International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System imtiyazsayyed
Solar electric energy demand has grown consistently by 20% to 25% per annum over the past 20 years, which is mainly due to the decreasing costs and prices. In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for researchers and manufacturers due to their advantages over conventional three level PWM inverters. They offer improved output waveforms, smaller filter size and lower EMI, lower Total Harmonic Distortion.
REFERENCE
[1] Puneet Kumar Chaudhay, “A Critical Review on Photovoltaic Base Maximum Power Generation System” , International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) , Volume-1, Issue-6, January 2013
[2] Mr. R.Anand and Mr. G.Ashok Kumar, “Multilevel Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System by employing PID Controller”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) , Volume-2, Issue-1, October 2012.
[3] Mr. Amol Karpe and MrBindu R, “A Comparison of Conventional and Multilevel Inverter for 2.3 kV Induction Motor Drives”, International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
[4] E. Beser, B. Arifoglu, S. Camur, E. K Beser, “A grid-connected photovoltaic power conversion system with single-phase multilevel inverter”. Solar Energy, vol. 84, No 12, pp. 2056-2067, 2010.
[5] Vikas Kulkarni, Rajesh Nehete, “Simulation and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic (PV) based Solar Inverter System”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) , Volume-3, Issue-6, January 2014.
[6] Muhammad H. Rashid “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications”, 3rd Edition, Pearson publication, pp.406-429.
A battery-less energy harvesting interface circuit to extract electrical energy from vibration has been proposed in this paper for low power applications. The voltage doubler integrated with DC – DC boost converter circuits were designed and simulated using MultiSIM software. The circuit was then fabricated onto a printed circuit board (PCB), using standard fabrication process. The Cockcroft Walton doubler was chosen to be implemented in this study by utilizing diode-capacitor topologies with additional RC low pass filter. The DC – DC boost converter has been designed using a CMOS step -up DC – DC switching regulators, which are suitable for low input voltage system. The achievement of this interface circuit was able to boost up the maximum voltage of 5 V for input voltage of 800 mV.
OPTIMAL CURRENT REGULATION STRATEGY FOR THREE-PHASE BACK-TOBACK ACTIVE POWER ...Ijorat1
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to propose a three phase back-to-back power conditioner with optimal a current
regulation strategy in microgrid. To achieve high stability ,the frequency and the voltage of the microgrid is controlled
by using bidirectional power flow control .The active and reactive power of Active Power Conditioner(APC) is used
here. The dc-link capacitor is the main component of the back-to-back power conditioner for power decoupling and
power flow balancing. Optimal current regulation strategy is developed to improve the power quality and stability of
the micro grids as well as to reduce the dc link capacitance. Under steady state, the optimal ac current regulation is
able to achieve the dc-link voltage regulation and to reduce the injected ac line current variation. Simulation result was
used to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed active power conditioner.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This paper presents the design and the implementation of a new microcontroller-based solar
Power inverter. The aim of this paper is to design single phase inverter which can convert DC voltage
to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar and wind powered electricity generation are
being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. Power
inverters, which convert solar-cell DC into domestic-use AC, are one of the key technologies for
delivering efficient AC power The hardware and software design are oriented towards a single-chip
microcontroller-based system, hence minimizing the size and cost. With this new approach the
modularization of the conversion from solar power to electric power at its maximum power point can
be made more compact and more reliable.
Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System imtiyazsayyed
Solar electric energy demand has grown consistently by 20% to 25% per annum over the past 20 years, which is mainly due to the decreasing costs and prices. In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for researchers and manufacturers due to their advantages over conventional three level PWM inverters. They offer improved output waveforms, smaller filter size and lower EMI, lower Total Harmonic Distortion.
REFERENCE
[1] Puneet Kumar Chaudhay, “A Critical Review on Photovoltaic Base Maximum Power Generation System” , International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) , Volume-1, Issue-6, January 2013
[2] Mr. R.Anand and Mr. G.Ashok Kumar, “Multilevel Inverter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic System by employing PID Controller”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) , Volume-2, Issue-1, October 2012.
[3] Mr. Amol Karpe and MrBindu R, “A Comparison of Conventional and Multilevel Inverter for 2.3 kV Induction Motor Drives”, International Journal of Advances in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
[4] E. Beser, B. Arifoglu, S. Camur, E. K Beser, “A grid-connected photovoltaic power conversion system with single-phase multilevel inverter”. Solar Energy, vol. 84, No 12, pp. 2056-2067, 2010.
[5] Vikas Kulkarni, Rajesh Nehete, “Simulation and Analysis of Photo-Voltaic (PV) based Solar Inverter System”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) , Volume-3, Issue-6, January 2014.
[6] Muhammad H. Rashid “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications”, 3rd Edition, Pearson publication, pp.406-429.
A battery-less energy harvesting interface circuit to extract electrical energy from vibration has been proposed in this paper for low power applications. The voltage doubler integrated with DC – DC boost converter circuits were designed and simulated using MultiSIM software. The circuit was then fabricated onto a printed circuit board (PCB), using standard fabrication process. The Cockcroft Walton doubler was chosen to be implemented in this study by utilizing diode-capacitor topologies with additional RC low pass filter. The DC – DC boost converter has been designed using a CMOS step -up DC – DC switching regulators, which are suitable for low input voltage system. The achievement of this interface circuit was able to boost up the maximum voltage of 5 V for input voltage of 800 mV.
OPTIMAL CURRENT REGULATION STRATEGY FOR THREE-PHASE BACK-TOBACK ACTIVE POWER ...Ijorat1
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to propose a three phase back-to-back power conditioner with optimal a current
regulation strategy in microgrid. To achieve high stability ,the frequency and the voltage of the microgrid is controlled
by using bidirectional power flow control .The active and reactive power of Active Power Conditioner(APC) is used
here. The dc-link capacitor is the main component of the back-to-back power conditioner for power decoupling and
power flow balancing. Optimal current regulation strategy is developed to improve the power quality and stability of
the micro grids as well as to reduce the dc link capacitance. Under steady state, the optimal ac current regulation is
able to achieve the dc-link voltage regulation and to reduce the injected ac line current variation. Simulation result was
used to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed active power conditioner.
