-AC converter that can reach
efficiency even higher than 97 percents. In [67] is presented the study and simulations of a new family of
symmetrical hybrid multilevel inverters based on Cuk (Figure 13) and Zeta converters, that are able to high
step up/down voltages.
Figure 13. Quadratic bidirectional cuk converter [67]
The non-isolated DC-DC converter together with bidirectional inverter is also worth considering for
low voltage battery integration in the AC grid. There is a lack of topologies for bidirectional power flow. The
reported efficiency of some converters are high, each of the topology has own drawbacks and advantages so
in each particular application must be made deeper analysis to select more appropriate one or even to develop
a new topology.
4. MULTIPORT STORAGE DC-AC SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
A multiport converter is preferable topology if it is possible to place BESS near to the energy source
owing to its lower cost and higher power density [71]. Multiport topologies with energy storage more often
are used to smoothly supply loads in a stand-alone renewable power system. A review of topologies of three
port isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converters for the integration of renewable energy and energy storage
system is given in [72], [73]. For applications where the voltage of the renewable energy source is low, the
C1
C3
L1
C2
T1
T2
T3 T4
VDCbus
Lc
Battery
CF
T1 T3
T2 T4
C1 L1
Battery
C2
VDCbus
C3
C4
L2
C5
C7
L3
L4
D1
D2
D3
D4
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isolated topology is good choice for the converter. There are many publications on the isolated three-port
DC-DC converters, for example [74], [75], but usually they are used to supply energy to the grid but not
vice versa.
Multiport bidirectional converters for a hybrid energy storage system have been reported in [77],
[78], [76] and to integrate renewable energy source and BESS [77], [79], [80]. Such topologies allows to
utilize two storages for example Li-ion battery as long term storage and ultracapacitor as short term storage.
Figure 14. shows one of the possible solution. One of the challenges that must be solved in the converter is
energy management between all of ports therefore not only simple-rule method but also the filter method, the
fuzzy-control method and the optimization method or other methods are used [76]. In many three port
converters full bridge structure are used but also half bridge, current fed and other topologies can be used.
Three port triple half bridge bidirectional converter with zero voltage switching is described in [79], the peak
efficiency of the 1 kW prototype is equal to 92 percents.
T1 T3
T2 T4
TR
T5
T7
T6
T8
C1
LR
CSC
Battery
V
DCbus
C3
L1
L2
L3
L4
Supercapacitor
Figure 14. The topology of three port isolated DC-DC converter [76]
A high step-up three-port DC-DC converter for stand-alone power systems is proposed in [81] to
integrate PV and battery power. In the proposed topology, two coupled inductors are employed as voltage
gain extension cells for high voltage output applications. The highest converter efficiency is measured as 90
percents at 110 W power.
A multi input zero voltage switching bidirectional DC-DC converter has been proposed in [82]. A 6
kW prototype was built and tested to verify the power flow control. The reported efficiency of the prototype
is around 91 percent by input voltages equal to 20 volts and by output voltage 430 volts.
A transformer coupled multiport zero voltage switching bidirectional DC-DC converter with wide
input range is described in [83] (Figure 15). A prototype rated at 3.5 kW and 100 kHz switching frequency
using all full-bridges wa successfully tested. The efficiency is not reported in the paper. Very similar
topology is used in [84], [85].
T1 T3
T2 T4
TR
T5
T7
T6
T8
C1
L1
Battery
V DCbus
C2
L2
T9
T11
T10
T12
C3
L3
PV
panel
Figure 15. The topology of three port isolated DC-DC converter [83]
In [84] the prototype with low voltage ports voltages equal to 14 V and 42 V and DC bus voltage
equal to 300 V and 100 kHz switching frequency exceeds 91 percent efficiency by wide load range. In [86] is
proposed high step up three port converter, the prototype of the converter with 250 W power, a low voltage
input port 24 V, a bidirectional battery port 48 V, and a high voltage port with 400 V for output is
implemented. The reported efficiency are above 94 percents at all load conditions.
