This document discusses amoebiasis, an infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It can cause abdominal pains, diarrhea, or constipation. While most infected people do not show symptoms, it can be fatal for babies and older people. It kills 70,000 people worldwide each year. The parasite lives in the digestive system and is transmitted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected feces. Treatment involves anti-protozoal medications, and prevention focuses on proper handwashing and sanitation.

2. MICROBIOLOGY
AMOEBIASIS
FACULTY
MEDAM SARPAT SARDAR
GROUP MEMBERS
NAEEM
MALOOKA
BHAGWAN DAS
FOUZIA BASHIR
GM SIDDIQUI
COLLAGE OF NURSING ,JPMC, KARACHI

4. Amoebiasis is an infection caused by the parasite E.
histolytica . This amoeba lives in the digestive
system, particularly in the colon. The growth of
amoeba in the system can cause abdominal pains,
diarrhea or constipation, or a combination of all
three. Nine out of ten people infected with the
parasite do not develop any symptoms. While the
disease can be treated with anti protozoa’s or other
drugs, the infection can be fatal to babies and
older people. Amoebiasis kills 70,000 persons
worldwide annually, according to the WHO, so it is
important to know the symptoms, treatment and how to
prevent it.

5. Entamoeba histolytica ( E. HISTOLYTICA)
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic
parasitic protozoan part of the genus
Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and
other primates, E. histolytica is estimated to
infect about 50 million people worldwide.
Previously, it was thought that 10% of the world
population was infected, but these figures predate
the recognition that at least 90% of these
infections were due to a second species,
E. dispar. Mammals such as dogs and cats can
become infected transiently, but are not thought
to contribute significantly to transmission.

6. HISTORY :
 1875 LOSCH – RUSSIAN.
Differentiated the amoebic dysentery from
bacillary dysentery by describing amoeba in
the stool.
 1887 KARTULIS – EGYPT.
Found amoeba in the pus from a liver abscess.
 1881 COUNCILMAN AND COFFLEUR.
Described true bowel lesions and used the
term Amoebic Dysentery.
 1903 SCHAUDINN.
Differentiated pathogenic and non pathogenic
types of amoeba.

7. CAUSES:
The main culprit for Amoebiasis is E.
histolytic , a protozoa that can come
from feces, There are at least six
species of Entamoeba that can infect
the human gut but only E. histolytic a
causes disease. This amoeba is more
common in tropical climates and
developing countries, or places where
there are unsanitary or crowded
conditions

8. SOURCE
HUMAN EXCRETA
(HUMAN EXCRETIONS)

9. TRANSMISSION:
CONTAMINATED WATER – drinking water that is
contaminated by feces or, contaminated by E. histolyca
when there are leaks in the water pipes.
CONTAMINATED FOOD which came from an unsanitary source
can cause Amoebiasis. Tap water can be
Food handled by unclean hands or hands that have been
spoiled by a bowel movement can be contaminated by E.
histolytic. Flies and other insects can also be
carriers of the parasite.
CONTAMINATED SOIL- Vegetables planted in soil
contaminated with feces can carry E. histolytic a.
INCORRECT HAND WASHING.– Children are particularly
susceptible to the parasite if they put their hands in
their mouths after a bowel movement and before
thoroughly washing with soap and water.

10. INCUBATION PERIOD :
 The incubation period in severe
infection is three.
 In sub acute and chronic form it lasts
for several
 In average cases the incubation period
varies from three to four

11. PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY:
The Microorganism is communicable
for the entire duration of illness.

12. DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION:
1.STOOL EXAM.
( CYST,WHITE AND YELLOW PUS WITH PLENTY
OF AMOEBA)
2. BLOOD EXAM. ( LEUKOCYTOSIS)
3. PROTOSCOPY/ SIGMOIDOSCOPY

13. TREATMENT:
Amoebicide
E. histolytic an infections occur in both the intestine and (in
people with symptoms) in tissue of the intestine and/or liver.
As a result, two different classes of drugs are needed to
treat the infection, one for each location. Such anti-amoebic
drugs are known as Amoebic ides
Medication –Amoebiasis is usually treated with medication, such
as antiprotozoals (killing tiny one-celled animals) like
Iodoquinol. Prescription medications are the first line of
treatment for persons who are infected by intestinal
Amoebiasis.
Surgery – if antibiotics are unsuccessful, surgery may be
necessary. Surgery is only used in serious cases, e.g. if the
Amoebiasis has infected the liver.
Herbal medications – there are some remedies and herbal
medications that can be used for treating Amoebiasis. These
treatments can be used for light to moderate cases of
Amoebiasis. They should not be used if the parasite has spread
to the liver.
Turmeric: Turmeric stimulates the liver to produce bile, which
can help the digestive problems caused by the parasite.

14. METHODS OF PREVENTION:
Wash Hands Thoroughly. Wash the hands carefully with soap and water
and thoroughly after using the toilet, changing a diaper, and
before food preparation and eating. Make sure to wash your nails
and cuticles too. Turn off the tap with a paper towel.
Potty Sanitization. If a potty is used, wear gloves when you handle
it, dispose of the contents into a toilet, then wash the potty
with hot water and detergent and leave it to dry.
Be careful where you eat. Make sure you are eating at a safe
restaurant, especially if you are travelling to a tropical or less
developing country. Do not order drinks with ice in them unless
you are certain that the water is safe.
Wash cooking utensils thoroughly. Sanitation in the kitchen is a key
defense against this disease. By making sure that food is cooked
well and any cooking equipment is thoroughly cleaned.
Don’t Spread to Others. If you have the illness, don’t share
flannels, clothes or towels, prepare or serve others food, and
stay off work for the duration of the illness. Wash your hands
thoroughly with soap and water before touching others.

15. NURSING MANAGEMENT
 Observe isolation and enteric
precautions.
 Provide health education and
instruct patient to:
.BOIL WATER FOR DRINKING OR USE PURIFIED
WATER
.AVOID WASHING FOOD FROM OPEN DRUM OR PAIL COVER
LEFT OVER FOOD
. WASH HANDS AFTER DEFECATION OR BEFORE EATING
. AVOID GROUND VEGETABLES (LETTUCE, CARROTS)

16.  NATURE OF DISEASE:
 Most infected people, about 90%, are asymptomatic but this
disease has the potential to make the sufferer dangerously ill.
It is estimated that about 40,000 to 100,000 people worldwide
die annually due to Amoebiasis.
 Infections can sometimes last for years. Symptoms take from a
few days to a few weeks to develop and manifest themselves, but
usually it is about two to four weeks. Symptoms can range from
mild diarrhea to dysentery with blood and mucus. The blood comes
from amoebae invading the lining of the intestine. In about 10%
of invasive cases the amoebae enter the bloodstream and may
travel to other organs in the body. Most commonly this means
the liver, as this is where blood from the intestine reaches
first, but they can end up almost anywhere.
 Onset time is highly variable and the average asymptomatic
infection persists for over a year. It is theorized that the
absence of symptoms or their intensity may vary with such
factors as strain of amoeba, immune response of the host, and
perhaps associated bacteria and viruses.

17. RELATED FREQUENCY OF DISEASE:
In older textbooks it is often stated that 10% of the
world's population is infected with Entamoeba
histolytica.It is now known that at least 90% of these
infections are due to E. dispar. Nevertheless, this
means that there are up to 50 million true E.
histolytica infections and approximately seventy
thousand die each year, mostly from liver abscesses or
other complications. Although usually considered a
tropical parasite, the first case reported (in 1875)
was actually in St Petersburg in Russia, near the
Arctic Circle Infection is more common in warmer areas,
but this is both because of poorer hygiene and the
parasitic cysts surviving longer in warm moist
conditions