High gain dc-dc step up converters have been used in renewable energy systems, for example, photovoltaic grid connected system and fuel cell power plant to step up the low level dc voltage to a high level dc bus voltage. If the conventional boost converter is to meet this demand, it should be operated at an extreme duty cycle (duty cycle closes to unity), which will cause electromagnetic interference, reverse recovery problem and conduction loss at the power switches. This paper proposes a class of non-isolated dc-dc step up converters which provide very high voltage gain at a small duty cycle (duty cycle < 0.5). Firstly, the converter topologies are derived based on active switched inductor network and combination of active and passive switched inductor networks; secondly, the modes of operation of proposed active switched inductor converter and combined active and passive switched inductor converter are illustrated; thirdly, the performance of the proposed converters are analyzed mathematically in details and compared with conventional boost converter. Finally, the analysis is verified by simulation results.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
High Proficiency Grid ConnectedPhotovoltaic Power Generation SystemIJRES Journal
Solar energy hasbecomepopular nowadays and desire for clean energy. Since the solar radiation on no occasion remains constant,it keeps on insecure throughout the day. The need of the hour is to distribute a constant voltage to the grid irrespective of the deviation in temperatures and solar insolation. The inverter is designed from a boost converter along with a line frequency. The voltage from the boost converter is fedto the grid through inverter. In this proposed method high efficiency can be achievedby using only one switch functioning at high frequency at a time. The converter uses IGBT and ultra-fast reverse recovery diode. The simulation and experiment results are verified using MATLAB/Simulink software.
In this paper a buck-boost dc-dc converter for pv application is proposed, which is mainly composed of a buck – boost converter, PV panel, load and a battery. Existing dc-dc converter can convert the power from the PV panel, but unfortunately the PV panel can only provide power when there is a high intensity of light. In order to provide power supply to the load without any interruption, buck-boost dc-dc converter is introduced. The power intermittency issue of PV panel can be overcome with the aid of a secondary supply which is in this case, the batter. The integration system between the primary and the secondary supply is controlled by a simple proposed control scheme. Battery act as a power in the low voltage side while PV panel is taking over in the high voltage side. Buck-boost converter is operated either is buck or boost mode according to the performance of the PV panel. This paper is presented the simple control scheme to decide the mode suitable for the buck and boost mode. Various conditions are simulated to verify the working operation of the buck-boost converter and to representing solar panel in real life. Simulation and experimental are carried out to verify the system.
PV Hybrid System with DSTATCOM for Residential ApplicationsIDES Editor
Now a days PV based energy systems are playing a
vital role among all the renewable energy sourcesin our day
to day life.Proper control should be required to meet the exact
load conditions such that it should satisfy the non-linear
nature of both the solar irradiance and load. In this paper, a
battery is also incorporated along with the PV system to meet
the necessary drop due to change in weather conditions. Here,
a proper control is achieved by using DSTATCOM to
compensate the reactive power. This paper proposes an
advanced technique of PWM to generate the gating pulses
and applied to a Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter to
improve the voltage quality. Here, the entire system is designed
to meet the load of Mogulthur (W.G.Dt. Andhra Pradesh).
Simulation results are presented through Matlab/Simulink
by taking different cases into consideration.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
Interleaved Boost Converter Fed with PV for Induction Motor/Agricultural Appl...IAES-IJPEDS
In present Electricity market Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are gaining much importance. The most common Renewable Energy Sources are Photo voltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and wind energy systems, out of these three PV systems PV system can implemented in most of the locations. Due to the power cuts and power disturbances in Distribution systems agriculture application is concentrated on PV based Energy system. The use of PV system is increasing day by day in agriculture application, due to their ease of control and flexibility. PV Electrification schemes also involves various subsidies in government national and international donors. Especially in Agriculture field by use of PV one can achieve higher subsidy. The output of PV system is low voltage DC to have high efficiency. The motors used in agriculture field are Induction Motors (IM) fed from Three phase AC supply, to boost the PV output we need a high voltage gain boost converter along with PWM inverter to Induction motor drive. Out of various DC-DC converter configurations interleaved boost converter is gaining much attention, due to its reduction in size and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this work we are proposing a PV fed interleaved boost converter with PWM inverter for agriculture applications. The design process of interleaved boost converter is explain detail and compared with existing boost converter. A 10 KW Power rating is choosing for the Induction motor drive and design calculations are carried out. A MATLAB/SIMULINK based model is developed for boost and interleaved boost converter and simulation results are presented, finally a scaled down hardware circuit design for interleaved boost converter and results are presented.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
MPPT oscillations minimization in PV system by controlling non-linear dynamic...IJECEIAES
Solar PV power generation has achieved rapid growth in developing countries which has many merits such as absence of noise, longer life, no pollution, less time for installation, and ease of grid interface. A maximum power point tracking circuit (MPPT) consists of DC-DC power electronics converters that are used to improve the energy attainment from solar PV array. This paper presents a detailed analysis to control of chaos, a non-linear dynamic in SEPIC DC-DC converter interfaced solar PV system, to minimize the oscillations near to MPP. In SEPIC DC-DC converter, the input inductor current is continuous and capable of sweeping the whole I-V curve of a PV module from open circuit voltage (V oc ) to short circuit current (I sc ) operating points. To trace the true maximum power point and to nullify the oscillations near to MPP, the yield output voltage needs to ensure period-1 operation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of direct power control AC-DC converter under unbalance voltage supp...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an analysis of Direct Power Control (DPC) technique for the Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC-DC converter under unbalanced supply condition. Unbalance condition will cause the presence of unbalanced current and voltages thus produce the negative components on the grid voltage as well as severe performance degradation of a grid connected Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The input structures for conventional DPC has been modified with a three simpler sequence networks instead of coupled by a detailed Three-Phase system method. The imbalance voltage can be resolved by separating from the individual elements of voltage and current into symmetrical components called Sequence Network. Consequently, the input power relatively improved during unbalanced condition almost 70% through the measurement of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) from the conventional Direct Power Control (DPC) in individual elements which is higher compared to separate components. Hence, several analyses are performed in order to analyze the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations.