Only a few papers can be found on the multi port single stage inverters [87]-[91]. In [87] (Figure 16)
is proposed a soft-switched isolated three port single stage inverter for power management of a PV system, a
battery, and an AC load. Converter can be turned on under the zero voltage switching condition therefore
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efficiency is high. The converter has the advantages of using less active switches and that all the switches are
capable of being turned on under the ZVS condition.
TR
C1 T2
C F
T
4
L2
C2
Battery
PV
panel
T
1
T
3
L1
T
5
T
6 T
7
AC grid
Figure 16.The topology of three port single stage DC-DC converter for PV applications [87]
5. NOVEL TOPOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES AND LOW VOLTAGE BESS
INTEGRATION TO THE AC GRID
Promising approach to store the extra energy when the load is light and to supply the load power
during the period without or shortage of the source is to use Z-source inverter with integrated battery energy
storage, the papers about this topology are summarized in [92]. The battery is connected in parallel to the
quasi-Z-source capacitor (Figure 20), it is possible to control output power, and state of charge (SOC) of the
battery at the same time by controlling the shoot-through (ST) duty ratio and modulation index.
There are three power sources or consumers - unidirectional DC source, battery, and the grid. If two
power flows are controlled, the third one automatically takes the power difference. It is possible to use
sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) based control for qZSI or specific qZSI-SVM. In [93] is shown that by using more
advanced control technuique the efficiency can be increased by about 1 percent. In [94] it is shown that
converter (Figure 17) can operate in battery charging mode in wide range as current in diode D is higher than
zero but the discharging battery is limited to ensure that the converter operates in the continues conduction
mode. Therefore, the battery discharge power ratio over the inverter output power and also the power of the
inverter have limitations and also it is not possible to store energy in the battery from the grid.
T1 T3
T2 T4
C1
C2
L1 L2
I1
T5
T6
VBAT RBAT
IBAT
IC2
VDC
IDC
AC grid
D1
PV
panel
VIN
Figure 17. Battery energy stored quasi-Z source inverter (qZSI) [92]
The multilevel converter applications in power electronics becomes more and more wider because it
can be achieved higher efficiency by using semiconductors with lower voltage ratings and better parameters.
Important advantages of such converters are improved output power quality, better electromagnetic
compatibility, lower switching losses. The diode clamped or neutral point lamped inverters are the most
attractive solution for industrial applications [95]. In the paper [96] it is concluded, that the combination of
the qZSI with NPC topology in comparison with traditional NPC multilevel converter have not voltage
unbalance and common mode leakage current problems so also this kind of topology can be extended to
utilize BESS.
As single stage buck boost inverter can be used impedance source network based inverter. The
comprehensive analytical comparison is done in [98]. Many solutions based on Z-source and qZS networks
exist but usually these solutions are unidirectional, bidirectional solutions is discussed in [99]-[102], [97] and
[103]. Such topology (Figure 18) has reduced passive component ratings, less input semiconductors but more
capacitors, continuous input current, and substantially wider regulation freedom. The efficiency is lower than
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of voltage source inverter but it seems to be interesting solution as single-stage solution or in combination
with isolated DC-DC converter with bidirectional feature.
C1
C2
L1
L2
VBAT
RBAT T1 T3
T2 T4
T5
T6
AC grid
VDC
T7
Figure 18. Scheme of the grid connected three phase bidirectional Z-source inverter [97]
In [101] is proposed bidirectional converter for control of the motor of the electric vehicle. It seems
also possible to use modification of this converter for grid connected application (Figure 19). The main
benefits are that the converter can provide bidirectional power flow and as this converter has small number of
switches and two types of storages can be used. The usage of combination of supercapacitor and li-ion
battery gives reduction of losses due to low series resistance of the supercapacitor and increased lifetime of
battery due to smoother current waveforms.
T1 T3
T2 T4
C1
C2
L1 L2
I1
T5
T6
VBAT RBAT
IBAT
IC2
T7
VSC
VDC
IDC
AC grid
Supercapacitor
Figure 19. Bidirectional battery and supercapacitor energy stored quasi-Z Source Inverter
Operation modes of the converter also are shown in [101]. The grid and battery power can be
regulated through switch T7 and the inverter (T1-T6). The power flow to the supercapacitors can be
controlled indirectly by controlling difference between power from the battery and the AC grid.
