This document discusses amoebiasis, a protozoan disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Protozoa are single-celled parasites that can infect humans and cause disease. Amoebiasis is transmitted through the fecal-oral route by ingesting the cyst form of E. histolytica found in feces. Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea with mucus or blood, fatigue, gas, and rectal pain. Treatment involves anti-amoebic drugs like tinidazole and metronidazole to treat intestinal infections and prevent further spread through proper hygiene and sanitation.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Nematodes are invertebrate roundworms that inhabit marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. They comprise the phylum Nematoda (or Nemata) which includes parasites of plants and of animals, including humans, as well as species that feed on bacteria, fungi, algae, and on other nematodes. Four out of every five multicellular animals on the planet are nematodes (Platt, 1994). Cobb (1914) calculated that if the nematodes resident in a single acre of soil near San Antonio, Texas, USA, were to proceed in head-to-tail procession to Washington D.C., some 2000 miles away, the first nematode would reach Washington before the rear of the procession left San Antonio!
Ghost Worms in the Sky
Lyrics: Kathy Merrifield
Vocals: Pointless Sisters
The majority of nematodes are microscopic, averaging less than a millimeter in length, but some of the animal parasites are quite large and readily visible to the naked eye. The animal and plant parasites are of direct importance in agriculture, the environment, and in human health; however, most nematodes in the environment are not parasites. Nematodes that feed on other organisms are important participants in the cycling of minerals and nutrients in the ecosystem that is fundamental to other biological activity. Some of these nematodes may have major roles in decomposition, including biodegradation of toxic compounds. In fact, the incidence of certain nematode species is sometimes used as an indicator of environmental quality. Insect-parasitic nematodes can be of importance in regulating insect populations, and are being used in the biological control of insect pests.
The developmental biology of one nematode species, Caenorhabditis elegans, is better characterized than that of any other multicellular organism. C. elegans is studied as a model system in molecular and developmental biology, and is providing insights into many other areas of biology and medicine.
• Amoebiasis is an infection of small intestine, which is caused by an protozoan called Entamoeba histolytica. It is simply called – Amoebic dysentery.
Infectious Agents
Infectious agents are tricky little invaders. They sneak in, use our body, and often make us sick in the process.
These causes infectious disease.
They are collectively known as Pathogens
Infectious Agent No. 1
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria
What are Infectious Agents?
An Infectious Agent is something that infiltrates another living thing, like you. When an infectious agent hitches a ride, you have officially become an infected host.
There are four main classes of Infectious Agents. These fab four can infect all sorts of living things.
Innovation Of Science and Technology for a zero hunger challenge
at 6th Indian youth science congress
by MSSRF, CHENNAI
VENUE: ACHARYA NAGAJURNA UNIVERSITY
GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADSH
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. INTRODUCTION….
Protozoa are parasites that cause diseases in humans.
They are single-celled organism, and can only be seen
under a microscope. When they invade a human they
are able to multiply easily.
Infections caused by protozoa are contagious. Those
protozoa that have inhabited the human intestine can
be transmitted from one human to the other via the
fecal-oral route, such as through sharing food the
infected person has touched and through direct person
to person contact.
There are four main groups of protozoa that cause
infection in humans. They have been grouped
according to how they move: the sarcodina (ameba),
mastigophora (flagellates), ciliophora (ciliates) and the
Sporozoa.
7. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by
the fecal-oral route.
Infection is spread through ingestion of
the cyst form of the parasite, a semi-dormant
and hardy structure found in feces.
Since amoebiasis is transmitted through
contaminated food and water, it is often
endemic in regions of the world with limited
modern sanitation systems, including
México, Central America, western South
America, South Asia, and western and
southern Africa.
8. INCUBATION PERIOD
the period between infection and the a
ppearance of signs of a disease.
E histolytica infection is commonly 2-4
weeks but may range from a few days
to years.
9. SYMPTOMS
Abdominal cramps.
Diarrhea: Passage of 3 to 8 semi
formed stools per day, or passage of
soft stools with mucus and occasional
blood.
Fatigue.
Excessive gas.
Rectal pain while having a bowel
movement (tenesmus)
Unintentional weight loss.
10. TREATMENT
E. histolytica infections occur in both the
intestine and (in people with symptoms)
in tissue of the intestine and/or liver.
anti-amoebic drugs are known
as amoebicides are used …
Tinidazole and metronidazole in the
treatment of intestinal amoebiasis.
11. PREVENTION…
To help prevent the spread of amoebiasis around the home :
Wash hands thoroughly with soap after using the toilet and before
handling food.
Clean bathrooms and toilets often; pay particular attention to toilet
seats and taps.
Avoid sharing towels or face washers.
To help prevent infection:
Avoid raw vegetables when in endemic areas, as they may have
been fertilized using human feces.
Boil water or treat with iodine tablets.
Avoid eating street foods especially in public places
Good sanitary practice, as well as responsible sewage disposal or
treatment, are necessary for the prevention of AMOEBIASIS…..