Design of Soft Switching Converter with Digital Signal Processor Based MPPT f...IDES Editor
This paper is based on the design of soft
switching converter (ZVS-ZCS resonant action) with
digital signal processor (DSP) based maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for solar hybrid
applications. The converter aims to get the regulated
output voltage from several power sources like wind
turbines, photovoltaic (PV) arrays and energy from these
sources are simultaneously transferred to the load. The
input stage circuits for different energy sources are put in
parallel using a coupled inductor and the converter to
prevent power coupling effect it acts in interleaving
operating mode. As the buck/boost converter input range
is restricted interleaved ZVS-ZCS converter with low
switching loss and conduction loss and efficiency of more
than 92% can be easily achieved. DSP based MPPT
algorithm adjusts solar array voltage (equal to battery
voltage) with a digital compensator technique and
discrete PI control to track the MPP with high tracking
efficiency. Hence the proposed work gives a novel idea in
the modern hybrid energy system.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
Importance and demand of using renewable energy is dramatically escalated globally. Hence, the use of renewable energy is going to touch in peak. This demand is varying according to the site choosing. For instance, Wind is preferable where air is following highly as well as solar recommended place is high sun ray reducing places. Especially, the renewable system is highly recommended for electrification issues where it’s possible to produce the electricity for fulfilling rural and remote areas electricity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) panel of connecting with transformer based system is popular where some limitations are occurred especially cost and weight. In contrast, in this paper is focusing these issues where the transformer-less inverter system is used. Here will discuss some transformer-based and transformer-less inverter topologies and the leakage current issue which is occurred when transformer-less inverter system is used. Moreover, here is proposed a topology for reducing the leakage current after doing switching technique in both 50% and 75% duty cycle where output voltage remains quite same.
The intention of this paper is to identify a suitable controller for closed loop multi converter system for multiple input sources and to improve time response of high-gain-step up-converter. Closed-loop Multi Converter System (MCS) is utilized to regulate load-voltage. This effort recommends suitable-controller for closed-two loop-controlled-SEPIC-REBOOST Converter fed DC motor. The estimation of the yield in open-two loop and closed- two-loop-circuit has been done using MATLAB or Simulink. Closed-two loop-control of Multi Converter System with Propotional+Integral (PI)- Propotional+Integral (PI) and Proportional+Resonant (PR) - Proportional+Resonant (PR) Controllers are investigated and their responses are evaluated in conditions of rise time, peak time, settling time and steady state error. It is seen that current-mode PR-PR controlled MCS gives better time domain response in terms of motor speed. A Prototype of MCS has been fabricated in the laboratory and the experimental-results are authenticated with the simulation-results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
High gain dc-dc step up converters have been used in renewable energy systems, for example, photovoltaic grid connected system and fuel cell power plant to step up the low level dc voltage to a high level dc bus voltage. If the conventional boost converter is to meet this demand, it should be operated at an extreme duty cycle (duty cycle closes to unity), which will cause electromagnetic interference, reverse recovery problem and conduction loss at the power switches. This paper proposes a class of non-isolated dc-dc step up converters which provide very high voltage gain at a small duty cycle (duty cycle < 0.5). Firstly, the converter topologies are derived based on active switched inductor network and combination of active and passive switched inductor networks; secondly, the modes of operation of proposed active switched inductor converter and combined active and passive switched inductor converter are illustrated; thirdly, the performance of the proposed converters are analyzed mathematically in details and compared with conventional boost converter. Finally, the analysis is verified by simulation results.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
High Proficiency Grid ConnectedPhotovoltaic Power Generation SystemIJRES Journal
Solar energy hasbecomepopular nowadays and desire for clean energy. Since the solar radiation on no occasion remains constant,it keeps on insecure throughout the day. The need of the hour is to distribute a constant voltage to the grid irrespective of the deviation in temperatures and solar insolation. The inverter is designed from a boost converter along with a line frequency. The voltage from the boost converter is fedto the grid through inverter. In this proposed method high efficiency can be achievedby using only one switch functioning at high frequency at a time. The converter uses IGBT and ultra-fast reverse recovery diode. The simulation and experiment results are verified using MATLAB/Simulink software.
In this paper a buck-boost dc-dc converter for pv application is proposed, which is mainly composed of a buck – boost converter, PV panel, load and a battery. Existing dc-dc converter can convert the power from the PV panel, but unfortunately the PV panel can only provide power when there is a high intensity of light. In order to provide power supply to the load without any interruption, buck-boost dc-dc converter is introduced. The power intermittency issue of PV panel can be overcome with the aid of a secondary supply which is in this case, the batter. The integration system between the primary and the secondary supply is controlled by a simple proposed control scheme. Battery act as a power in the low voltage side while PV panel is taking over in the high voltage side. Buck-boost converter is operated either is buck or boost mode according to the performance of the PV panel. This paper is presented the simple control scheme to decide the mode suitable for the buck and boost mode. Various conditions are simulated to verify the working operation of the buck-boost converter and to representing solar panel in real life. Simulation and experimental are carried out to verify the system.
PV Hybrid System with DSTATCOM for Residential ApplicationsIDES Editor
Now a days PV based energy systems are playing a
vital role among all the renewable energy sourcesin our day
to day life.Proper control should be required to meet the exact
load conditions such that it should satisfy the non-linear
nature of both the solar irradiance and load. In this paper, a
battery is also incorporated along with the PV system to meet
the necessary drop due to change in weather conditions. Here,
a proper control is achieved by using DSTATCOM to
compensate the reactive power. This paper proposes an
advanced technique of PWM to generate the gating pulses
and applied to a Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter to
improve the voltage quality. Here, the entire system is designed
to meet the load of Mogulthur (W.G.Dt. Andhra Pradesh).
Simulation results are presented through Matlab/Simulink
by taking different cases into consideration.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
Interleaved Boost Converter Fed with PV for Induction Motor/Agricultural Appl...IAES-IJPEDS
In present Electricity market Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are gaining much importance. The most common Renewable Energy Sources are Photo voltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and wind energy systems, out of these three PV systems PV system can implemented in most of the locations. Due to the power cuts and power disturbances in Distribution systems agriculture application is concentrated on PV based Energy system. The use of PV system is increasing day by day in agriculture application, due to their ease of control and flexibility. PV Electrification schemes also involves various subsidies in government national and international donors. Especially in Agriculture field by use of PV one can achieve higher subsidy. The output of PV system is low voltage DC to have high efficiency. The motors used in agriculture field are Induction Motors (IM) fed from Three phase AC supply, to boost the PV output we need a high voltage gain boost converter along with PWM inverter to Induction motor drive. Out of various DC-DC converter configurations interleaved boost converter is gaining much attention, due to its reduction in size and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this work we are proposing a PV fed interleaved boost converter with PWM inverter for agriculture applications. The design process of interleaved boost converter is explain detail and compared with existing boost converter. A 10 KW Power rating is choosing for the Induction motor drive and design calculations are carried out. A MATLAB/SIMULINK based model is developed for boost and interleaved boost converter and simulation results are presented, finally a scaled down hardware circuit design for interleaved boost converter and results are presented.