The principle and characteristic of qZSI have been studied in [104]-[107]. The main equations is
given in [108]. Parameters that are used for the control are modulation index of the inverter (M) and the
shoot-through duty ratio (D). The relationship of the average currents in one switching period [101]:
SC BAT DC
(1 2D)I DI I
(1)
where are used the average currents supplied by the supercapacitor, battery and DC link (inverter)
respectively. From the equation can be concluded that current flow can be controlled by meaning of D and
modulation index M but the control loop is complex as change in one parameter leads to changes in others
and is hard to get stable operation of the converter.
The converter have three operational modes: when the battery and supercapacitor supply power to
the grid; when the power from the grid is transferred to the battery and supercapacitors; when the battery
supplies power to the supercapacitors and grid. The battery current has low pulsations that is beneficial for
long life of the battery. It is very complicated to get desired values of currents. This is a reason why in [101]
is proposed to use frequency and time domain control of the converter. Beside these functions the controller
must also control power factor, take into account state of charge of the battery and supercapacitor this leads
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to very complicated control system that must be implemented into powerful digital control system. It s
possible also mode when the power from the battery is transferred to the supercapacitors and a grid.
It can be concluded that quasi Z-source inverter is suitable for bidirectional power flow to integrate
battery in the AC grid and usage of this topology allows to control energy flow with inverters and only one
additional semiconductor not only to the battery but also to the renewable energy generation system or other
type of storage technology. The main drawback of the converter is complex control system to control energy
flow as change in one parameter influences all of energy flows. Main advantages are reduced number of
switches and small pulsations of the battery current.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Energy storage systems utilizing the state-of-the-art battery need to be efficient in the low voltage
and high current range with a high power density. Therefore in this paper the highly efficient topologies of
bidirectional isolated AC-DC converters for grid connected AC BESS have been overviewed. Bidirectional
isolated AC-DC power converters are classified into single stage and two stage solutions.
Although single stage AC-DC isolated converter have less components, is cheaper and in some
research reports it is shown god efficiency, this structure is not so popular due to complex optimization
process and control algorithms to maintain necessary power quality. The number of research papers that
published results of a study of isolated single stage bidirectional AC-DC converter is relatively low as usually
is used high battery voltage concept with non-isolated converter. Can be concluded that this is a very
attractive topic for research to make single-stage isolated AC-DC converter more efficient, to develop new
control algorithms and topologies to attract interest from the industry. The application area that will promote
the need for such structure will be usage of the electrical vehicle as grid connected energy storage.
The two stage structure consists of PFC AC-DC converter and single or two stage DC-DC
converter. As bidirectional inverter can be used traditional bidirectional AC-DC converter or more advanced
topologies. There are many papers that proposes improvements of isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters.
For high-power applications, the full-bridge topology is known to be more suitable due to the lower voltage
and current stress. To improve efficiency resonant topology often are employed and two-stage DC-DC
converter topology.
The solutions that is proposed from the industry sometimes reaches higher efficiency and power
density than the proposed from the researchers so there is still potential to the further improvement of the
efficiency and power density, the use of wide band gap devices are very promising tool to do that. Mainly the
AC-DC and DC-DC converters are addressed as separate parts so there is possibility for more integration of
both these parts to improve performance of the converter. Very important becomes not only good topology
but also optimization of the separate components, a new passive components, optimization of the heat sink,
optimal placement of the components.
A more rapid development and real life implementation of the AC battery storage system concept
can be reached if there were available topology that gives preference to this solution. The simulation based
analysis of novel quasi Z source topology shows that this topology has low battery current ripple, only one
additional switch and possibility to integrate different kind of storages and therefore is well suited for battery
integration in AC grid. To wider use of this topology not only in research but also in practical applications
new algorithms that can be more easily implemented in digital control systems must be developed and also
more scientific analysis that reveals limitations, passive component selections, optimization and
improvements of the topology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present research has been supported by the Latvian National Research Programme
“LATENERGI”.
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