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
MPPT oscillations minimization in PV system by controlling non-linear dynamic...IJECEIAES
Solar PV power generation has achieved rapid growth in developing countries which has many merits such as absence of noise, longer life, no pollution, less time for installation, and ease of grid interface. A maximum power point tracking circuit (MPPT) consists of DC-DC power electronics converters that are used to improve the energy attainment from solar PV array. This paper presents a detailed analysis to control of chaos, a non-linear dynamic in SEPIC DC-DC converter interfaced solar PV system, to minimize the oscillations near to MPP. In SEPIC DC-DC converter, the input inductor current is continuous and capable of sweeping the whole I-V curve of a PV module from open circuit voltage (V oc ) to short circuit current (I sc ) operating points. To trace the true maximum power point and to nullify the oscillations near to MPP, the yield output voltage needs to ensure period-1 operation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of direct power control AC-DC converter under unbalance voltage supp...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an analysis of Direct Power Control (DPC) technique for the Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC-DC converter under unbalanced supply condition. Unbalance condition will cause the presence of unbalanced current and voltages thus produce the negative components on the grid voltage as well as severe performance degradation of a grid connected Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The input structures for conventional DPC has been modified with a three simpler sequence networks instead of coupled by a detailed Three-Phase system method. The imbalance voltage can be resolved by separating from the individual elements of voltage and current into symmetrical components called Sequence Network. Consequently, the input power relatively improved during unbalanced condition almost 70% through the measurement of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) from the conventional Direct Power Control (DPC) in individual elements which is higher compared to separate components. Hence, several analyses are performed in order to analyze the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations.
Design of Soft Switching Converter with Digital Signal Processor Based MPPT f...IDES Editor
This paper is based on the design of soft
switching converter (ZVS-ZCS resonant action) with
digital signal processor (DSP) based maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for solar hybrid
applications. The converter aims to get the regulated
output voltage from several power sources like wind
turbines, photovoltaic (PV) arrays and energy from these
sources are simultaneously transferred to the load. The
input stage circuits for different energy sources are put in
parallel using a coupled inductor and the converter to
prevent power coupling effect it acts in interleaving
operating mode. As the buck/boost converter input range
is restricted interleaved ZVS-ZCS converter with low
switching loss and conduction loss and efficiency of more
than 92% can be easily achieved. DSP based MPPT
algorithm adjusts solar array voltage (equal to battery
voltage) with a digital compensator technique and
discrete PI control to track the MPP with high tracking
efficiency. Hence the proposed work gives a novel idea in
the modern hybrid energy system.
Proposed PV Transformer-Less Inverter Topology Technique for Leakage Current ...IJPEDS-IAES
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The intention of this paper is to identify a suitable controller for closed loop multi converter system for multiple input sources and to improve time response of high-gain-step up-converter. Closed-loop Multi Converter System (MCS) is utilized to regulate load-voltage. This effort recommends suitable-controller for closed-two loop-controlled-SEPIC-REBOOST Converter fed DC motor. The estimation of the yield in open-two loop and closed- two-loop-circuit has been done using MATLAB or Simulink. Closed-two loop-control of Multi Converter System with Propotional+Integral (PI)- Propotional+Integral (PI) and Proportional+Resonant (PR) - Proportional+Resonant (PR) Controllers are investigated and their responses are evaluated in conditions of rise time, peak time, settling time and steady state error. It is seen that current-mode PR-PR controlled MCS gives better time domain response in terms of motor speed. A Prototype of MCS has been fabricated in the laboratory and the experimental-results are authenticated with the simulation-results.
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This paper proposes a non-isolated soft-switching bidirectional dc/dc converter for interfacing energy storage in DC microgrid. The proposed converter employs a half-bridge boost converter at input port followed by a LCC resonant tank to assist in soft-switching of switches and diodes, and finally a voltage doubler circuit at the output port to enhance the voltage gain by two times. The LCC resonant circuit also adds a suitable voltage gain to the converter. Therefore, overall high voltage gain of the converter is obtained without a transformer or large number of multiplier circuit. For operation in buck mode, the high side voltage is divided by half with capacitive divider to gain higher step-down ratio. The converter is operated at high frequency to obtain low output voltage ripple, reduced magnetics and filters. Zero voltage turn-on is achieved for all switches and zero current turn-on and turn-off is achieved for all diodes in both modes i.e., buck/boost operation. Voltage stress across switches and diode is clamped naturally without external snubber circuit. An experimental prototype has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory to verify the performance of the proposed converter.
A Comparative Study of Various AC-DC Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harves...paperpublications3
Abstract: Electromagnetic microscale and mesoscale power generators with low voltage outputs are now widely used as kinetic energy harvesters. The extrinsic vibrations on the generator can excite the internal oscillations between the proof mass magnet and the electrical damper coils. These oscillations produce a periodically varying magnetic flux in coil, inducing a corresponding AC output voltage. This output can be converted to dc and can be used to supply power to electronic loads. The conventional AC-DC converters for energy harvesting system with diode rectifiers suffer considerable voltage drop resulting increase in power loss of circuitry and complexity. As a remedy various bridgeless boost converters were designed and implemented. Standard H bridge converter with 4 switch or 2 switch, dual polarity boost converters, parallel combination of boost and buck-boost converter, integrated boost and buck-boost combination bridgeless rectifier are some of these. These circuits are studied, simulated and compared. The simulation models are drawn and simulated using MATLAB R2010a.
Coupled Inductor Based High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for Multi Input PV SystemIJERA Editor
With the shortage of the energy and ever increasing of the oil price, research on the renewable and green energy
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due to the low voltage of PV arrays and fuel cells. In this paper a coupled inductor dc-dc converter for photovoltaic
system is proposed. The circuit configuration of the proposed converter is very simple. Thus, the
proposed converter has higher step-up and step-down voltage gains than the conventional bidirectional dc–dc
boost/buck converter. Under same electric specifications for the proposed converter and the conventional
bidirectional boost/buck converter, the average value of the switch current in the proposed converter is less than
the conventional bidirectional boost/buck converter. The operating principles have been applied to multi input
photovoltaic system and outputs have been observed.
Transformer less Boost Converter Topologies with Improved Voltage Gain Operat...IJMER
In this project, a new step up converter proposed in a recent work is analyzed, designed, simulated with MATLAB Simulink. Conventional dc–dc boost converters are unable to provide high step-up voltage gains due to the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance of inductors and capacitors. This paper proposes transformer less dc–dc converters to achieve high step-up voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio. In the proposed converters, two inductors with the same level of inductance are charged in parallel during the switch-on period and are discharged in series during the switch-off period. The structures of the proposed converters are very simple.
Design of an Integrated Power Factor Converter with PI Controller for Low Pow...IOSRJEEE
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High Efficiency Dc-Dc Converter for Renewable Energy Applications and High Vo...IOSRJEEE
Renewable sources like solar PV cell is prefer to be operated at low voltages. This paper proposes a novel high voltage gain, high efficiency dc-dc converter based on coupled inductor, intermediate capacitor. The input energy acquired from the source is first stored in the coupled inductor and intermediate capacitor in a lossless manner. Improve the voltage gain and efficiency of the system. Exorbitant duty cycle values are not required for high voltage gain, when prevent the problems such as diode reverse recovery. Presence of a passive clamp network causes reduced voltage stress on the switch. Overall performance of the renewable energy with a step-up DC/DC converter using closed loop control action is used in the proposed system, improving the overall efficiency of the system.
Fuzzy based control of Transformer less Coupled inductor based DC-DC converterIJERA Editor
Most of the industrial applications use any one of the basic DC-DC converter configurations namely buck,
boost, buck–boost, and Cuk converters. These converters are non-isolating converters. Buck-boost converters
use inductors for storing energy from the source and release the same to load or output. This results in high
stress across magnetic components. This drawback restricts usage of buck-boost converters to low power
applications. Flyback converters popularly have known as buck-boost converters uses transformers for
achieving wide range of step down and step up voltages. Coupled inductor based converters or tapped inductor
based converters are used for achieving wide input – wide output conversion ratios. Coherent transition between
step-down and step-up modes is achieved by a proper control scheme. This paper proposes fuzzy logic based
closed loop control scheme for control of converter switches. Theoretical derivations of control parameters with
their membership values, mamdani based rules for development of fuzzy rules and simulation results of a
coupled inductor based DC-DC converter using MATLAB / SIMULINK are concluded.
Design of Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter for Low Voltage Dc ApplicationsIOSRJEEE
An advanced hybrid LLC series resonant converter with united flying-capacitor cell is proposed in this paper to permit the high step-down conversion in the high input voltage applications. The in-built flyingcapacitor branch in the primary side can efficiently share out the primary switch voltage stress related with the half-bridge LLC converters. And the input voltage can be shared correspondingly and automatically between the two series half-bridge components lacking additional balance circuit or control strategies owing to the built-in flying- capacitor cell. Likewise, the inherent soft switching performance in extensive load range that exists in the LLC converters is still kept to decrease the switching losses, which ensures the high efficiency. In addition, the proposed converter can be comprehensive to reduce the switch voltage stress byemploying stacked connection. Finally, a 500∼640 Vinput 48 Voutput 1 kW prototype is built and tested to verify the efficiency of the proposed converter. The results prove that the proposed converter is an excellent candidate for the high input voltage and high step-down dc/dc conversion systems.
DESIGN OF THE ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER USING MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ZERO CR...elelijjournal
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PV Cell Fed High Step-up DC-DC Converter for PMSM Drive ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this concept novel high step-up dc–dc converter with an active coupled-inductor network is presented for
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parallel by the input source, and both the coupled inductors are discharged in series with the input source to
achieve the high step-up voltage gain with appropriate duty ratio, respectively. In addition, the passive
lossless clamped circuit not only recycles leakage energies of the coupled inductor to improve efficiency but
also alleviates large voltage spike to limit the voltage stresses of the main switches. The reverse-recovery
problem of the output diode is also alleviated by the leakage inductor and the lower part count is needed;
therefore, the power conversion efficiency can be further upgraded. The voltage conversion ratios, the effect of
the leakage inductance and the parasitic parameters on the voltage gain are discussed. The voltage stress
and current stress on the power devices are illustrated and the comparisons between the proposed converter
and other converters are given. The simulation results are presented by using Mat lab/Simulink software.
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Fr3610401047
1. G. Ashok et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1040-1047
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Closed Loop Operation of High Efficiency Ac-Dc Step-Up
Converter Using Fuzzy Logic Controller
G. Ashok1, K. B. Madhu Sahu2, Ch. Krishna Rao3
1
P.G Student, Dept.of EEE, AITAM Engineering college, Andhra Pradesh
Professor, Dept.of EEE, AITAM Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh
3
Associate Professor, Dept.of EEE, AITAM Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh,
2
ABSTRACT
The conventional power electronic converters used in the micro generator based energy harvesting applications
has two stages: a diode bridge rectifier and a dc-dc converter. But it is less efficient and can’t be used for
electromagnetic micro generators, as the diode bridge rectification is not normally feasible due to extreme low
output voltage of the micro generators. In this paper a direct ac-dc power electronic converter topology is
proposed for efficient and maximum energy harvesting from low voltage micro generators. The single stage acto-dc power conversion is achieved by utilizing the bidirectional conduction capability of MOSFETs. This
converter uses a boost converter and a buck-boost converter to process the positive and negative half cycles of
the ac input voltage, respectively. The detailed analysis of this ac-dc step up converter is carried out to obtain the
relations between power, circuit parameters, and duty cycle of the converter. The present model is proposed with
the fuzzy logic controller for better performance. Furthermore, using this converter, maximum energy harvesting
can be implemented effectively. The simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software
Keywords - AC-DC convertion ,boost converter, buck-boost converter, energy harvesting,Fuzzy logic
controller, low voltage, low power.
inertial -micro-generators is normally very low
ranging from few microwatts to tens of mill watts.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Based on the energy conversion principle, the inertial
The recent development of compact and
micro-generators can be classified mainly into three
efficient semi conductor technologies has enabled the
types: electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and electrostatic
development of low-power wireless devices. Typical
[5], [6], among them, the electromagnetic microapplications for such devices are wireless sensor nodes
generators have the highest energy density [7]. The
for structural monitoring, data transfer, biomedical
electromagnetic generators are typically spring-mass
implants etc. Batteries have been traditionally used as
damper- based resonance systems „as shown in Fig.1
the energy source for such low-power wireless
in which the small amplitude ambient mechanical
applications. However, they are inherently limited by
vibrations are amplified into larger amplitude
capacity and size considerations. Therefore, they need
translational movements and the mechanical energy of
to be recharged and replaced periodically. For lowthe motion is converted to electrical energy by
power requirement of a few milli watts, harvesting
electromagnetic coupling.
energy from the environment has become feasible
An electromagnetic power generator consists
option.
of a copper coil, a permanent magnet (also acting as a
Vibration based energy harvesting is a
mass), and a spring, the permanent magnet is attached
popular way of extracting electrical energy from the
to the coil through the spring. This generator works
environment. In particular, electromagnetic micro
when there is a vibration input, the coil cuts through
generators work on the principle of faraday’s law of
the magnetic flux formed by the permanent magnet
electromagnetism. They utilize ambient vibrations to
due to the
relative displacement between the
enable movement of a permanent magnet which
permanent magnet and the coil.
induces an electromotive force in a stationary coil.
A sinusoidal electromotive force (EMF) in
The amount of harvested energy can be controlled by
the coil can be generated and thus transfers
changing the load resistance connected to the coil.
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Since the
Unlike other popular vibration-based generators like
output power of the power generator is very low,
piezo-electric micro generators, electromagnetic
ranging from few micro-watts to tens of mill-watts, an
generators have to be specifically designed for a
energy harvesting interface circuit with high power
particular environment Many types of micro
transfer efficiency need to recharge and store the
generators, used in the self-powered devices, are
electrical power into the energy storage elements.
reported in the literature for harvesting different forms
of ambient energies [1],[2]. The power level of the
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1040 | P a g e
2. G. Ashok et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1040-1047
Fig .1 Schematic diagram of an inertial micro
generator.
Fig 3. Direct ac-to-dc converter with Fuzzy logic
controller.
II.
In the electromagnetic micro-generators, due
to practical size limitations, the output voltage level of
the generators is very low (few hundreds of mill
volts), whereas the electronic loads require much
higher dc voltage(3.3V). The conventional power
converters, reported for energy harvesting [2], [6]
mostly Consist of two stages, a diode bridge rectifier
and a standard buck or boost dc-to-dc converter.
However, there are major disadvantages in using the
two-stage power converters to condition the outputs of
the electromagnetic micro generators. For very lowvoltage electromagnetic micro generators, rectification
is not feasible by the use of conventional diodes.
A direct ac-to-dc converter is in shown in
Fig. 2, it consists of a boost converter (inductor L1,
switch S1, and diode D1) in parallel with a buck– boost
converter (inductor L2, switch S2, and diode D2). In
this converter, the negative output to input voltage
gain of a buck–boost converter is utilized to step-up
the negative half input voltage of the micro generator
to a positive high-dc output voltage. The output dc bus
is realized by using a single capacitor. The output
capacitor is charged by the boost converter in the
positive half cycle and by the buck–boost converter in
the negative half cycle. Therefore, it resolves the
problems present in a dual-polarity boost converter.
Fig. 2. Direct ac-to-dc converter with PI controller.
The direct AC- DC converter with PIcontroller in the closed loop will not give zero steay
state error and it has slow dynamic response. These
Problems can be overcome by using FLC (fuzzy logic
controller). The Proposed ac-dc converter with FLC is
shown in figure.3.
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DIRECT AC-TO-DC CONVERTER
The electromagnetic micro generators
typically consist of a moving permanent magnet,
linking flux with a stationary coil (see Fig. 1). The
variation of the flux linkage induces ac voltage in the
coil. The typical output voltage of an electromagnetic
micro generator is sinusoidal. Hence, in this study, the
micro generator is modeled as a sinusoidal ac voltage
source.
Furthermore,
electromagnetic
micro
generators with low output voltages (few hundreds of
milli volts) are only considered in this study for
energy harvesting.
The proposed direct ac-to-dc power
conditioning circuit, as shown in Fig. 3, consists of
one boost converter in parallel with one buck–boost
converter. The output capacitor C of this converter is
charged by the boost converter (comprising inductor
L1, switch S1, and diode, D1) and the buck–boost
converter (comprising inductor L2, switch S2, and
diode D2) during the positive half cycles and the
negative half cycles of the sinusoidal ac input voltage
(vi), respectively. N channel MOSFETs is utilized to
realize the switches S1 and S2. It can be noted that the
MOSFETs are subjected to reverse voltage by the ac
output of the microgenerator. To block the reverse
conduction, the forward voltage drop of the body
diodes of the MOSFETs is chosen to be higher than
the peak of the input ac voltage. Two Schottky diodes
(D1 and D2) with low forward voltage drop are used in
the boost and the buck–boost converter circuits for
low losses in the diodes. It can be mentioned that the
diodes can be replaced by MOSFETs to further
improve the efficiency of the converter.
The proposed converter is operated under
discontinuous mode of operation (DCM). This reduces
the switch turn ON and turn OFF losses. The DCM
operation also reduces the diode reverse recovery
losses of the boost and buck–boost converter diodes.
Furthermore, the DCM operation enables easy
implementation of the control scheme. It can be noted
that under constant duty cycle DCM operation, the
input current is proportional to the input voltage at
every switching cycle; therefore, the overall input
current will be in-phase with microgenerator output
voltage. The converter operation can be divided
mainly into four modes. Mode-1 and Mode-2 are for
1041 | P a g e
3. G. Ashok et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1040-1047
www.ijera.com
the boost converter operation during the positive half
cycle of the input voltage. Under Mode-1, the boost
switchS1 is ON and the current in the boost inductor
builds. During Mode-2, the switch is turned OFF and
the output capacitor is charged. The other two modes:
Mode-3 and Mode-4 are for the buck–boost converter
operation during the negative half cycle of the input
voltage. Under Mode-3, the buck–boost switchS2 is
ON and current in the buck–boost inductor builds.
During Mode-4, the buck–boost switchS2is turned
OFF and the stored energy of the buck–boost inductor
is discharged to the output capacitor.
A. Converter Analysis:
Consider the input current waveform of the
converter as shown in Fig. 4(a). It can be noted that
during the boost converter operation, the input current
I and the boost inductor current (iL1) are equal, but
during the buck–boost converter operation, the input
current I and the current in buck–boost inductor (iL2)
are not equal. This is because, in the buck–boost
converter the input current becomes zero during the
switch turn OFF period (T OFF). Therefore, in a
switching cycle, the energy transferred to the output
by a buck–boost converter is equal to the energy
stored in the inductor, whereas, in the boost converter,
the energy transferred to the output is more than the
energy stored in the inductor. In this section, analyses
of the converters are carried out and the relations
between the control and circuit parameters of the
boost and the buck–boost converters pertaining to the
input power and the output power are obtained.
Consider any kth switching cycle of the boost and the
buck– boost converter as shown in Fig. 4(b), where Ts
is the time period of the switching cycle, Db is the
duty cycle of the boost converter, dfTs is the boost
inductor current fall time (or the diodeD1 conduction
time),Dc is the duty cycle of the buck– boost
converter, vi is the input voltage of the generator with
amplitude Vp, and Vo is the converter output.
Assuming the switching time period (Ts) of the
converter is much smaller than the time period of the
input ac cycle (Ti), the peak value of the inductor
current (iPk) in the boost converter can be obtained
from the following equation
vik Ld
i pk
di
Ld
dt
Ton
Fig.4.(a) Input current waveform of the converter.(b)
Input currents, gate drive signals and input voltage
during a switching cycle of boost and buck–boost
converter.
. Therefore,
i pk m1 Db Ts
where
vik Db Ts
Ld
(1)
vik V p sin(wkTS )
After the boost converter switch is turned
OFF, the current in the inductor starts to fall (see Fig.
4). The slope (m2) of this current is decided by the
voltage across the inductor. In a kth switching cycle,
the voltage across the inductor during the inductor
current fall time is: Vo−vik. Therefore, the inductor
current fall time can be found as in (2)
d f Ts
i pk L1
iPK
m2 V0 vik
(2)
During this kth switching cycle, the average
power supplied in the boost switching cycle is
Pkb
vik i pk Db d f
(3)
2
The number of switching cycles during the
time period of one input ac cycle is defined as
N=Ti/Ts. In the proposed power electronics converter
topology, the boost converter is operated for the half
time period of the input ac cycle (T i/2). The average
input power Pib of the boost converter over this half
cycle time period can be obtained as in (4)
2 2
2 2 vik i pk Db d f
Pib Pkb
(4)
2
N k 1
N k 1
N
(a)
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N
For large N, the discrete function in (4) can
be treated as a continuous function. The average input
power of the boost converter Pib (4) can be obtained
by integrating the term in the summation over the half
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cycle (Ti/2) period of the input ac voltage and then
taking its mean value. The average power of the boost
converter expressed in the integration form can be
obtained as in (5)
2 Ti D 2T
1
Pib 2 b s VP2 sin 2 wt V0 V0 VP sin 2 wt dt (5)
T 0 2L
1
i
Where the microgenerator input voltage is defined as:
Vi =Vpsin(wt).
Simplifying (5), the average input power for
the boost converter Pib is found to be as follows:
Pib
VP2 Db2Ts
4L1
(6)
1
1
d
0 1 V P V0 sin
2
and
wt
It can be noted that in (6), Δ is constant for
fixed values of Vp and Vo. Also, it is seen that for
large switching frequency of the converter, the
average power is independent of the micro generator
output voltage frequency. In steady state, the average
input power of the converter is equal to the sum of the
average output power and the various converter losses.
Hence, by defining the converter efficiency as η for a
load resistance R, the input power and the output
power can be balanced as in (7).
VP2 Db2Ts
V02 1
4 L1
R
2 Ti D 2T
V 2 D 2T
Pic 2 b s VP2 sin 2 wt dt P b s
T 0 2L
4 L1
1
i
(10)
The duty cycle Dc can be obtained as in (11)
Dc
2V0
Vp
L2
RTs
(11)
B. Converter Control Scheme:
Using (8) and (11), the duty cycle of the boost
converter Db and the duty cycle of the buck–boost
converter Dc can be related as
Db
Dc
Where
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L1
L2
(12)
Based on (12), two different control schemes
can be proposed for the boost and buck–boost-based
converter to deliver equal average input power. In
scheme 1, the values of the inductors are kept to be
equal (L2=L1) and the converters are controlled with
different duty cycles such that it satisfies the
condition: D =Db . In scheme 2, both the boost and
the buck–boost converters are controlled with same
duty cycle (Db =Dc), whereas the inductor values are
chosen to satisfy the condition: L1=ΔL2.
In Fig. 5, the variable Δ from (6) is plotted as
a function of the step-up ratio (Vo/Vp). It can be seen
from this plot that for large values of voltage step-up
ratio, the value of Δ approaches to 1. Hence, for
higher voltage step-up ratio applications, the boost and
the buck–boost converters can be designed with
inductors of equal values and they can be controlled
with the same duty ratio to successfully deliver the
required average power to the output.
(7)
From (7), the duty cycle of the boost converter (D b)
can be obtained as
Db
2V0
Vp
L1 1
RTs
(8)
Further, consider the operation of the buck–
boost converter; in this case the input power is
supplied only during the ON period of the switch
S2(see Fig. 2). During the OFF period of the switch S2,
the input current is zero [see Fig. 4(a)]. Hence, for any
kth switching cycle, the average power supplied by the
buck–boost converter Pkc can be obtained as
Pkc
Vik i pk Dc
2
(9)
Applying similar approach, used earlier for
the boost converter, the average power can be
expressed in the integration form as
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Fig. 5. Δ versus Vo/Vp (step-up ratio>1) plot
This is assistive for the target application of
this study, where the very low voltage is stepped up to
a much higher dc output voltage. The proposed
simplified control and design of the converter is later
validated by simulation and experimentation. It can be
mentioned that the value of Δ approaches to infinity
for Vo/Vp →1. Therefore, from (6), the input power
for the boost converter may seem to approach infinity
as well. But in this case, the duty cycle of the boost
converter Db approaches to zero for Vo/Vp →1.
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Therefore, no power is transferred from the input to
the output and the equation remains valid even when
Vo/Vp =1.
It can be mentioned that there could be two
possible energy harvesting scenarios. One ,in which
the converter is controlled to harvest maximum power
available from the vibrating body and the micro
generator system and store it in an energy storage
component (like battery) at the output. In this case, the
output voltage is mainly decided by characteristics of
the energy storage component. In the second scenario,
the converter is controlled to harvest the amount of
power demanded by the load while maintaining the
desired output voltage.
III.
FUZZY CONTROLLER
The internal structure of the control circuit is
shown in figure 6. The control scheme consists of
Fuzzy controller, limiter, PWM Controller and
generation of switching signals. The actual capacitor
voltage is compared with a set reference value. This
fuzzy controller takes error and change in error as
inputs, the output of fuzzy controller is given to PWM
controller, which generates gating pulses of desirable
pulse width to MOSFETS in the AC-DC Step up
converter.
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2)Fuzzification using continuous universe of
discourse;
3) Implication using Mamdani's ‘min’ operator;
4) De-fuzzification using the ‘centroid’ method.
Fig.6 Conventional fuzzy controller
Fuzzification: The process of converting a numerical
variable (real number) convert to a linguistic variable
(fuzzy number) is called fuzzification.
De-fuzzification: The rules of FLC generate required
output in a linguistic variable (Fuzzy Number),
according to real world requirements, linguistic
variables have to be transformed to crisp output (Real
number).
Database:The Database stores the definition of the
membership Function required by fuzzifier and
defuzzifier.
(a) Definition of a fuzzy set: Assuming that X is
a collection of objects, a fuzzy set A in X is defined
to be a set of ordered pairs:
A = {(X,µA(X))/XϵX}
Where /µA (x) is called the membership function of x
in A.The numerical interval X is called Universe
of Discourse.The membershipfunction µA(X) denotes
the degree to which x belongs to A and is usually
limited to values between 0 and 1.
(b) Fuzzy set operation: Fuzzy set operators are
defined based on their corresponding membership
functions. Operations like AND, OR, and NOT are
some of the most important operators of the fuzzy
sets. It is assumed that A and B are two fuzzy sets
with membershipFunctions µ A (x)and µ B (x)
respectively.
A fuzzy controller converts a linguistic
control strategy into an automatic control strategy, and
fuzzy rules are constructed by expert experience or
knowledge database. Firstly, input voltage Vdc and the
input reference voltage Vdc-ref have been placed of
the angular velocity to be the input variables of the
fuzzy logic controller.
To convert these numerical variables into
linguistic variables, the following seven fuzzy levels
or sets are chosen as: NB (negative big), NM
(negative medium), NS (negative small), ZE (zero),
PS (positive small), PM (positive medium), and PB
(positive big) as shown in Fig.7.
The fuzzy controller is characterized as
follows:
1) Seven fuzzy sets for each input and output;
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Fig.7. Membership functions for Input, Change in
input,
and Output.
Rule Base: the elements of this rule base table are
determined based on the theory that in the transient
state, large errors need coarse control, which requires
coarse in-put/output variables; in the steady state,
small errors need fine control, which requires fine
input/output variables. Based on this the elements of
the rule table are obtained as shown in Table 1, with
‘Vdc’ and ‘Vdc-ref’ as inputs
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6. G. Ashok et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Case 2: Closed Loop Operation of AC-DC Step up
Converter using Conventional PI Controller
Fig.10 Circuit diagram of closed loop operation of
AC-DC Step up converter using conventional PI
controller
Table-1: Rules table
IV.
MATLAB MODELING AND
SIMULATION RESULTS
Here simulation is carried out in different
conditions, in that
1. Open loop operation of AC-DC Step up converter.
2. Closed Loop Operation of AC-DC Step up
Converter
using Conventional PI Controller.
3 .Closed Loop Operation of AC-DC Step up
Converter using Fuzzy Controller.
Fig.10 shows the Circuit diagram of closed loop
operation of AC-DC Step up converter using
conventional PI controller.
Case 1: Open Loop Operation of AC-DC Step up
Converter
Fig.11 Inductor Currents
Fig.8.Circuit diagram of Open loop operation of ACDC Step up converter
Fig.8 shows the Circuit diagram of open loop
operation of AC-DC Step up converter.
Fig.12 Output Voltage
Fig.12 Output Voltage of Closed Loop
Operation of AC-DC Step up Converter using
Conventional PI Controller.
Fig.9. Output Voltage
Fig.9. Output Voltage of Open
Operation of AC-DC Step up Converter.
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Loop
Fig.13 Source Side Power Factor
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Fig.13 shows the Source Side Power Factor
of AC-DC Step up Converter using Conventional PI
Controller.
Case 3: Closed loop operation of AC-DC step up
converter using Fuzzy controller.
Fig.14.Circuit diagram of closed loop operation of
AC-DC step up converter using Fuzzy controller
Fig.14 shows the Circuit diagram of closed
loop operation of AC-DC Step up converter using
Fuzzy Controller
using using Matlab/Simulink
Platform.
Fig.15. Output Voltage
Fig.15,Output Voltage of Closed Loop
Operation of AC-DC Step up converter using Fuzzy
Controller.
Fig.16 Source Side Power Factor
Fig.16 shows the Source Side Power Factor of AC-DC
Step up Converter using Fuzzy Controller.
V.
CONCLUSION
A simple fuzzy logic control is built up by a
group of rules based on the human knowledge of
system behavior. Matlab/Simulink simulation model is
built to study the dynamic behavior of ac-to-dc
converter and performance of proposed controllers.
Furthermore, design of fuzzy logic controller can
provide desirable both small signal and large signal
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dynamic performance at same time, which is not
possible with linear control technique. Thus, fuzzy
logic controller has been potential ability to improve
the robustness of ac-to-dc converters. The presented
direct ac-to-dc low voltage energy-harvesting
converter avoids the conventional bridge rectification
and achieves higher efficiency. The proposed
converter consists of a boost converter in parallel with
a buck–boost converter. The negative gain of the
buck–boost converter is utilized to boost the voltage
of the negative half cycle of the micro generator to
positive dc voltage. Here simulation is performed with
conventional controller as well as fuzzy controller gets
best output value, fast response, steady state error goes
to zero.
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www.ijera.com
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, AITAM,
Tekkali, and Srikakulam Dt. Andhra Pradesh. His
research interests include gas insulated substations,
high voltage engineering and power systems. He has
published research papers in national and conferences.
Sri.CH.Krishna Rao obtained B.Tech
Degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
from
College
of
Engineering,GMRIT
Rajam
and
Srikakulam Dt. He also obtained M.Tech
in Power Electronics and Electric Drives from
ASTIET Garividi, Vizayanagaram. He has 10 Years of
Teaching Experience. Presently he is working as
associate professor in the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, A.I.T.A.M, Tekkali, and
Srikakulam Dt Andhra Pradesh. He has published
number of papers in journals, national and
international conferences. His main areas of interest
are power electronics, switched mode power supplies,
electrical drives and renewable energy sources.
Mr.G.ASHOK
received the B.Tech
Degree in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from GMRIT , Rajam, India in
2009, currently he is pursuing M.tech in
Aditya Institute of Technology & Management,
Tekkali, Srikakulam , India. His research interests
Power electronics.
Dr.K.B.Madhu sahu received the B.E.
Degree in Electrical Engineering from
College of Engineering, Gandhi Institute
of
Technology
&
Management,
Visakhapatnam, India in 1985, and the
M.E Degree in power Systems from College of
Engineering, Andhra University, and Visakhapatnam
in 1988. He obtained his Ph.D from Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University, Hyderabad. He has 25
Years of Teaching Experience. Currently he is
working as a professor & Principal in the Department
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